Widening Educational Horizons

SEVENTH MEETING CANADA- UNITED BTATE8 COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION

1-ﬂgglo, December I1. 11. 13. 1953

[sport by L John Prior

Development of serious friction areas between Canada and the united states in 1063 was strong evidence that the founders of the Canada-United States Coiniriittee on Education were fsr-sighted in- deed. In i044, during the period of full wartime cooperation. few people anticipated a time in which Canadian-American rellt-ion! mlsht become a source of deep concern. ms yet. m that very year. a small group of educatora- from both coun- tries foresaw that "goodwill be- tween the two countries was not an inevitable certainty". Ten years lgtgr it has become clear that. in the words of Dr. Howard Wilson Secretary. Educational Policies Committee. National Education As- sociation. “We are moving into an era in which the necessities of co- operation open new areas of fric- tion. The often repeated reference to our five thousand miles of un- defended border has become a dangerous shibboleth based upon gn unquestioned assumption about our similarity of interests."

Educators in Canada and the United states have long realized that sound relations between coun- tries cannot be cultivated solely on the government level. so in 1944 was born the Canada- United states Committee on Education-— "a voluntary committee of educat- era devoted to the improvement of knowledge and the understanding of each country in the other." The conviction of 1944r—that there was s job to be done—can now be rec- ognized as an urgent necessity.

O O O

The basis of the task remains the same today as in 1944. Stated brieily_ it is

ta) to eliminate misunderstand-

ings which ‘W based on un-

questione assumptions of similaritiu ' differences; (hi to promo ‘tter educa-

ln seven meetings since 1944. the committee of 20 (10 from each country) has given careful atten- tion to a number of problems. Problems have been. financed by grants from the Carnegie Endow- ment for International Peace, the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Ford Foundation for the Advancement of Education. Un- fortunately. insufficient funds have restricted the scope oi the com- mittee's activities and have held up progress in some projects al- ready embarked upon_

The December-i953 meeting con cerned itself mainly with s stimu- lating new project-

What are the similaritlu and

differences between Canadians

and Americans in their attit- udes to "Marriage and the

Family, Education.Social Class.

Economic Activities. Govern-

ment. Law. Religion and In-

ternational Affairs"? _

If an educational programme is to promote understanding between countries. some clear and reliable assessment of the similarities and the diﬂcrences between the peoples must be agreed on. A rport on the Chicago meeting in i961 noted that “The Canada-United States Committee is convinced_ that there is need for a comprehensive and scientific investigation to obtain exact information concerning the lack of knowledge. prejudices and wrong attitudes. On the basis oi these facts. a progra me of edu- cation for lnt.ernatl nal under- standing should be introduced into our schools."

0 I I

After a series of conferences. the executive of the Canada-United States Committee obtained sub- stantial financial assistance from the Ford Foundation to survey this field. Subsequently. M11 Dan‘ nls H. Wrong was engaged to make a preliminary study of “The Similarities and Differences in the Major Values of the Canadian and American Peoples“. Mr. Wrong. who until recently was Research Assistant at the Institute for Ad- vanced study in Princeton. New Jersey, previously was an instruct- or in sociology at Princeton Uni- versity. Currently he holds a fel- lowship from the Canadian Social Science Research Council to con- tinue his work on his doctoral dis- sertation at Columbia University. Mr. Wrong is the son of the late Hume Wrong. who for a number of years "was Canadian AI!'il)il$iidOi to the United States and subse- quently Canadian Under—Secretary of State for External Affairs

Meeting in Toronto in Decem- ber, 1953. the committee examined Mr. Wrongs study in detail. Al- though there were a number oi sharp differences about some oi Mr. Wrong's observations. the c 'ttee concluded that his study, with some revision, would be very useful for the purpose in mind—a basis for the construction of tests at high school and junior college levels. Results of such tests, it is hoped, will give clear leads to curriculum builders concerned with the improvement of "understand- ing in each country oi the other."_

Completed Projects

During the past l0 years, the

committee has initiated and com- pleted a number of significant pro jects. of these, only four are noted at this time. However, a careful study of the four will provide a fair picture oi the committee's work,

(I) ‘‘A Study of the National History Text Books used in the Schools oi Canada and the United states." In this survey a com- mittee of teachers in Canada and the United States examined the content of history textbooks in use in Canada and the United states.

(2) "High School Testing Pro- gramme". Tlalts administered‘ by D.C. Munroe and Dr. J.W. Bi-oull- lette to in grade XII pupils in Quebec and Louisiana were de- signed measure knowledge of pupils “in one country of the oth- er." Results oi the tests pointed the way to the current "Wrong" study and its use as decided at the seventh meeting of the committee.

