i

.-a_qv_.~‘—-r.e~

-. n" -v~-

TEE cnannotrrmown otmntmn

‘in the Development ' t Canada

a s. i Tit’? to the PartI

t the Caledo ' 1 Club rin 'l'hur.~1l'"_‘.“ “Wm”? February H‘ the leetuAt rer was iii? Hon. _l. A. Mathieson, C-I- H‘? 5P°k° as

follows :—-

. The task has been set for inc ‘to write upon "biqlllflmri Pa" in the develoPlhent of Canada” Zilltl one hour is assigned as lbs‘ litnite of time; an over-crowded hourpl tear.‘ _

It detracts nothing from the credit that i< tliic to the men 0t Scottish birth and race to accord to nicn oi other races the just

rneed of praise-

The firs; plgcg as pioneers nit t be JLUYYI

first as discoverers, explorers and ~< . - of Christian civilizati n amoii the wilderness. Th: tirst ;i_ A what is now the Dominion o: L1. he Mona, at Port Royal, 11.05. _:i- ' inent followed in due cour-e ' these bases, especia“ ~ " ‘ pets and traders pen exploring the norzhern ~21» plains west to the sourct missionary work were such men the iur lffi’ acoomulish these ptlfpt

The history oi daring, of resource-in 1e». ful and sympatheti: .~:i:~._ i Canadian.

In examining the re, Iy impressed by the high t,_ a t0 risk the fulfilntt .4 appreciation of the DZiJI/ll has always longed to have a be if that be possible.

The English may claim that especially in early ' _l nished as builders of Canada men ' .Iied in the science 01 Ciovern- ’ '. the Irish that they ltave con- tanl vigor to the general fund. that they‘ have Zll‘.\'-'.l_\'$ been true to nante; and they can all prove these claims and much more. Le! thén when their time comes. Tonight we are otherwise eitgagcd.

The limitationsoi my subject carry us directly past the period of French dominion down to the fall of Quebec which resulted in thq passing to the British Crown oi the whole of the territory of France within the present bounds of Canada. That territory ex-

-" -r:i boundary" oi Manitoba. vast regions lying to the w and north of this ancient boun '-d the Prairie Provinces h Crown, and thence .- throttgh the agency and activiti

rnent according to British s_tai; triluted their proportion ot tak- and the United Empire Loyal

tended as far wcs: as th

0f Quebec, out 0f which have been c: and British Columbia. ti. the l Canada, either wholly or l‘ .. of the Hudson Bay‘ (Qompti

Britain's admitted cl conquest had its origin Ill z 0f the Bay which now bean l! trxplorers and discovercrs, vats .~ something quite remote nssage to the coast of . desolate shores of that I need, his enterprise zippziri ti; dilleovc-ry um pregnant wit/i run‘

of the territory of thc (_':in:irl;i of to'l:i_v.

greatest of these is settlement.

For sixty _vc-_:irs ziitcr llllII*I!lI-‘ III~t’1)\'l‘f_\‘ no iittctitjit zit tration of the country :ippt-:ir~ to llll\'(f lit-en inzirlc, but n11 tIii

hf .\fa_v. 1670, tht-rl me into c'.\'l~ltflc‘c by l\'ti_v.'il chiirtci- that w i Tinwlish (-7 ' i _ officially llillll("l "Ilic fiovernrir: ' Iv--ti'-‘ ti,- lI.'_'I"ll'l trading into llurlsotfs I 1.- ..' 'noi.-;n 11c 'I'Ii<- llllll~flil lLty (kiniiiiiity: Th.-

ft s." h 11s the objects 0f the ('iiiiipr=.iiy' tIit-

t

‘t- wqrnanv and their sticccssors

"t etc. whiirh are not now actuall wi1i~ . r Iiy fll‘ ~i'Iijei-t= of any otht-r Christian ' '. .'-~thr'r wi‘li llli‘ ‘islittrics and mines, am

cavalry leader, admiral rind <(‘I4'llIl\'l, tlit- llfwl Iiuvnrnor of the llud son Bay Company. ('I'Iii- KITUIIII (iovernlir, another of the sCfilllsll Illll’ of Kingc- 3]

thus granttufhas been lll'\t'l'llll"l as :1 (lintiiii-iit within tt comprised all the Prtiirii- I'I'II\'IIII‘<\ r0 i-pt lIl renewed from titni- In lIIIIl‘ the (Yinipiinyr

trading rights over pr;i<"t:c:iII_v ZlII the rei

Polar Sea.

