750 Guardian

V --cum fnuc Ldunfu luau Lulu up our blicbod cry week on nursing at is: Pnnce sun: guinea-Evu. r ILL. by the Thom-on CONN” 14'' M King st. W.. Tumult. 1 Inna! Office. 125 innersux Tuwu luv lldllur. Funk Walker Gcncril Manager. In A Burnett llembci 1'.-inadi-an Dilly iuexupapcr Publisher: Asmtnauuc Member at The Canadian Pu-5: Member Audli Bureau of CIICMIIIIOIII I such mlicu at liummentdc. Iluntauuc and Allirflml Authorized In Second ct. mu iay nu P-I-1 04"” Department. Otuwcij " W I -n - . ,- ' a. in "....:""e:'...::'!:"::'.'.;.'.' ::ss"':.'r..: U S 312.00 ncr unnum

-Ti";-:':6 m0 ,y E weaker-than; the weakest Ink." ”F" Moisnir. JUNE 1:. 1956 New Agreement

Reports that the United Si”-ilt'S

its excliatiges Of

will soon hroiulcn atomic lnformzition with Britain. and possibly with Canada, would seem to iirlicatc A I))II'-IV 71”” In keeping with gnwl irilitical relat- ions than lht-onc that has been dominant all almr.'- I-I ll?” alwafs been a in.Vs:ci'.V Wll.V 5””''3CY "1 atomic development SI1'lllI'l IlaVe been considered tit-ms.-2iI'.V IWIW09" governments whit,-h w.-re wwking towards similar rzodls ill ”'9Vlll”lY I and peace with st:-ongth. ()'1e' would 4 Imagine that built cntlvitrics Wolllti stand to gain by 511;”-ilk: it-llalGVCp knowledge was I'9Y0-llllll W 1'9" search in such an imporlalif field- Perhaps the reported t'Ildl'lge-15 due more to practical considerations than to any abstract strengthening of partnership. The fact of the mat- ter is that Britain has been mak ng great strides in the atomic field in recent months. so much so that some American observers have stat- ed frankly that the United Slates is

fast losing. if it has not al1'P'H-l.V lost, its initial superiority-which , incidentally, B r i t l s h scientists.

working in co-operat.ion with their American colleagues, helped to bring about. At lcast, there seems to be general recognition of Britain's leadership in nuclear development for industrial uses. This does 110i make the new agreement any less desirable. It is long overdue; and if the British had had their way there would have been free and un- restricted exchange from the start.

It does appear to indicate, how- ever, a greater awareness on the part of United States' Atomic En- ergy officials that secrecy between friendly nations is not only useless from a political point of View but detrimental to the best interests of both.

15100 Million Pests

'A survey of the annual loss due to livestock pests in Canada, re- cently completed by Dr. A. W. A. Brown, University of Western On- tario, puts the total at 53100 million, , about 70 per cent of this due to I cattle pests.

During the fly time, horn flies can cut milk production as much as 20 per cent, and heel flies cause such annoyance when they are lay- lng eggs that milk flow suffers. Black flies have killed many val- uable cattle in some areas, and dur- ing the winter, warbles and lice may cause unthriftness and disease in dairy herds. Considerable sums are spent each year to control house- hold pests, such as house flies in I dairy processing plants. and addi- tional costs are incurred in prevent- ing losses through ,chcese mites, cheese skippers and other pests in storage rooms.

The insect problem in the tlairy industry will be one of the subjects to be discussed at the World Con- gress of Entomology in Montreal I next August. ,

Deiencler Of Freedom

The Impending retirement of Dr. Zechariah Chaffee from the faculty of Harvard University, with which he has been associated for forty years, is a matter of interest not only to Americans but to all free men wherever they may live; for freedom in its many aspects has had no greater advocate or defender. Dr. Chaffee's academic role during most of his time at Harvard was that of lecturer in law, a. subject in which he has an International rep- utatlon. But his greats.-rest contri- bution to s free society, especially latter times, was In the flcirlof chill rights; and 11- to for thit names that he deserves the gr" Juana; hlncontemporarles. I - right: , have been under ln Qt,..unlica ;.5 , .i!I.r'&l,flt, ' 3 1... ,. miily ' A -tfleld so