13) "An Analysis of the Inter- change oi News between Canada and the United States". This study was designed to analyse the news printed in Canada about the Un- ited ststes and that printed in the United States about Canada It was conducted by Professor W 14- Mlurer. Delmrtment of Joum- allsm. University of Michigan and by Mr. E. Beattle. School of Gra- phic Arts. Ryerson institute of Technology. Toronto. In a more recent-study, Dr. May Hall James hi-I completed a survey of articles about Canada. published in Ameri- can magazines from 1949 to 1952,

(ii "Growth of Peaceful Settle- ment between Canada and the United States". This forty page Pamphlet was written by Profeuor <3-W- Brown. Department of His- tory. University of Toronto, and was published in quantity by the committee in cooperation with thg Canadian Institute of Internation- al Atislrs. It is specially useful for teachers of history in high schools.

A quick review of commme. records reveals that some thlrteer. other projects have been complet. ed since 1944.

Continuing Projects

Activities to be considered under this heading Ire of two kinda.

(a) Undertakings such as stu- dent and teacher exchsnges which are to be repeated and expanded wherever possible.

lb) Single undertakings which are as yet incomplete, such as ex- change of art exhibits.

Examples of the first type must certainly include the work of the Canadian-American women’s Com- mittee and its energetic leader Dr. May Hall James of New Haven

State Teachers‘ College. Seventy

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00IIOLAS BROS. & JOIES

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women in eight American states sponsor student exchanges and ar- range meetings with a Canada- United States theme. In Canada. Senator Cali-ine Wilson and Dr. Florence Dunlop have both been active in similar work.

For years the Canada-United States Committee has stimulated professional organizations to give attention to relations between our two countries in their convention and regular programmes. The ex- change of fraternal delegates has been encouraged.

Several continuing projects of the second type were advanced a stage at the 1963 meeting. Among them, the following are well wor- thy of note:

(1) Preparation of a pamphlet on the governments of Canada and of the United states. To be written at the high school level the pamphlet will be designed to develop a better understanding of the similarities and differences in national and provincial (state) gover ent of the two countries.

i2) A study of geography text books somewhat ' parallel to the completed study of history texts i.e. to analyze what is most com- monly taught in each country about the geography oi the other. This work should be of consider- able value to curriculum builders and to text-book writers.

(3) Preparation of a folder con- taining basic information on the government. geography and econ- omic life of Canada and of the United States. A first draft of this folder, printed by the Extension Division of the University of Wis- consin. was circulated in 1952. Ef- forts will be made to print and circulate some thousands of copies of the folder after revision by Dr J. W. Brouillette and Mr. A. Mc- Calum. Deputy Minister of Educa- tion, Saskatchewan.

Further Activities

Among new auignments under- taken by members of the commit- tee were the following:

fl) Dr. May Hall James will sur-

WIiai’s news at Incg?

vey the curricula of American schools and colleges to determine the extent to which a study of Canada is part of the regular pro- gramme.

(2) Mr. L. J, Prior will under- take a limited study of British Columbia newspapers to ascertain the most frequently reported areas of friction between Canadians and Americans.

13) All committee members are requested by Co-Chairman, Dr. Edmonson_ to organize small rep- resentative groups in their com- munities for the study of Cana- dian-Amerlcan relations.

Although the committee met in morning. afternoon and evening sessions, two brief social events should be mentioned. On the af- ternoon of December 11. Dr. Syd- ney Smith, President of the Uni- versity of Toronto, entertained all members of the committee at the university. Members of the uni- versity stafi and of the Depart- ment of Education were present. At a special luncheon on Decem- ber l2. the committee was Joined by representatives of Toronto book publishers. the press, business ex- ecutives and leaders in education with Dr. Howard Wilson as guest speaker.

Conclusion

Summarizing ten years‘ work of the committee Dr.-Erouilette con- cluded, "the members will forever devote themselves to the attain- ment of the original oal—td work endlessly in order th t the peoples of two friendly democracies will achieve the mutual understanding that is the first requisite of peace: that the mutual understanding thus developed will serve as a pal. tern for the world." In striving towards this goal, the committee recognizes that it has assumed no mean task.

w. c. 0. 'r. r_

The World Confederation of Or- ganizations of the Teachiiiz Pro-

THE INTERNATIO

Of CANADA, L|I‘.'.l'I'ID 0 2.5 KING

Croskery, Secretary — ’I‘reI.suIer of

dish delegate and as a member of

Miss N.B. Mix Lorna Cathcart. a New

Moose Jaw, Sask.: Miss Helen Mil- ler, Hamilton, Ontario; Miss Joan Haines, Ottawa, 0iit.; Miss Kathryn Farmer, Conibermere Ontario; Miss B. L. Trew, Saskatoon, SiIsk.; Mrs. T. J. Bitzer, Saskatoon. Sask.; Miss Eva Wilkin, Hamilton, Ontario.

make up tiie fI’lf‘iTl three liiinrlrod delegates to the An-I nual Assembly represent a total of

over two million teachers in thirty- seven countries.

teaching " Under the leadership of D1‘.

cnnfereiice.

St-cretziry-Geiieral.

fesslon will meet in Oslo. Norway, from July 31 to August 5.

The Canadian Teachers’ Federa- tion will be represented through an official delegation of fourteen per- sons. Mr. L. John Prior, South Burnaby, British Columbia, as President oi the C.T.I-‘., will head the delegation and Mr. George G.

the C.T.F.. will attend as in Cans-

the Executive Committee of the W. C.0.T.P. Other Canadians named to date as accredited delegates are ivy Richards. Fredericton.

