HASZARD’S GAZETTE. JULY 21.

THE LIFE OF A GREAT INVIVTOR.

. work has recently been published in London, giving a minute account of the origin and progress of the mechanical inventions of ames att—- etnbracing his biography. To this great inventor has_beeri assigned, and justly we think, the same

itioa among mechanical discoverers, that hakspeare oeeupies among poets, and Newton among natural philosophers. and inventor throughout the world has an affec- tionate regard for his memory. The work re- ferred to—edi by J. P. Muirhesd, a relative of the family—opens up the every day life of Watt, -and presents in full, for the first time, the great number and value of his inventions and discover-

igg, and ghowg go u._ how much we wmid i. 1 have conferred upon the world are now generallyl

indebted to the genius and skill of a single men.

since wait was a native of the town of Greenock, in North Britain, and was of an exceedingly del- icate constitution. He soon exhibited great xeflective powers and mechanical skill, and at an nrly age learned the trade of a mathematical instrument maker, and went to London to perfect hiuiselfin his art, by paying a hundred dollars and his labor fora year’s instruction. In l756, being twenty years of age, he left London and came to Glasgow. full of professional knowledge, and esteemed the best mathematical instrument maker in Scotland. The old-fashioned trade privilegenprohibited him from setting up his

umble shop within the city limits, but he found an asylum within the gates of the College. where he was provided with a. shop, and where he practised his trade for a number of years, beloved and respected by all, making Hadley's quadrants and other instruments, till those lights burst upon his mind which ultimately led him to fame and fortune. While working at his trade. he offers, in one so young, a noble example to all anechanicians. He never spent is time in nonsensical amusements of any kind, but was fond of those which were innocent and ennobling. He studied music, and was fond of it; and he acquired a knowledge of chemistry, mechanical science, and natural philosophy surpassing all the students in the college, who looked up to him as an oracle.

It was while repairing a model of an old- fashioned_ steam engine used for experimental purposes in the college, that he made the grand €ll500V.eI'}'fthat improvement which has made the steam engine “the iron apostle of civilization." The steam engine dates as far back as Iliero, but

in 1765 it was but a single-acting machine, con- v

densing the steam within the cylinder. The first reciprocating steam engine condensed the steam under the pic on, by application of cold water to the outsideo the cylinder, when the piston had made a full upward stroke. The steam being ‘hen 9'"-ll "fry the cold water. by condensing the ~ steam, formed a vacuum under the piston, which was open to_the Ill’ at the top, when down came the piston with the atmospheric pressure of fifteen pounds on the square inch. An improvement on this slow mode of condensing was discovered by accident. It was noticed by the attendant on one engine, that ueam condensed more rapidly in -consequence ofa rack in ths cylinder, by which -come of the condensiiu water was forced into the interior and mixed with the steam. This led to mndensing the steam by injecting ‘the condensing water into the inside of the cylinder. In this state the steam engine involved a vast expense for fuel, because the cylinder had to be cooled down from 219' to 200" in one stroke, before the vacuum was complete, and then heated up to 3212‘ for the next stroke before the steam began so act to elevate the iston. in this state the fteam engine was foun by James Watt. and the arriprovements which he made on it during the ycsrsthat he lived, left it nearly in the same condition in which it is found at we present day. He invented the separate condenser, the double stroke, working the steam expsnsively, the steam yacket, the cutting off at various parts of the stroke, the use of the poppet valve and the dash pot to prevent slamming. In his s eeifica-

sion he also described a locomotive, and his frieed I W. llfiurdocilii, eqnstructed a working model, with ‘ ::.:::..::::..'°.,'’?:; 2 and as by steam engine: he invented quite a number of‘

other useful machines ; but it is upon the improved steam engine that his fame rests, because it has

become the universal lord of commerce and"

manufacturers. He died wealthy, full of years and honors, in l8l0, aged 8-! years. But his life was not—at least for many yeau—sn easy one.