constltutlon were headed for CI-

tinction. Some observers have gone I so far as to suggest that the Un-

ited States, in its crusading zeal against un-Americanism, actually was adopting the methods of the very authoritarian form of govern- ment it was trying to weaken on is world front. Fortunately, the trend in that respect has been halted, or at least slowed down; and ,Dr. Cliaffee has done more than his share in that process of democratic strengthening. In his writings and in his many outside activities, in- cluding membership In the United Nations” Sub-Committee on freedom of information and the press, he has declared mightily and with per- stlasivcncss that it profits a nation nothing to fight for basic liberties abroad while denying them or tam- pering with them at home.

Dr. CliafIcc's latest book, ”The Blessings of l.lI)i'llf,V", published 8 few weeks ago, is a valuable text- book of freedom. It is to be hoped that his retircnicnt from academic duties will oimlilc him to devote even more time than formerly to discussion of public issues involving civil rights.

A Worcl For Neutralism

For several yours now one of the points of difference between British and American foreign policy, vis-a- vis cold war tensions. has involved the status of ”neutralism" as pro- claimed by India and some other Asiatic slates newly come into po- litical independence. The British view has been that the West should help these nations get their inter- national bearings without imposing upon them any political restrictions, and take a chance on their con- tinuing to favour democratic in- stitutions. The American view. on the whole. has been that economic aid to any particular country should be based on that country's likeli- hood of bccomlng an ally in any future war. Whether the British view is economically sounder than the other, it does seem to have had greater intellectual appeal to the neutralist governments. At least, the general view among observers of the international scene is that Britain's prestige in India, Indon- esia, and Burma, is better in many ways than that of the United States.

That this is probably an accur- ate appraisal is found in a recent statement by President Eisenhower to the effect that in certain circum- stances neutralism may be a good thing. ”If a small nation is truly neutral”, he said, ”and becomes a victim of aggression, then public opinion of the world is outraged. But if it is militarily associated with a great power, it might have trouble on its borders, and people would say good enough for them; they asked for it' ".

If this. sentiment does in fact find its way into the foreign policy of the United States-there is no certainty that it willwlt is not like- ly to cause any disaffection among those countries that already have thrown in their lot with the West; for they. too, have been a little un- easy about the aid-for-friendship concept of the United States.

EDITORIAL NOTES

A man dangled from a 185 foot high church spire for 90 minutes was ordered to a mental institution for ”observation". Just why there should be any doubt about. his men- tal condition is not clear.

Trade Minister Howe thinks that Trans-Canada Pipe Lines will re- pay the 5880 million loaned by the Federal Government "long before it is due". It can be taken for grant- ed that that little phrase has been written down In a good many op- position note-books for possible fu- ture reference.

O 0 0

Malcolm Hollet, leader of the Conservative Party in Newfound- land, has gone on a cross-country "goodwill tour". It is up to Premier Smallwood now to prove that he was slnoere w en he said he would llke to see a lstronger opposition" In the legislature, by not travelling the same road before the election which is due sometime this year.

U; S. egg production, reported to M195 eggs per hen per year now, common with 193 In 1955. u said t1(r:H(ltiml1lctod,by greater use of

, hfllho it-'4 lllvhil 10

ti'..,...t3I'r.'?.i:.”f..:t.. ” W?

Research In Farm Economics

The Country Guide. Winnipeg

Farm 0l'gallll.illl0llS, at least in

I some parts of (lanada, are more

and more realizing the need for

much more research in Blll'l('Ulll"" al economics than has been done in Canada up to the present time.

Certainly the trend toward lower

farm prices and lower net farm

lnL'lIlTlCS during recent years his contributed subsf tially 10 lllCl'e35s ed interest in Ill. lJT0bl9m5-

'l'her.e is an understandable ten- dency at the present time lO'IS- sume that because of lower prices and a world-wide tendency toward increased production, marketing research is the greatest present need of the industry. This is true. to some extent. but it is principally true because tllci- has been so little research in the marketing of farm products up to the present time.