The Cnmpztnynis its nanii- implies, Iiad for its object profit able trade. It avlnvt-d Ill! titIii-i- purpose, but in pursuantc of purpose and within n»- Fllilllfifrtl jiowr-rs it huilt tip a systt-n

a

fun of the men who set up and miiint

fikflls of the mcn of North Ilrimin. flllelFNature had few gifts" to make

stock, . ‘E

~ g gqutcems us is that Quebec. thc

- hitltlt from their in

This was accomplished

| _ . , _, ' d ontrolling interest in its stock. Iof Indian wars, now that the citadel of French power on the eon he" 5 a c urchase 0‘ a “an of

in that and in the mighty forces arrayedI lagainst the motherland in Europe the opportunity to achieve» Itheir independence and by the same process to re _ I gations to their mother land incurred for their tection. England in gaining Quebec lost the h

in 1811. He immediately proposed the p _ Prince Rupert's Land lying east and west of the Red River of the North on condition that he‘ should settle within a limited time a;

n, large colony on the lands acquired, and assume the ex cw England Eopltransport, of outlay for the settler

ltinent had fallen, saw I EDWARD

s, of govemment, of protection

l? , 11c.' * g Nightr-Zlio, _2lc, 11c.

land settlement of Indian titles.

- - I 110,000 square miles, being larger t deciflgeiggllggtiegllzgaalilsetgeifie? which it comprised, but extend

The terntory was to contain han thc original area of Mani- ing into what is now the U. S present States of Dakota and Minnesota. prospectus and called for enii -f He undertook to provide transport. 00d for a time, and to grant to the? and. He declaredvfor freedom of ‘re- le of liberal views contrasted with,’ e\v England States. igrants and their su ess to the land. 1811, the little fleet called at Strom-

The gain may have overmatcbed the loss Incidently out of the British r jnot a few sCOlllSsllogjiviesggttjlléfifa around Queue’ married Frmchzsgo to includde tlhc descendants whh Highlandxhtllclflv itttitie rate _\ _ "me to “o” grants to join the enterprise. of the Scottish settlement therclm El“: ‘h? means of hem‘ t pa" in Canada's early mdisettlcrs suitable parcels of l .ligious opinion——a uniq

' he puritan standards in the A5 Garb, as I774 (a cam were chartered to convey the cm

Is B ', h I f Company charter) a number of Scot-- o" B‘? ‘geeniliggignfilnfugy, a“

JAMES OLIVER CURWOOD’S

Jenn-rest STORY or THE onsn ou-rooons

“The Ancient Highway "’=

5.4m; dynamite blast (Pee the log jam;

s-riie thrilling rescue durlng the exolollw: .

E-The battle between the lumber jacks; the glint tree erash on the lumber camp;

ROMIANOE I EXCITEMENT l

wives, and are accountable for names. Uthers found their way up the St. Law treal and formed the neucleus has played such an importan later developctnent.

The fur trade of the North and \\i'est Country offered thc greatest attraction to fortune hunters. tiirv after the Hudson Bay .ii~li merchants and adventu

rers in Montreal formed themsclvesl

enger list was completed-

. ness and Stornaway, They “H: a bold and actory in Hudson Bay

clans who had io“gh,lseventy-six men. This ship reached Y

: of “waiter a stormy voyage of sixtyfone days. Their late arrival made it i Accordingly tlt

imti ‘l Company to engage in the fur trade.

Ft'~.'.Ill!C band with the spirit of the Highland _ They did not hesitate to challenge the righ i polize the trade of the, \Ves: even .

~ii to iht French; -t :i~ IIEc ii-unrlcrs

“SUNKEN SILVER”--Chapt_er 4

I I . ss'bl t h th ' d st' .~ .~on hay Company to mono mp0 1 e o rcac c" e "n ‘

tion that year.

c)" spent the winter in temporzirw ose on the shore of the Iludstin’ d front the tnoutlt of the? s t0 the future Iiomc bcgmii ciigth arrived where the city ing spent thirteen months 011 theiri

zti-hin the confines of the Ian The success of the first led t - three powerful compan The names of

d included in the Royal charter. o the formation of rival companies . _ - - , llay. By june 1, 1812 ms “are operating “om Montrcalwivcr and the long journey of 70o mile A weary and dispiritcd party, they at I r - " ' , . . glans," leave “me m oi “itinipeg now stands, hat They sought not only fottunclloumei’ em attained. They first gave‘

dwellings erected for the purp ,,,,,\,,'._ U,- Ci, i Lunpm , the ice had movc 1. and ‘Quebec, lill'l IFOHI

