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PAGE 4 TUESDAY, DEC. 9. 155's

West Berlin Election

West Berlin, with its prosperity and its channels of freedom to the outside world, is to the Kremlin when Khrushchev calls “a cancer- ous tumor.” The resounding defeat suffered by Communist candidates in the voting held there on Sunday will not cause him to modify his language. To East Berliners, who have never enjoyed a free election since 1946. the result is a symbol of renewed hope and resistance. In 1946 the city, though officially under four-power control, was not divided into the tight compartments it is today. The returns then gave the Soviet-sponsored party only 19 per cent of the votes cast. Since that time, the Kremlin has never yielded to the Western demand that any government of a united Germany must be chosen by ab- solutely free elections in all areas.

As the Montreal Gazette recalls, the 1946 defeat at the polls was fol- lowed by the deportation of thou- sands of German engineers to Rus- sia, and a speed-up in the dismant- ling of German factories for ship- ment to Russia. Russia gave up try- ing to win the support of Germans by debate; from that time on it was to be force. By 1948, when the next elections took place, the difference in attitudes of the occupying pow- ers had frozen. In the Western sec- tors of the city, the electiom took place; in the Russian sector, none Were held. Instead, the growing prosperity of West Germany and the issuance of the new West Ger- man deutchemark was followed by the Berlin Blockade and the Berlin Airlift and the city became two cities, the division marked by barbed-wire; ‘sentries, and the end of all pretense at co-operation by the Russians. '

Sunday’s free election is of special interest in view of Khrush- chev's proposal to make West Ber- lin an unarmed neutral city—a device which would conveniently remove all British, American and French forces. He conceded that his plan had little chance “unless the people want it themselves”. Returns showed the Reds had polled only 1.96 of the. record- smashing vote, indicating a probable complete shutout in the 133-seat parliament. That is a pretty convincing reply. Already, of course, it is being protested by the Communists, who allege‘the police had launched “a fascist wave of terror’l against their election work- ers. Here is a fine example of Satan rebuking sin!

Great Courage

A story of almost unbelievable courage comes from Arajuno. Ecua— dor. About three years ago five American missionaries were killed by savage Indians of the Auca tribe in the jungles of Eastern Ecuador. about 25 miles from Arajuno, a mis- sionary outpost. Now, Mrs. Betty Elliot, the widow of one of them, and Miss Rachele Saint, the sister of another, have themselves gone into the jungle to see what they can do about bringing the Christian re- ligion to these savage people.-

Last September, three Auca wo. men appeared in Arajuno, where the white women were living with oII‘let' missionaries, and told of new killings within their tribe. Mrs. El- liot_and Miss Saint decided to go back with them."i‘hey send back periodical reports to headquarters: and it appears that, so far, their re- lations with the Aucas are quite friendly. The Auca' warriors do not appear to be at all disturbed by the fact that the women are closely re- lated to the men they had killed. But, of course, the women are never

sure that they are safe. The mis- sionaries who were killed seemed to have been on friendly terms with the Indians until. suddenly. for no reason at all, as far as could be de-

fer-mined at the time. they were at- tar-kcd.

From the standpomt of ordm- ary prudence. it would seem that Mrs. Elliot and Miss Saint are taking

great risks with their livcs. But their courage and zeal cannot be

questioned. They are living and labouring in the finest missionary tradition.

Interesting Conference

The National Human Rights Conference now under way in Ot- tawa will have on its agenda the proposed Canadian Bill of Rights. It will be recalled that this was introduced in the Commons last summer and held over to the next session. 300 persons are attending the Conference. It will be the first time that the bill has been discussed by a representative group of Cana- dians, according‘to conference of- ficials.

Panel members are David Wal- ker, Conservative MP. for Toronto Rosedale; Professor Bora Laskin of the University of Toronto‘s law faculty and Eamon Park, assistant national director of the United Steel Workers of America.

The conference will discuss in general how Canadian life corres- ponds to the principles outlineddn the United Nations’ Declaration of Human Rights. Presiding will be Dr. H. L. Keenleyside, Canadian Director-General of the UN. Tech- nical Assistance Administration. Dr. John Humphrey, former law pro- fessor at McGill, now director of the UN. Human Rights Division, will outline the influence of the U. N. Declaration of Rights on the inter- national scene. All in all, it ought

,to be an interesting conference.

Cure For Colds

Dr. J. M. Ritchie, director of the Public Health Laboratory at Bir- kenhead, Eng. says that conquest of .the common cold, “the most pre- valent and costly of human mala- dies”, may be just around the cor- ner. It can be prevented to a large extent by a new antibiotic and by a vaccine prepared from bacteria found,m a patient’s own upper re- spiratory tract. Last winter Dr. Ritchie [found that 75 untreated volunteers had five times as many colds as did 109 treated with the vaccine. . .