. Economists, as social rather than physical scicnllsls, can never be as precise as the physical scien- tists in their conclusions. largely because the facts with which they work are valid only for the mom- ent of discovery or investigation. Where large numbers of human beings are involved. facts relat- ing to prices, quantities and de- mands are highly fluid in their relationships with each other. Special Fl II

This is particularly true In the special field of agricultural econom- ics, where the influences brought to bear on both production and

" marketing are much more num- erous and less prcdiclablc. than for any other group of people and products one can think of. Never- theless. though llie agricultural cc- onomist can never be as precise in his calculations as the chemist or the physicist. his work and his in- creaslng knowledge of the way in which economic forces operate, are becoming more and more neces- sary as our civilization becomes Increasingly compact. and orderly.

If farmers feel,as many do, that agriculture in normal circumstanc- es operates under a serious handi- cap as compared with other clem- ents in society. it is a certainty that these handicaps will never be removcd until there is a much more general and widespread ap- preciation of the importance of the economlsl and his work.

Only one Canadian province today may be said to even approximate adequate attention in agricultural economics. That province is On- tario, where. in addition to some l5 economists working In the Ec- onomics Branch of the Ontario Department of Agriculture. lhcrc src ll other others in the lloparl. menf of Agricultural Economics

I at the Ontario Agricultural College. We doubt if there is an equal num- bar of agrlcullurzil economists in government or university service in all the rest of Canada, nulsitlc of the Canada Department of Agri- culture.

Tru!-.iOnlnrio'.s farm Olllplll re- gularly leads all prnvlnccs- though it has been surpassed by Saskat- chewan; but in any case if repres- cnlll only one out of every four Canadian fnrm families. If Ontar- Io has not been cxtrsvaizcnt In its expenditures in this field. the other provinces must be regarded as having been too llI0l'l.llEhl('d. If not definitely backward.

Too Little Encouragement

Nor is the Federal Department llloleihi free of this complaint. For n time It appeared that the Clncda Deparlmcnt of Agriculture WI! d9V'l0Dln1 u very satlsfnctory service In agricultural economics, but during the post-war years there have been signs that pres- sures wllhln the Jvcrnmenl have tended to curtail work that could, and should. be done by the Econ. omits Division of the Marketing Scrvlm. here Is evidence that too many good men have left the ser- vice, presumably because the out- look for promotion and satisfact- ory uscful work has been too llmlt- ed.

If It characteristic of agricultur- al research in Canada that it bu never been able to proceed as con- fidently and rnlaflvely us me as research In the non-agricultural mean of the economy. Furmcrl uncut Ibll to develop their on I um. They must (I-

'" ”;i'''i'....” :.l::

utluns toward unlverslly research by industrial concerns. Such com- panies, quite understandably. are inclined to direct their contribution toward projects in which they have some special interest. In most pro- vinces at least. research grants of this nature are seldom directed to any aspect of agricultural econ- omics.

Research in farm economics. on the whole, has been less well sup- ported by both government and hi- duslry than research In lalmost any other field., and it is time that something was done about It. Far- mers and their organizations. be- tween them. have a very vital in- terest in this type of work, in none of which should farmers in- dividually be expected to show 1 keener interest. than in that of farm manage iii and production economics generally.

BETS FOR HOUSEKEEPING

TORONTO ICPI - Mrs. Grace Gray. 51. who Friday said she ran a racing book to help out with the housekeeping while her hus- band was in Jail, was fined SEO or 20 days for receiving and reg- istering bets. Police said she was doing S400-a-day business.

LOOK BEFORE YOU LEAP

7: .f7 ?oed&mwz

SEA P001.

Here where the sun-washed slopes to westward lie

Is held a little cool

Unrlppled pool,

A cup of tawny rock filled with the sky.

Under their black-and-white pav- ilions there

The limpets meditate

Or walk in state,

One-footed, under water clear as air.

And out of every chink and cranny grows

Weed delicate as fcrn

Whose segments burn

With every colour of coral and the rose.

Here while I lie at length for hours and stare

Into this strange secure

Sea-world in miniature.

Wonder on vionder lakes me un- aware-

I am Columbus' and Bslbmfs heir.

eAudrcy Alexandra Brown In the Montreal Star.