LXplOTcB. trap-

the leaclers——.\lcGilv Blcllavish, Alexander McKenzie, Roderick Finlay Caitipbell, Ballantyne, and many “ niaginc as to their place of origin. but fame. both of which many of th Montreal its pre-entinence in wealth names attached to the great rivers ‘which they were the first white me all perfect, these men. tween the opposing com ruin threatened them un and lastly with the Hudson B and great pr0spert_v,—after_ fif Conspicuous among the Scotchman, Alexander .\IcKen trade in 1779. He was but si from his home in Stornaway i ambitious and fearless. and at the age of twenty through Upper Canada, t pire Lqvalists were see After a year in the trading post pedition to the far North-west, a each point of advantage, passing w River, which flows into Lake Atha fort dominating at this point Mountains. Later, leaving his f'!'iCI\' .\lcl\'enzie, he set out on which his fame chiefly rests. great river rivalling the Saskatch The Indians told .\Ic River which he had now detern Y0 long, they said, to reach its mo B‘. taken him before he could retur . y guarded by evil s brigade started on June 3, 177 rs of the Arctic Ocean. plt-tcrl on the 12th of September, h tipwards of 3,000 miles. performance which bcsi inc-n helped to fix thc so I;_v this mighty river. \\'ith timbition further aroused b ined to fit ltinisclf better

ray, Cameron, McKenzie, Fraser

lil thc \\ ater~ and Exploration and ~ ' cliamplain, and to ut: :i~ it helped them to

Several small parties followed iii 1S Tstrongest party of all arrived, namely, 1 a3: gggteitg: hoa;iggft\t\lfsii,parislt of Kildonan, in Sutherlandsltirc. flaw e lore The were ngtbercd about 300, and of those a consider Xp ' y ‘way to Upper Canada. ;Colony' in Manitoba. For a time it was . S" 1 le, who 'as reco ni d th- algamatlon’ first between th;?seel;:€,.\IdIn§ distrcssliul days Iayzitlteailsof then ug p lcnce; but they had in them the stuff of men of Montreal was a youn ‘arid it ‘was we" for the C zie, attracted to Canada by the fur frrlglilmglglover obstacles ‘ha xteen years of age when he arrived {erred toxic n the Isle of Lewis, fairly educated, He was rapidly advanced in the service‘ -one was appointed to lead an expedition‘-

13 and 1814. In i816thc' 00 Highlanders from the In all the colonists nuin-i able number found their‘ undation of thc Selkir presided over by Robert Governor of the Colonyz: ,—hunger, cold and vio-i which heroes are itiailcn] anada 0f today that they were able to okcn the hearts of COlll-I orig and can only be re-l )8 read at length with,‘

rich in deeds 0i It merits the cart:- ~.~..;o iesircs to he ti good

In the fierce rivalry that This was the f0

panics blood was shed and commercial ay Company in 1821, bro

'1“)? I 5653"" 5° KIWI" ty years of strife.

1~ of the French pioneers fun, ivltich is to express some bun g lines of ‘another race which non of itself than it has-

t would have br The tale of their suffering is I w in a few ivords; but it cdul great advantage by the pessimists 0f todav,

It was said of the first New E

. . w lcome was th oar’ f tl

gm“ when the United EmWhiir lonely fatee lirougrligt ijearslctor homes tinder the finish. fla ' of these pilgrims to the Red River? at Dem’? he contmucd his “Fthcre to roar but they were met ‘on estabhshlng tradmg P05“ a‘ a roaring band of armed men dresse est and north to the Peace. ho told them that they w

Directions F

ngland Colonists that their only Shlpplng Fox Skms to oclcingpines 0f thc forest, and many childish cytesfbut what, There were no rockingpincsv their arrival and halted liy d like savages, and in fac ere unwelcome visitors tn

Scarcity of food did compel

C. M. Lampson & Co. Per Parcel Post

m: Skin! Intended for c.1111 Lampson L": C035. lsbould be packed 111 parcels .weIgh-‘ lug not over 11 lbs, the outer cover-- tboundary jmo the Unitmplng of which should be of un~

on which they had to depcitfilneachm mug“ or similar "later.

r their clothing.