The more striking success was with small tablets resembling hard candies in appearance. They are impregnated with terramycin, ob- tained from bacteria commonly found in the soil. Only 4 out of 100 compared with 26 out of 100 un- treated volunteers developed colds, treated. ,

It seems, therefore, that another of medical science's toughest bat- tles is being won. It will be a great boon to humanity from the stand- point of health and economic gain. There will, of course, be one dis- advantage to it, in the viewpoint of those office and other workers who like an extra day off now and then. No longer will they be able to advance the popular alibi, "I had a cold”.

EDITORIAL NOTES

Canadians will be glad to hear that Earl Alexander, former Gover- nor General, who was taken ill in Ottawa ‘some weeks ago, is well enough to return to his home in England and will extend to him good wishes for a complete recovery.

at a at

David J. Worden, a farmer of St. Mary‘s, Ont., will have no dif- ficulty finding reading material this winter. He recently acquired 30,000 books, the property of his father who ran a bookstore in Toronto.

at, a In Her Majesty the Queen has graciously consented to become

Colonel-in-Chief of the Canadian Royal Ordnance Corps. The Corps has the responsibility of supplying the Army with its arms and equip- ment. at a a

Under strict interpretation of the agreement, this Province will not receive any federal subsidy for power plants. This is because oil is used instead of coal. The same situation exists in Newfoundland. But there, Provincial authorities are trying to persuade the Federal Government that subsidies should be paid anyway. Thcy argue that Newfoundland should not be dis- criminach against having no grout A vcry good

I'Ul‘ coal dcposits,

arguman ll is, too.

i

DON’T GAMBLE-«THE DICE ARE LOADED

O

’6

U. S. RESPONSIBILITY

“This Mess In' Berlin"

Milwaukee Journal

“How did we get into this mess in Berlin?" asks a reader. “How did the Allies allow them- selves to be surrounded by the Russians?" Here is how:

In 1946 the United States. Bri- tain and Russia created the Eur— opean advisory commission to study postwar European prob- lems and offer appropriate solu- tions. The American representa- tive was the late John Win-ant. then Ambassa’m‘ to Britain.

In September, 1944. this body proposed that Germany. when do- feated, be divided into three zon- es. that each ally occupy a zone and that a joint council exercise control. A f t e r Roosevelt and Churchill approved the plan at Quebec. the commission wrote a draft agreement, fixing zonal boundaries. It made Berlin a spe- cial zone. also to be split three ways.

All Yaitla. in February. .1945. Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin approved the draft agreement af- ter ordering the commission to provide a fourth zone. both in Germany and Berlin. for France. HEADQUARTERS

Also approved was the corn- mission suggestion that headquar- ters of the quadripartite council, to be composed of military com- manders representing the victor- ious Allies. be in Berlin. The Russians h ad insisted on

Berlin: the American and British military men had wanted a city located at the juncture of the occupation zones. Winant accept- ed Berlin. arguing that the best hope of getting along with the Russians was to show that we did not hesitate to set up Allied con; trols deep within the Soiriet zone.

American experts drew agree- ments guaranteeing access to Berlin acis the Soviet zone. but the commission decided it was not possible to predict just what rail- roads. bridges. roads and canals would be usable after Germany's surrender. It was agreed to leave specific agreements to military authorities. LateruStalin assured President Truman that there would be no interference. VERBAL AGREEMENT

When Gen. Clay became Unit- ed States military governor in Germany. he reached verbal agreements with the Russians to use specific routes to Berlin. In November. 1945, a formal four power agreement governing air traffic in and out of Berlin was signed. the one written Rossian pledge about western access to Berlin.

Near the end of the war, Churn chill wanted American and Bri- tish troops to try to beat the Rus- sians to Berlin. Gen. Eisenhow- er successfuliy opposed the plan. Eisenhower wrote in “Crusade

Giant Eye On Universe

John C. Waugh In The Western Service Monitor

The Glass Colossus of Palomar, California. has ended its first decade of cosmic discovery. Ten years ago the peat Which Hale telescope at Mt. Palomar first turned its-giant eye to the uni- verse. ln the decade since it has battered down astronomy's old- est frontiers and built new, more dist-ant ones at the very rim of the observable universe.

No instrument of man's dc» signing has so vastly enlarged his view of the physical uni- verse as the 200mm Hale. the world's most powerful reflecting telescope.

Peering two billion light years out into space. the ZOO-incher has told man uiidrous new thinzs of the nature. size. and strf ure of the physical uni- verse. It has opened up whole new vistas to stel‘IIr physics. It has made age-old questions about the unknown universe answer- able for the first time. time.

