"UARY 6. 1932

Slurp his: h llis llesrl _ Ierm III Bail Iiosirilor

‘I ' . Fred J. Chase Th sum» us. “fist-Jr hnggfiuuslerlluli/iflilbfiifnlieart null Nerve .. ~ ' ’ at Hie S healzmvlrould bent so fest I would have to uERvE p|ll gigldmn when at work cho Ila: in hgielw “hi H I ' plllll In Ill W W0 Q down at night. y

'3‘!

My nerves were also in a very bad conditio I b" but ef using two boxes of Milburn's Heart an ' s.‘ i News ' I eeljust fine, nndnm fourteen pounds

heavier than I have been for years. rnl stores. or Inallnd dlrsot on recslbl- 0| W“! b! Th! T. mlbll‘!

v a v .1

‘Imp-u and P"

mum, Ont.

i146 Richmond St» Charlottetown fire, Life, Accident, Sickness

and Plate Glass Insurance

at Lowest Rate.’

o

'1 Agent st Summerside, Lloyd Lewis ..

IMPEFQAL IMPERIAL F0 FOX BISCUITS BISCUITS

The SEOIIET 0f SIl/OOESS in FOX RAIIOIIIIIG

The Regular Feeding of

IMPERIAL FOX BISOIIITS

Seasonal changes in formula make “llmperials" an alI-the-year-round fox ‘food.

EVERY SEASON is the RIGHT SEA- v SON to feed “Imperials."

Manufacturers:

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Charlottetown, P. E. I.

t‘

IMPERIAL

2 IMPERIAL FOX FOX - BISCUITS BISCUITS

L a ~

Ouuoloo Products

hills quality and economy. rare in harmony with the Went depression. Compare Drlces with others.

We keep a full line of

DOUNACONA BOARD ' BEAVER BOARD PLASTER BOARD

or Foxes : " llllo Flea Powder. “"810 Ear wfssoiuuous. Blmklo Fox Ration. ' Iran Fur-ring),

Vitamlnersl. g Mealblend. gflunzlo worm lblpeller. Eiluiglo Disiniectar " u .

Poultry :

fin .

firs. Growing Mash, ‘Milo Lay Mash.

£13m Scratch Feed.

Ipv Battle:

ilwslo oil: um.

5%?“ Dairy Supplement 8* (3 Der cent.)

f “Wlo Dairy Ration lam.)

$588 =

35'?!“ H08 Supplement,

Make your house comfortable.

MaollIlllALll -IIOWE

WOODWORKING 00.. LTD. Phone 341.

Charlottetown. l’. l’. l.

i POULTRY.

At the price EGGS and POULTRY are selling today what ls thrre either on thc farm or in the barnyard that pays better. And Ii fed with

' a liberal IIIWI! of our cele- braied BLATCHFORITS POULTRY FEEDS will pro-

liavlm for all Livestock.

“lb Stock Tonic for all the Farm Animus, "The Molt or m; n“; for the 44mg’

1'55! your nearest Dealer for I sllnslo Products.

lltornationsl Fox and l" III Foods Ltd. S

wmmcnlde. P. l. I. f; Charlottetown Dsalensr

‘WE 0. sonnos.

crarrn a do. urn. BEDDIN QQQ‘. - "Wills nnun co.

. .”H>:

dnce large quantities of EGGS at a nominal cost.

nnsrouroalrs E G G , MASH will produce Ilrgcl quantities than any other

They must “Lay or but" i1 fed with BLATCIIFOBIYS Get some today. Bold In any quantity. Prices lower. For sale at our BIRD AND FEED

Barter & 0o. " rumor l

;n)sl ' -:-,-; ,-;-|-;-;-;.;.;.;-meagre-s;-

111a. snow

THE cnAunorrsqlowggflcu/sggoraw

Inheritance

By G. Ennis smith Superintendent Expeflmenwl rwox

R1110?!» Summe-‘-' .

Inheritance, what. we receive from our ancestors and what we hand on to our offspring is without doubt the most vital question In blllldlng up s. nation. While envir. onments such as food, climate, hmlslnl!» eW- Play their part and have an influence on the develop. ment of national life and the 5°. cial activities such as occupation, education, exercise, etc, 5m; they, mark on the life of the community and rightly occupy the thoughts of 0111‘ leading men, which involve innumerable Acts of Parliament, it seems strange and incompre_ hcnsible that the all important question of inheritance, what a nation is and Ivhat. it will be, has bccn entirely ignored from a pub- lic standpoint and treated as a fatalisnl, the same attitude that was token through the dark ages towards thc ravages made by (115- cases and pestilence.