baska, where he established a the Eastern slope of the Rot-kw, ge of his cousin Rod-

e voyages and discoveries on '- 35.L“‘§..3?3;“..§2‘lfii‘...§“l.?t§i..?.“timid i" Pith‘ Kenzie fabulous tales about the glltfidgrl-tfszl m" Egfdtfigt Ellfgllglge‘ ‘vgullléllzgdvéagfiei? convinced that the success of the The" ‘Vere impassable barriers mean the destruction of their fu

. . . clared war upon the colonists: pmts and fnghlful mlmsters" heir cattle driven away, and 1h

Iiinally, an attack w of haIf-Iireeds. ,werc slain and their bodies “ivas on the way: had reached the head and 80 soldiers, and cutbrcaks of lawlc

‘tates, following the buffalo herds up

tor their winter food and largely f0 should be plain‘), marked on me outside of the package:— i C. M. LAMPSON &. 00.. 64 Queen Street.

London, E. C. 4, England.

1n addition. the iihippei-‘s 31H! address should be placed on‘ the outside of the package to en-j able Lamfsim Co, to Identify It on attriutl, and packages should be} tiumht-rml consecutively front N0. 1

r settlement and seek rcfugv West Company of traders wcrt: Selkirk Colony would eventually r trade and they practically de- tIic-ir poor houses were burnctl _' were faced with utter ruin. lic colony by an armed force‘ and about twentyi of his iticzi, mangled with savage rites. yet visited the colony ith a force of 4 Officers al peace was restored, thou years 1817 and 1818. nlv troublt-sthat fell tipon the Iiztrl and again in 1818 they were use of a plague of grits rccn thing, and thi-

_~: part of Cianada a] - -'1'I'_\'IJ_\' llf'lll'_\' llud=on in ion/u..-

r Ile, like other famous coin IIIL/ not what he found but of

‘ ' t we»: attiazittg Ilc rli -rl on the II liy hi. crew at his utmost l ilizistrotis failure. .- jiir .l‘l/l‘[l(l_\‘5lll1/ f/ll‘ lsilftttr flirt/term failed. It laid the Iir~t of ii ‘ruin oi events which resulted in the acquirement by the l£riti~h (‘rnwii of more than thrcc The train of ew more than two centuries to Fllillplkil‘ :»1~t, d‘.<i;ov-_~i-;.- tension into exploration: and. telilllll>lllllClll of trading posts, ant 3rd, settlement. int in the» lllIZlI :t-~1 of title: by PUSSK

and on the 12th of July mct Their return journey was aving traversed a distance days in all were occupied in thi~ idening the knowledge of 'tait1 over the areas drained

as made upon _t me.

At :1ie time the shipment Is ills-I patched, an invoice must in ev-azY case be sent to Lamp-sou A‘: Co. (will u tlnplicaté 1o Jiltreil Fraser. invoice iilioiill =1iite:-—

. , . Jsncs" occurr l in the y his success ‘McKenzie de- I a c‘

for. his w°rk7 and rassedsettlers. ‘In 1817

migrate to Penibina been 'lL‘\OLlfC(I every g ishetl I-ut for the

The wars between thc rival merger into the Hudson Ilziy tvard, except for the Riel Rcb they cnjuytctl pczicc and zittziitic ty ycttrls after the :irriv;il of was my fate to Iivc in :1 villttgc heir dcccndants and tlicrt- to lic y and traditions of Iiiirtlsh qucrcd band of jiiont-crs. is another story.

A considerable proportion of their wives and children. around which assembled the rct Hudson Bay Company with lIlt‘I these having Indian blood. breeds, most of whom bear S ltave risen to high position.

The establishmen pation and assumptio country for the I elcitients on the L7 disturbances between thc two co prospcrcil lint Sclk‘ d in health and forfun his 49th your.

forced to I¢>Y‘“'r""“l- shoppers which y uotiltl ussun: Ylx

The serlal number ntarke

The tiunntlty of ‘skins ' g his post again in chargef was. May 9. I793- he utmost efforts they were‘ day-but at Iettgth he reached‘ itntaidjungle at the summit

companies cnrlcil in 1K2: and from ilizit tinti» {oral an occasional raid fitninrellllired- ; {lnIesi-i advised to the contrary. _Lanips0n & Co. will Insure, under, their open policies, all shipments ,wlille 1n transit. for Invoice value ,plus 10 per cent. _ Ittlvc protection front the time thel goods leave the shippers’ possession until iiellvcreil to Lumpson d; Cu. In London. uni! the rute of ipreni- ilum ls most reasonable. -If it ls not desired that Lampson (‘o. should arrange insurance, ll 11105; ryllilllllSl in every ciise be clearly so ghiv], hunfapriteéi on the Invoice referred t‘ . . . iiiov. (H, these not ‘l n“. Skins may also be forwarded to titliin tlirtiuttli one of the express Shipments by express slimilil hi: Ifllllll! In exactly the same wily its by ])llI'(7?l post, except that fijnjpm tlit- pacltiiitt-ia IIUPII not. weigh less ‘Illllfl ll libs, ll is not necessary so . fiir as lIII‘ iiniiiriitii-c Is conceined In declare any vulut- to tho uXDWBII