Brunswick teacher on exchange in England; Mr. Harry Garfinkle.

Seventy teachers‘ organizations rship of this!

international body. Approximately

eeo

The fll:‘lll’l theme of the Oslo Con- ference will he "Education for

Amaranatha Jha of India. a

curb months they have captured sev. ii of the top leaders of the Mau Man. A number of the secret society's chieftains are with the British to bring the fight- ‘ing to an end. Nevertheless it may be a long time before this colony is entirely peaceful again.

the ofﬁce of their provincial teeth- era' orgsniution for details of the W.C.O.‘1'.P. Assembly.

AFRICA One of the most troubled lands

in the world in Kenya, Britain's colony that lies across the equator in eastern Africa. native secret society called the Man Man has been waging a campsign of terrorism there. The Man Mau have been trying to drive Kenya‘! European settlers out of the coun- try. In stealthy, violent raids, the terrorists have killed dozens of Europeans and hundreds of natives loyal to the settlers.

Since 1952 a

The British are determined lo the terrorists. In recent

now (:0 - operating

Even though no other African

lands are experiencing the reign of terror that grips Kenya. many of them are going through troubled times. The lack of harmony be- tween Europeans and native: is especially acute in lands south of the Sahara. The impact of western ways On primite study has been made during the‘Africa is creating knntty problems pzist six months or the academic in human relations. For hundreds background and professional train-tof years ing of teachers in many countries Africa lived in the most, primitive

ill? r-nlonial

the natives of central

throughout the world and this will-way. They were completely unaware

form the basis for CIl8(‘\is5lt)n at the of the world outside the forest, or tthe jungle. Today many of

them

Mr. Ronald Gould. General Score- are getting their first inkling of

t.ir_v of the National Union

Tf‘ilt'l‘.f‘l'S of England and Wales, is Presiriont of the W.C.O.’I‘.P. Di‘ V Kari-o of Sweden is Vice-President a people who l'lln their nun govern- and Dr. Wm. G. Carr, Executive ITlEI’lI- —— is starting to take hold. Secretary of the National Education,lAlready Is seems plain that the Association of the United States, ls’day is past when European nver-

lords and settlers will have every- travellimz iii thing their own way.

. .

Cnnadinii I(‘ilCll('l‘S

Eurnpo who may be in the vicinity‘ of Norway at the and of July are III\'iSf‘[I to get in touch now with not

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NAL NICKEL COMPANY,

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K. idea of

or western ideas and way: of llil’.

Among some of the llalll.'P.‘. U1? natmnalism~the idea of

Westerners agree that _ue must

The Guardian P I Monday, June 14. 19

scene of widespread strife. only the Communists would profit TIC this and the chance must not be given them. If Africa should fall into communist hands. it would be their greatest prize LII the oold war, because Africa is I storehouse bulging with riches.

Africa produces about 85% of the world's cobalt, 98"}. of its diamondl, 30'? of its manganese, — material used in atomtc energy _ lead. sine, asbestos, gold, i-opper, tin. iron ore. bauxite——ihe ore that produces alu- minum. Africa‘s water-power pud- bilties are great her farm possibil- tiex are good too, her forests Ire extensive.

Africa's resources are so great that there would seem to be no doubt about her bright future. Who- ther Africa fulfills the promise she news shows will depend largely on how well the great colonial powers handle their responsibilities to their millions of African subjects.

The major colonial powers of Afrirs are Great Britain, France. Portugal and Belgium.

. . .

This departmeiit is conducted by the Prince Eriivarvl Island Teachers‘ Federation Cnntrtbiitions are wel- comed and should be sent to Estelle Bowness . General Secretary, 9| Prince St, Charlottetown.

Hearings Resume

SYDNEY, Australia, (Reuterst-— Former Russian diplomat Vladimir Petrnv and his wife will tell about their dramatic escapes from S(iVlE‘l cmbassv 0IIl(‘lalS before the Australian irnal commission be- 2ll'll‘ill'lE June 30

At. the resumption of the spy hearings Friday. zovemment coun- sel W. J. V. windeyer announced the Petrovs will testify in person. He also sflld that at least '10 per- sons are involved in the inquiry in a way to suggest that “their

permit Africa to become I

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act l\'lI.lP5 rcqiiire investigation."

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Before long. in Incn's Creighton Mine. that portion a mile or more underground will become I hive of industry as men and machines begin to borrow a network of passages around and into the ore.

But first, provision must he made for the health. safety and comfort of the men. Fresh air Is vital. So, from the present mine workings, a shaft is feet in diailaeur is being cut straight down through solid rock to a point more than a mile below the surface. Its upper end will connect with another airway to the surface. imoothiy cemented like a silo, 350,000 cubic feet of air per minute will be forced down into the lower workings of the mine: 7'1‘ be Keenan of Nldel", is 72-page booiyfully illum-a/ed, u I” 61‘ .\¢'llI [us on regret: to maps: Iolmsltvi.

Through this shaft. all