But I wish to speak tonight on Inheritance with regard to breed- ing animals. For back in the re- mote ages, when the world was on thc border line of snvagery and barbnrism, the breeding of animals was the sole industry of the world. It far antidotes any attempts of the mechanical industries. Yet willie there has beena steady pro- gress, through the centuries, of our knowledge as applied to machines, which has today reached a. very great magnitude and complexity, it seems incredible that; those‘ su- perstitions which bewildered the [shepherds of Asia in the bygone

ages, over fifty centuries ago, have persisted through the innumerable intervening decades and it was during the lust century, the conscientious and thorough efforts of a few English live stock breeders that any mark- ed progressowas achieved in the breeding of domestic animals. 'l‘hls progress, slight as it may have been, has had a marked and imme- dlate effect and has given to the English the enviable and undispu- table reputation of being the world's leading live stock breeders, and for n ccntluy all the nations of the world have looked to Eng- land for their foundation stock of pure bred domestic animals.

Principles Not Understood

However appalling may have been the lack ‘of knowledge with regard to the breeding of domes- tic animals and of inheritance as n whole by the general public there has been ll. still more appalling ig- norance amongst scientists re- garding thc fundamental princi- ples of inheritance. While super- stitious mny have biased and hin- dered llvc stock breeders and while myths and old women's fables may have bewildered the general pub- lic, to a. much greater extent scientists have been befogged and bamboozled by ridiculous postu- lates and useless assumptions, and for the time past the question of inheritance has been the toy of superstitions, myths/Rm! fables that have left the whole question in s state of chaos. It was not un- tll the world unearthed in 1900 the treaties of Johan Mendel, n treat- ise that had been published in 1866, that nnythinl; was definitely known regarding the laws of in- heritance. The brilliant experi- mental work of Mendel and the still more brilliant deductions from his experiments, stand alone in thc scientific flcld of genetics. and practically ull the improve- ment that has token place this century in thc breeding of plants, flowers, cereals, poultry and dif- ferent branches of live stock has been due to the far reaching im- portance of the work of Mendel. Like muny other great men, that had clcar vision, and unerring conceptions, the last twenty W!" of his life were $98M ‘In "I15"! and in a disgusting turmoil, due to the petty tyranny B! u" 191°" ant. fnctor and environment, which converted a man of a most ami- able disposition into a disgruntled misfit.

Sir William Batcson of Cam-

Por Bu: cenzury r; @_

Kidney and Liver Pill! have proven successful In promptly relieving tufPldv ‘l?! ' girh action of thc Liven _' ' neys and Bowsls and the legion of ills dug was fllmm“

blldge University has the honour f)‘ rvcosnlzing the far reaching Importance of MendcPs work and 315° f0!‘ a series of noteworthy ex- periments in which he confirmed lmd extended Menders discover- ICS. Cellular Structure

Befvre Mendel's work can be appreciated something must be known regarding the structure of the individual cells, of the body. The body as is well known is made up of individual cells, each cell mnliaininf; i1 smell nucleus.'When these nuclei are stained and exam- ined under s. microscope, it is found that they contain s. given number of smell particles, which exist in pairs. The number of pur- ticles that are observed in the nu- clei are the some for the cells of the same animal. These small particles contained in the nuclei are known as chromozones and it is believed that they carry the various individual inherentfactors that pass from the parents to the offspring. In the human body, ench nucleus contains forty-eight chromozones or twenty-four pairs; in cattle the number is thirty- eight, or nineteen pairs; in cat's and dogs, thirty-six, or eighteen pairs; in bees, sixteen. The inter- esting and striking part. regarding these chromozones is the fact that. in the reproductive cell, both of the male and the female, there is only one half the number of chro- mozones that are present in all the other cells of the body. That. is to say that the reproductive cell, both of the msle and the female, is only one half a cell, but when the male and female cell fuse to- gether, they _make one complete cell from which all the other cells of the body are formed.