Early Mariner's Astrolabe

National Geographic Society

In ScoIland's Dudhope Museum in Dundee rests a curious brass disk, eight inches across, engraved with numbers near its rim. and fitted with a movable pointer.

The device is a marln-zr's astrol- abc. It bears the date I555, recent- ly authenticated by experts. Be- lleved to be I relic of the Spanish Armada. wrecked on the coasts of Britain and Ireland. it holds claim as the oldest navigational instrument in existence.

With similar instruments. from the heaving decks of caravcls and galleons. Vasro da Gama. Chris- lopllcr Columbus. and other dar- ing navigators sighted on sun and stars and found their ship's lat- itude Astrolabcs. the first scient- ific instrumenls for position-find In on trackless seas, made pass- lblc the first great voyages of the age of exploration.

Pointer to the Heavens

In simplest form the astrolabc was a suspend s' dlsk or circle of mclal or wood. Plvotlng At Its center. the pointer swung up or dovin. By aiming along the point- er. the mariner determined clev- atiun of the sun or a star. and thus could compute his distance above or below the equator.

Still used today In extremely pre- clae instruments for measuring the carlh's surface. the principle of the astrolabc was known 2.000 years ago, making it perhaps the oldest scicntlflc Instrument In the world. Its invention is sometimes credited to Hlpparchus. n Greek cs- tronomer of I50 B.C.. and some- times to Apollonlus of Persia. a century earlier.

Knowledge and use of the as- trolsbe came down through the Dark Ages In the hands of Arab- lc ustronomern. Durlng the Crus- ades. Saracen Instruments that could take the elevation of stars And mountain summits were treas- ure: to be sent home to Venice. Paris. or London. 8

When Marco Polo vllltod the city of Kanbulu. he notil the great number of astrologer-I there. "1'liey have their utrolnbu." he wrote. "upon which are -dolcrlbod the planetary clans. flu hours, and their uvenl aspects."

Yet acumen) Iifrolaben came lnto use relatively 110, at the dawn of the age of jot-ntlon. They may have known I irlng the tlme of Prince Hsaiiy-Q Navigator In the early I I. i'I'lIe navigator Mnrtln, BahlIlYl'.'klIoWII to have used one chop? 1401.

For the'n0S'.1Vo confurlel. leu- men relled G &rolnbu to guide

N "Y lfAP)- . .i...?l.n3.'Eu.. u.f..'”&-'2".i of nail mint! NV! been

artful , duh In

H '. nu: fin

them safely along lines of latitude to landfalls far below the horizon. Then as the science of navigation gradually evolved. that early star- finding lnslrumenl gave way Io cross staff, back staff, and fin- ally the early quadrants and oct- Itinlf, forerunners of today's sex- an .

Salted Without Instruments

There were far voyages made without sstrolabes. of course--ln- deed. without instruments of any kind. T.lync"an and Microncsian sailors came thousands of miles across the open Pacific In out. rigger canoes, wtih only their fuel- ing for weather. sea, and stars to guide them to new island homes.

N0l"S(.'n'I( crossed to Britain. Ice- land. Greenland, and the shores of North America without compass or chart, sstrolabe or sextant. They steered by sun and stars, sniffing the winds, following currcnls and color of empty walcrs.

Yet It was the simple circle of the aslrolahc that gave the lzreal venturerl of Renaissance Europe hope of selling out across lhc oc- eans and tlnding tholr way to new worlds.

oun YESTERDAY:

-gisuu II. um Mn. Iillubctl tinsel of Stel- )u'ton. N.B. 01' Chief of the ryuun sums of an uanunu In on vi;i:,iai-o-.. -

rim Jnchool: "to: I then 1090' 1unlor.,lnll.Eaur.i1iedlhc.tomo" unlor all under

I TEN YEARS AGO (Jun ll. ms)

The H.M.C.8. "Mlcmcc" ll'I'lVBd In port yesterday afternoon after : four day visit In Dulhounle, N.B. The ship will be In port for four duyq and II under the command of Lleut. Commander I-Ienneuey. 27. who la the youngest officer of his rank in the Cunadln Navy.

Arrangements are being made for the visit of Field Marshal Vis- count Montgomery to Charlotte - town during the last week of Aug- ust.