What, for instance. is the his- tory of the physical universe? Why does it behave as it does? Why do stars form'.’ Why are

they have the luminosities theyj do? Why are their sun‘ace tem- ; peratures and chemical compos»

itions what they are? How do the properties of the stars change as

they grow old'.’ From what great source do the stars get the en- ormous energies they Nadine? These are the monumental questions. And even now. as the Halo telescope begins its second decade of Search among the dis- tant galaxies. answers are form-

mg. TIME REVERSED

Astronomers, calculating the speeds at which the outermost galaxies are rolling away from the earth. have extrapolated the stars' present positions back Into time to estimate the birth of the physical universe. The theory In that all galaxies started from a common point in space at the same time «probably hurled out- ward by some great cosmic ex— plosion that occurred _7 to 13 bil- lion yearsl ago.

The combined discoveries of the llooker and Halo telescopes have launched physicists on an excit- ing study of the make-up of the stars and have led to whole new theoricsof stellar evolution.

It now is believed that the stars are formed by condensation of Ere-at clouds of dust and gas in the galaxies. Evcntually the tem- peratures within the condcnsing clouds rise to great heats — 10 to 20 million degrees.

Under such great heat the

in Europe" "The prime rnIinis- ter knew . . . that. regardless of the distance the Allies might ad- vance to the eastward. he and the British and American occupa- tion zones, would be limited on the east by a line 200 miles west of Berlin."

EISENHOWER’S VIEW

Eisenhower considered Berlin "no longer a particularly impor— tant objective." However, later in his book he wrote: “I always felt that the western Allies could probably have secured an agree- ment to occupy more of Gen many than we actually did." He admitted, however. that when the zonal divisions were made the western Allies were still west of the Rhine “and had not yet do molished the Siegfried line." The Russians were within 63 miles of Berlin.

The Allied commanders «Disen- hower represented the United States) met first in Berlin ‘in June, 1945. They .arranged for withdrawal of Amoitican and Bri- tish forces that had advanced into the Soviet zone and estab- lished the. Allied control council as. the governing kody for Ger- many.

For a short time, things went well. But by late 1946. the pic- ture had changed. Free elections in Berlin turned out disastrous- ly for the ommunists; the Bus- sians lost interest in making four- power administration effective. There followed,the Berlin block- ade. th. air lift, the hardening division of Germany and the creation of the West and E a at German governments.

hydrogen atoms of which the gas clouds are formed. unite' to form helium..And in so doing they re lease massive amounts of ener- gy~equal to millions of exploding hydrogen, bombs.

From its beginning, bhrougheomofdme.astarr' voives. As the hydrogen is con- sumed the star gradually cools. Then it heats up again, finally becomes unstable and its bright-

ness fades. When all the hydro- ,

genisusedupthestardrops Into oblivion. Such evolution takes billions of years.

SUN FLICKERS

Our own sun, physicists now estimate. is past the point of cooling, but it still has billions of years of just-right. warmth left in it before it gets first too hot for us and then too cold.

Much of all this new know— ledge of the universe, some of it still only in thoery. derives from the work of the giant tellL scope on Mt. Palomar. And it has just begun to pioneer among the glaxics.

Palomais

Ncbulous astrom-

mers have mappcd a program 1 designed to pinpoint more closely ; the size of the observable uni- I verse and how much matter it 1

contains. They hope to do this

within five years. in the same ‘

period they will attempt to learn whether the universe has slowed in its expansion over the eons of time they think it has.

Fiiions Strange Customs

National Geographic Society

mutiny on Captain

After the famous the Bounty. castaway William Bligh sailed his opcn boat through the heart of the Fiji Islands on to Timor and im- mortality.

Bligh did not stop in Fiji in 1789 because the island- ers were known to be fiercely fond of human flesh-boiled or baked and served with special vegetables.

Nowadays the Fijians no long» or eat strangers. but they con- tinue to practice strange rites not fully UlltICrSlllOd b) modern science. 'l‘hcsc Include tirc walk. ing and the seeming ability of

natives to call turtles. red prawns. ccls and even sharks. from the sea.

Luis Harden. the National Geographic \I‘I‘itcr-photozruphf‘r who found the rcmaim on the Bounty off P'tt'air'n Imports on pI‘I»~I-:I:-da_\ I“:_ll In .I I‘cI-cnt 13 up of 'Ilr‘ \':I'IoII."I': (iccy‘wphic

Mala/me

discovered and recorded the pos- itions of 23 Fiji islands with astonishing accuracy. using only a quadrant. compass. and puck» et watch. All told. the archipel- ago numbers more than 300 is- lam’is scattered across 250.000 square miles of the south-west. Pacific, About 100 of the fertile grccn islands are inhabited.