If we accept the chromozone theory of inheritance, then we must assume that those traits in- herited by the offsprings from the parents pass to the succeeding generations in pairs, one from the one parent and the other from thc other parent. With regard to the ‘ colour of the human eye, one in-

herited factor msy be blue coming

from the father and the other

brown or some other colour from

the mother; the same with the colour of the hair, one from one parent and the other from the

other parent, the two functioning independently, but each contribut- ing s. part whether it becomes ob- vious in that particular offspring or otherwise, but when thc body of the particular individual forms a. reproductive cell, only one of the inherited traits passes into the in- divldual reproductive cell. That was s. point that Mendel was able to demonstrate. With regard to the colour of the eyes, if the individual inherited blue from the father and brown from the mother, each indi- vidual reproductive cell would con- tain either blue or brown, but it would never be a mixture of the two. It would be either one or‘ the other, and the blue that passed to the succeeding generation was un- polluted and was not in any way altered by having functioned wth the brown in that generation.

Mendeks Experiments Mendel did most of his out- standing work with sweet peas, us- ing different pairs of individutl inherent traits, tallness and dwarf- ness, smooth and haired stems. plain and hooded flowers, white and purple, etc., etc. In his experi- ments he was able to demonstrate that when he crossed a. tall sweet pea with a dwarf sweet pea, that in the first generation each and every one of the offspring was a. cross between a tall and a dwarf. When two of these crosses were bred together, he was able to show that they produced approximately 25 per cent. pure tall, 50 per cent. crosses and 25 per cent. pure dwarfs. The tall sweet peas from those crosses behaved the same as tail sweet peas that had been bred pure for generations. The dwarfs also behaved as dwarfs that. had been bred pure for generations. He obtained the same uniform results with regard to the other traits of smooth and haired stems, plain and hooded flowers, white and dif- ferent colours. It has been known as a guiding principle in connect- ion with all nat ‘ Jlenomena that like begets like, horses pro- duce horses andcows produce cows. What Mendel demonstrated was; that in the body the individ- ual traits, while they were funct- ioning with other individual traits, that like produced like, that the individual unit produced only the same kind of unit in equal quanti- ties. That is to say that if you took one flower that was a cross be- tween n white and a purple and bred it to another flower that was a cross between a white and pur- ple, two such flowers would have Inherlhd with regard to the colour phase four inherent factors from their parents, two purple and two

i195. l!’ likl‘ produced like in equal ql-lflntlilvs, Ihl-n in every hundred flowers thcrc would be one hund- rcd pllfplu fuclors and one hund- rcdwhlie und in every hundred there would be 2.2 pure purple, 50 crosses between rulple and white and 25 pure Ivhiie. If you place in

mix them up and draw them out In pairs, you would find when you come to count. the pairs that you will have 25 pairs of purple mar- bles, 50 pairs ol‘ purple and WllllL‘ and 25 pairs of white oruvery near that percentage. The more oficn the experiment is repeated and thc average taken of the whole, lhc nearer you would approach ihe nbove percentage. That is to my that with onc hundred purple marbles and one hundred whitc marbles mixed together in a bug there is an even chance that you pick out either s. purple marble or B. white marble. If by chance the first happened to be a purple marble, then it is an even chance that you will pick out to ruuko thc pair a white marble or a purplc marble. The chances are even. On the next drnw you may pick out a white and it is an even chance that the next marble you pick out. will be either a purple marble or s. white marble, so that in cvcry four draws the chancos arc that you will get one Imir of purple marbles, one pair of purple and white and one pair whlle and pur- pie and one pair of white, making 25 per cont. of thc pure of thc one side, 50 percent. crosses and 25 per cent. pure on the other side. This is known as Mcndels law and has been found to hold lruc with hundreds and hundreds of experiments that have been cm‘- ricd out since Mcndcls work be- came known.