Lieut. Donald C. Baker has been appointed to the command of H M.C.S. Queen Charlotte, it was an- nounced lsst night.

Lessons From Birds

(Exchange)

As man shrinks his world with faster and farther-ranzlne Ill" craft. he can still take lessons from the birds that Inspired Ills early yearnings to fly- The, earth ' most tireless travelers, birds re- gularly perform anialini (935 0' endurance and navIE3ll0"-

The Arctic tern. flmllest VOWE- er of them all. 110515 85 I.” "0"" as there is any ET0""d "I nest on. The other half or the year it spends In the Antarctic. Travel- ing more than 22,000 miles yearly, the birds fly south along the wait of Europe and Africa to the An- tarctlc Circle. returning "Will by the east coast of South America over the Atlantic Ocean to Labrad- or and Greenland. One tern WI! found recently on 8 beach llelf Perth. Australia. It had been band- ed In Sweden, 10,000 miles away.

PRODIGIES OF TRAVEL

While no other bird matches the lern's journeys. many PCYIOTHI prodlgles of travel and accurate navigation. Pacific golden plovers nest in Alaska and wlnter In New Zealand. They make the trip by way of Hawaii and the tiny coral islands of the Pacific. locating them unerrlngly after flight! of 2.400 miles over trackless ocean. That is a res... table accomplish- ment for a pilot wlth Intricate nav- lgatlon aids in his cockpit and I half million dollars worth of radio equipment on the ground.

Bobulinks that arrive in the Un- llcd States In spring have com- plctcd a 6.000 mile journey. the National Geographic Society re- ports. From their wintering grounds on the pampas of Brazil and Argentina. they fly over the vast forests of the Amazon in early March, swarming north to the Car- ibbean. They traverse that sea in a single night, visiting Cuba be- fore they arrive ln New York and New England in early May. When tall comes, they make the same lrip ln reverse.

PIGEON'S FLIGHT

In an ornithological experiment a Manx shearwater no bigger than a pigeon was carried from Its breeding ground In Britain to Bos- Ion. Released in territory none of its kind had ever seen. it struck out across the Atlantic and arriv- ed homo -3,200 miles nwsy-In 13 days.

What drives birds on such jour- neys. and how do they find their way? Many theories have been advanced. none proved. That birds are well equipped for trcvcl ls ev- ident in the efficient use they make of their fuel-body fats

The ruby-throated humming- bird. no larger than a moth. "I88 500 miles non-stop across the Gut" of Mexico. The Atlantic golden plover. flying more than 2.000 miles from Nova Scolia to South America. uses only two ounce! 0 fa

l.

with all their ability. however. birds sometimes need a helping hantl from their imlfators. Early cold snaps in Austria sometimes kills thousands of martlns and swallows as they attempt to ml- grate south. Local bird lovers load the survivors ln crates and ship them by air to Italy and Yugoslav- ia, where they are released to con- llnuc their migration.

Fly now-Pays later vi-'th B-O-A-G to

& &W

Iolurn tan oouuu clan. mun Honlnll

in

wmI&

DOWN.

lnlnnoo IIOJ7 per month too In monlhl

Mommil-Glamw farts ;p& '1: pd.I.;;Il7f;'rJ txvlbarlmll ' 1, 1 1 Ian, lll ax. one ( y connect it can or) at r Ed” John. nu "ma,

v"'”'”x

uuiu.v nnoorro non noun-aunt our III! 7008. 1y -0-lll'lI I All.

ucmuu ovdhunli uunqavo Aotbbnnviol ' ' . Mound - -l-lll.t!I"l,'sV””l

if-go wt--.

. Notes sit rhtiiiwavl

am. - be: much r--in -it he'll bi-lng liomela stray dog at the and of lt.--Braludou Sula ,

Aocordlnt Cc , I Iorflculturlst. mlulctoe ll not uvlno but 1 para- site. To most people, liowe..:.-. It's

g considered Ill excuse.-Toronto

After seven years the Trun- Cunuda Highway In ons-seventh paved. Back In the-slow old eigh- ties, uf,coune. we built our first

trans-continental railway In elcv-i

an years.-Pelerborougll Examin- er. '

There are mad people In the world who talk about I "prevent- ive" war against Russia. A "pre- ventive" war against Russia would be a preventive war against hu- man existence; against the life of mankind. The world "War" should be stricken from man's vo- cabulary; so stricken because the word now ls obsolete, to be re- placed by the word "human de- structlon."-Ottawa Journal.