()n N'rbl‘tl-Lfga. .Vir. Mardcn ob served the famous firmwnlking ceremony. A pit about IS fccl across and 5 feet deep was fill- cd with rocks the size of a man's head The stones were heated for 24 hours.

l)uI‘Ing that period then oi the matanggali or braway family group of performers waitcd in strict Isolation. the islanders in.

expectancy.

"Suddenly the fire walkers ap- ocnrcd. 1'.) men \Htlix'lll: silcnlly .Id tilllt'h'll In \InLlc I‘I‘c" \ir.

\lmdcn \ll'li(‘~. ”.\c-I'IIcI' ~Eow1ng 'ivclr pace llfll' lIIII'r‘vIII: they tat .. 'hr cones

will “mm It'

i on thc l~IH|ld of Kandavu

I

Mr. Harden rec-am that Bltgh They made neonipiete Circuit of

the pit. then walked out on the sodden ground again. Assistants tossed bundles of green on the hot stones. then everyone massed in the fire pit. at first standing. then sitting and chan- ting in the rising steam."

How the fire walkers avoid wincing or suffering blisters Is not known. The rite was studied by two cmincnt doctors of the British Medical Association. One concluded that the fire walkers inure themselves to heat by re- pcatc.i practice The other doc- tor believed the men perform Ihc act through a kind of hypnos is that seals them off from any pain.

The author wItucssed another curious rite of forgotten origin Vil- lage women moss on a remote headland abovc 'l'nvuki Bay and. by chanting. call great turtlcs up out of the 508.

Two great turtles. one of whom the Fijians call .\olhcr of 'l‘ur» "c~. \III\\’CII Ill In.cI\c~

w hcn alicd b} numf‘ and ccomingl) lin ‘ncd Io lllf‘ chant i‘II’IIans say by Iltlllli” bc tricked by pl‘OIPS»

ua "mic iIuIIwa 'l‘ne once-tested Fijian; u. ‘

dowu.

I Hozords Even

In Cord Meiling

Ry Herman N. Bundescn. M. D. IT'S ABOUT time for that

Chrstmas cards.

lJt‘s nice to receive these mes- sages of good wishes and It makes you feel nice to send them to friends and relatives. At the same time. however. it Is a lot of work. Just ask any house- wife a couple of weelos from now.

I'm sorry that I can't help you with this big job. but .I may be able to make it a bit easier—«and safer—for you. DON'T LICK ENVELOPES For one thing. don't lick all tttmse envelopes! Even if the gummed edges trusted like choc- olate—and you know that they don't ——. it would be both unpleas- ant and unwise to lick them In order to seal the envelopes.

A paper out can be a Wicked thing. And it is so easy for the tongue to be sliced by the thin edges of a stiff emetope. PUBLIC WARNE-D

Now this isn’t some far-fatch- ed onssibil-ity. It happen: often enough to cause the National Bureau of Shandards to issue an arwiol-iclu'rIg warning in a bulletin on “safety for the Household." If you must use your tongue, just press it gently against the gummed edge in moral places. USE A SPONGE

Best method of,an an en- velope is to use a small moisten- ed sponge. You can get one for a small sum in tum about any stationery store.

30' the time you finish ad - dvrossim all the envelopes an d aiming all! the earth your m- “In I! Iii-Indy to be an unrecog- nizable scrawl — unless you mac. tiioe good pen-manshlp.

Even for a Simple job such as W you would move you whole “m Well you write.

STRAIN THE MUSCLES

i know the tendency of many People IS to write by moving only the thumb and index finger and mvbe the wrist, but in time bluswilltendtomakeyour WWII"! jerky. Moreover, you mi'g‘h‘ develop writer’s cramp. When You don’t write properly, you see. you throw a great amount of strain) on a small group of muscles.

And before you know it M will be grinning your pen tighte- W‘" ‘8 MW and your hand Will become hired and begin to ache. Hial‘ldllly the ray [0 gain", “he Proper Christmas spirit. is it? QUESTION AND ANSWER

.M-S-idr'em-treernm times and for a titer;qu to drink?

Answer: That depends upon

handsome. athletic race ,whose superbly muscled men frequen- tly stand six feet or more. They are Melanesians. with dark skins and frizzy upstanding hair. but show a strong Polynesian strain.

Cannibalism was stamped out in the 1890’s. and on the whole Fijilns do not like to be re- minded of the old days. Mbau, which saw more cannibal feasts than any other island, now is strongly Methodist. .