The value of each skin. 'l‘l1c Hlllflllllll o!

rick he began his vo

JIIIIC to itiake not more than a inilc ht of land, a lake in a lll0 t divide between the watc , into the McKenz and the ivatcrs flowin

vzingtiztrd of thc-st- of Xlzinitoba inhzihiti-il ar on minty Zl winter ips. Iicroisiti and fziIiIc

ti» cast and north IIII (joitiallhilar Sea; :i_v," (‘IYIII~I()CCHH.

Partly by river and partly by Iii westward until they met the P stone was inscribed: “Alexand

L’ west and south into thc l’ lcvcning the his“),

I ml thc expedition worked its acific tides, atid u from Canada by August the return

rli~cr>\'t-r_v o f :1 p11 stigc into way thc South Sea atid for thc Iin ling of ~on1c trudc for fu1<. miner- Hrial

the (Tolonists brought with llicni» '1"; "c, "by means whereof IIHTC mziv zirisc g

ir settlement formed a nucleus irctl factors and traders of thc & i" wives and children, Ilcncc the so-calletl En

n-zit advintage tojland goes on to grannvoyagc was com trarlc and com-‘mgh done. l} the Rocky Mount

. to our Kingdom." The Royal charter leted and the great explorer

as the first white man north ains and to view the Pacifi Until he first, then Fraser 'nland of British Columbia

'I those sens. Iriys. river» creeks and "u :- straits czillcrl Ilurlsoifs Straits", together with all tI1 ititrit-s tend lionntlztrics upon thc coasts and confine.

y possessed by any of I'rincc or coast Itad been vi . I appointing the l ;...~.. lisolutc It-rd~ and proprietors of all tlit: territories with- " "1' grant. 'I'his charter wa~ Iield to vest iti the C tc ownership of all thc land wliii l1 drained into ‘I

iliy‘ and was thenccfortli known as Prince Rupt-rts I.;tt1 I, n ftcr Prince Rupert, (‘Ollflli of King Charles lI.,

and Thompson, had , it had been to the of islands along its nglatid and France. The lcKenzie River with all pert's Land and its ex- factor in secur-

t 0f the Red Rivi-r settlcnietit was an occur n of control which certainly preserved thc pire and fnritieil it Imrrit-

r ziginst the lll\\'lt‘$< frontier wlii» sought lo

puny the ploration tliercf sun's mg it to the Eritish Crown. It is not possible

a most Important irk l'l‘llll'lll‘ll lfl Scotland in t‘. to dii- two \’l‘(ll'.\ kin-r. xird Durham. of Ian-r d martyr to his prophetic vision and cxaIu-il jiritriiiti

Twenty—sevcn days zifter the death It was Iiis hook which terest in the country, hut lic was zilsit tI Selkirk's scheme of colonization. service to thc Canada that was to be, Ii clearer vision and thc more varied gifts.

A year after the death of these fwn grt-iii North West Company pany, and thereafter the o chiefly instrumental in cf’! tcr-vards Sir Georg

of Selkirk, Sir .\Ii'x:iuiIi-|' had iinitist-il Sclkirkk in? 1c .\'ll'l)llgt‘,~l oppmii-nt of Iiatl rendered itidisytcnsilili- ut Selkirk" Iiud llic wid

cmt-tit vast regions of map of Canada show Such names as McCIutock Mc- Icilst suggestive of their

The lCTl‘llOl'_\' ltuktmtvn land". Mdwlme dmd" .1 (‘nminr-nl; in some tncasurc r: blttKr-nzit: Iinsin FFFISC together with the itnrtlit-rn \\'.'lIl'l'~Il('1I\ i-f 1 llIlZlFIU and part 0f what II¢O<I is now the Provinrt- (if (film-Inn; 1v lvrllllllfll leases granted 311i] natio