Since 1954 the Americans have built 85 churches in Germnnyent A total cost of about two and one- half million dnllprs-according to a report by United States Army Headquarters in Europe. The re- port added that whenever the Am- erlcan troops leave Germany. the churches will be turned over to the Federal States in which they lure located.-West German Bullet- :-

Many wlio have been retlred on pension at 85 take on other jobs with different concerns. The net result is that. while they continue working to their own be fit. or- ganized soclely Is the loser because their ability and talents are not being applied where most useful. It would be better were they to remain in positions where they are more familiar with the duties and problems. The whole idea that a man is through at 65 and ready for retirement from the post where he may be most useful is tor" overdue for revision.-Port A. ' nur-News-Chronicle

ltype of motcrlu bus nevcEelhE-:2: better expruudt than If waI,,E,, a Connecticut mu: arrested ,0); standing on the seat ol his um,” ' sped through truffle. "I felt like nu-ctchlng. but 1 diam want to waste time stopping.--g Strltfotd Beacon-Herald

A chap wbou hobby la 01 uiys they talk endlessly 'li;d:,I;2 another In grunt: and squeak, he supposes its about food, or E could be about the strange sum rains ofuplplmpil life they see 1001,"

out our the Ins. ' Journal E .4IIaw'

The King of Greece. Paris, expressed "the unshakenbl- decision of my people to supper; our brothers in Cyprus against an adverse circumstances and by Ii legal means". If the agitation for union of Cyprus with Greece we.- to revert to "legal means" the bloodshed and violence in nu: troubled British colony would cease Instantly.-Exchange

The plllloolonli of I

vlslllng l.

The trouble with in

ritorlal claims based 0nnkl'lln5Kl.CII'll:;l post ion is that someone ma push history A bit farther batlt to a time when your people weren't there. So It is with Syria's claim to the whole of Palestine. She uill have to fight not only the Jews who make historical claims tool but others as well.-Sydney Post: Record

Insular Ignorance whlch cnntrul; Kremlin thinking was lllllllllnalcd In Premier Bulganl-'5 parting re. marks in England. He said um ”as a result of our stay here we have become convlnced the Brit. ish people do not want war , j- In other words. until he and Khrushchev came west they hm seriously supposed that the Brit. ish might actually be angling to get a war started. It is that kind of International illiteracy wliicli confronts the rest of the world in its dealings with Russia-and it is something ever to be borne in mind when we try to assess Rgd actions.-Detroit Free Press

GOING IY AIR?

rent a TILDEN-A VISI car at the airpon

It's so easy - call your local Tiipeu-Avis station befon you go, and a smart. now our will be waiting for you wbn you get off the plan. Yourl for a few hours, days or weeks. The cost? Less lbun you may lhink - is little us 84 for 1 business day, plus 8g I mile - Ind that includes gu, oil and insurance. Make the most of your time - enjoy the comfort and LOI'lVGl'll6nOC of your own car when sway from home. Phone TiLosN-Avis right any to reserve 0 car anywben in the world.

1 VI; rent-u-car ................... .. i'IlDEII"""

For information write Tilden Rent-A-Car System Ltd.. 1500 St. Catherine Street West, Montreal.

Franchise available In this locality.

No

rainy day

savings for springtime repairs?

0

It's not unusual forrepair bills to catch a family unprepared -- and borrowing the necessary

money is often a common and sensible solution.

In fact, nearly three quarters of a million families borrow money from Household Finance every year to pay overdue bills, repair bills, travel expenses - -- the kind of expenses you may face yourself nsht H0"-

I-IFC loans are prompt and convenient. You can get 350 to 31000 with little or no delay, usually' I" just one day. If you have I steady income. and cam make regular monthly payments. you may WW0" without endorsers at HFC. If you have a money problem, why not phone or drop in today?

aw.uIllt-much-u-v

milousilloiniuuci