Inheritance In Foxes There is no doubt that that same law holds true with regard to s. cross between a red and a silver fox. All the offsprings of the first generation would be crosses be-

tween a red and a silver. If Iwo of those crosses should be mated together, on thc llvcrllgc flu: off-

spring would be 25 per cent. pure silver, 50 per cent. crosses and 25

per cent. pure rcd. The silvers would breed trur- as silvers that had been bred true for ‘n large

number of gens-rations and tho red would breed true thc same. Men-- del’s brooding results were not very simple to interpret, in fact it was only a. master mind who could have been ablc Io see tlu-ough the results, because in the majority of the cases, the crosses looked and had the same appearance as a. pure bred. Mendel only establish; ed that they wurc crosses by brood- ing from them and (IOHlOIISIlTllIXIJ. because of the offspring they pro- duced that they were actual cros- ses. When Mendel brcd tall sweet peas to dwarf sweet. pens nll the

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offspring looked like tall sweet peas. He had to carry out breed- ing results to demonstrate that lhcy were a cross between a tall and a dwarf sweet pea, the same Ivith the purple and white. All the offspring of the first generation were purple and it took long ex- perimental work to demonstrate that these were crosses. Mendel in sweet peas as a dominant factor and dwarfnesa as a. recessive, the pur- ple as dominant and the white re- cessive. With foxes the red is do- minant and silver recessive. There- fore, in a cross between a silver and a red all the offsprlngs would be red and would sell simply as red fox pelts. In this case there is not the same extent of dominance as found with a great number of the crosses in both animal and plant life and it is fairly easy to recognize a. cross red fox although the pelt would sell as a red fox pelt.

There appears to be a great deal of confusion in the minds of tht general public regarding the trans- mission of inherent characters and characters that have been acquir- ed during the lifetime of the’ indi- vidual. Some people claim that the dwindling of the little toe, that is so very common, is due to the fact that for generations people have been Ivcaring shoes. But the same dwindling of the toe that is seen

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file's it IE

stated that tuberculosis was an In- herited trait, and it was consider- ed as u severe blot to have con- sumptnn in thc family. But the evideni. shows that this is a case of inf on. Children ‘being con- tinual]; in contact with tubcrcular parents catch thc germ which pro- duces ihe disease. Undoubtedly there are some people who are more susceptible to tuberculosis than others. lfany authorities state that people with dark sallow complexions nre very liable to be- come Cmlslllnpilvc. All the ovi- dence that has been obtained up to the present time would indicate that when a disease is known to be produced by bacteria, like tu- berculosis, it is not transmitted by inheritance from one generation to another, but when it is trans-

In this country is quite as common among African tribes, who have ncvcr worn shoes, and also it hasI been observed to occur just as) much with Egyptian mummies. ,

The feet. of Chinese women have been crowded into small shoes for generations, yet the formation of the feet. of Chinese children is quitc as normal as with children of other races.

The tails of sheep and fox ter- riers, in many cases, have been docked for countless generations,

mitted it is a case of the parent infecting the child after birth. There are many diseases that are acquired during the lifetime of the individual, which are trans- mitted from the parent to the off- spring before birth. The goitre comes under this category. A mo- ther who may have acquired goi- tre during hcr lifetime, especially if there should be a large number of children, is very liable to trans- mit the goitrous condition to the youngest members of hcr family,

yet us fur as can be observed, there but $1115 l5 a Prenatal Influence.

are no abnormalities in the tails of due 9° mfllnulflliml-

these animals. Jewish males have been circumcised for countless ge- neratlons, yet the foreskin of a Jewish Inull- child is quite as nor- mal as Ihzlt of a. Gentile. I

Experiments havebecn carried out docking the tails of mice for thirty and forty generations, but it has not. produced the slightest zibnorlnality in the succeeding ge- durations.

Experimental Work

A great amount of experimen- tal work has been done to ascer- tain if mutilations to thc parents affcctftllc offspring, but up to the present time all thc borla fide evi- dcnce hos been entirely negative.

and should not be confuscd with an inherited trait. It can be remedied by pro- per dieting.

Prenatal Influence

With foxes, probably a samson condition comes under this cate- gory. While the samson condition may have been acquired during the lifetime of the parents, evidence would indicate that. there are con- dltions set. up in the body, which may givc rise to a severe disturb- ance in the general metabolism of the body, and when such an unl- mal becomes pregnant, it will lead to a severe malnutrition, exerting a prenatal Influence on the deve- lopment of the offspring, so that

They do not, appear in any way to affect the offspring. would appear to hold true with regard Io silver foxes. The three- lcgqcd Oulton fcmule fox has won the reputation of producing onc of the best lines oi silver foxes. Only a few years ago physicians