He sufiisred long from the want of money, ne-I

glect, and much opposition, before he could obtain means to construct his engines and get them intro- ducsd, and even after their complete success was ‘ demonstrated, ignorance and selfishness caused ' many cares, many sleepless nights, and much loss and grief. His engines efl‘ected vast‘ vlngs over the old ones. In one mine-—WlieaI irgin—his first engine effected a saving of I 037.500 '

I

Iescutcheon of that great statesman, Edmund IBur|te, in speaking and voting against the ex- } tension of Watt’s patent, when he was still poor ; and needy.

I The Russian governmentjras always encoura- ,ged genius, and has euiployed its agents to bu It is best skill in every country, and when James , Vatt could not find a patron in his own land, he Iwas o ered is lucarative situation in Russia.

3",, me,,h,,,i¢ through Sir John Robinson, his countryman, chief cndian d9gcen¢_._Denni,gloun’s

I engineer in Russia, and came very near embracing I the ofl'er.- Had he done so it, is possible—but we I do not think probable—that Russia, at this time. I might have been in advanse of England in manu- I factoring industry.

E The great benefits which Watt's inventions ’ acknowledged, but to estimate their value is I beyond the power of figures. We have thus I briefly alluded to this great man and his inventions .as a duty. Every mechanic may well be proud lot’ him as the representative of their craft. He , was so ingenious, simple, learned and generous. E that we cannot but hold him up as a noble exam- ~ pie to all young men possessed of a turn of mind for mechanical pursuits.

STEAMER OCEAN BIRD The steamship designed by John W. Grifliths, editor of the I\auIical Magazine, which was to have been named the William Norris, and to have crossed the Atlantic in six days, is now finished, and has made a. trial trip, under the name of Ocean Bird. It has not been com- pleted in detail as was originally contemplated, owing to it having been sold by the fiii ure of Mr. Norris, and having passed into the posses- sion of others. It however made most extraor- , dinary time on the trip-—stated to be equal to twenty knots per hour. The hull is beautiful, and it is supposed that it will make an extra- l ordinary fast voyage across the Atlantic. It is I intended to be sent to Europe for sale in a. few I weeks 1 Its dimensions, as completed, are 222 feet on 'the load line, -25 feet on deck, 30 feet 10 ‘ inches beam, and 22 feet hold, or 7 feet deeper than her hull was dcsigne for. The ma- cliinery is proportioned as follows : l'.l.lncit.'l' ofcylindcr, 05 inches.

I Stroke of iston, 12 feet. I Dianieter of wheels, 33 feet. Length ofbuckct, 8 ft. ‘J in. , Bi-ciidth of bucket, :22 inches. , Number of buckets, 28 Dip ofliuckct, 4 ft. 8 in.

She is fut-riislicd with four single return flue boilers, two forward and two oft. Both of the forward boilers are 20 feet long, and the after two 22 feet in length. Width of boilers ‘J feet 6 inches. nod 10 feet 2 inches in height. The entire surface is 4,5 4-} superficial feet. ‘ Messrs. Union & Bonrdmnn built the engines.

; Kr.iircii.—'I‘his important town of Russia, in the Crimea, (recently taken by the Allies) is

thouncient Panlicaprruin. It is situated on it ‘tongue of land forming a. eninsulu of the I same name on the §truit of Enikitle, connecting vthe Son of Azotf with the Black Sea, 130 miles IE. N. E. of Simferopol, latitude 44 degrees 20 ,niinutee N., lon itudc 36 degrees % minutes {E}; fllt is regu urly and beautifully built, ’c is of stone obtained from the fine uarries ,‘in tlie neighbourhood, and possesseii great natural advantages for commerce. In 182.4, ' lwas declared a free port, and an extensive ;IllZl|I'eIIO was built, at which all the vessels looming by the Black Sea erform quarantine. :_The number of vessels w ich touch at it in ‘ ssing out of the Sea of Azolf, avers es 400: l and the number of coasting vefsscls is rom 500 The greater part 0 the inhabitants greldemployed ind,clornmercc. Kertclfi epports i ui in stone an or e quantities 0 so t, o , taincd rom neighbouring Lakes; and its her- ; ring anp sturgeon fisheries are very productive. ilts site is that of the ancient Punticapzeum, the residence and burial place of Mithridates. The uiodern town is of ver recent existence, magic: and, by its in- crease, has prejudicially ntfected some of the other ports. In 1834, the po uliition was 3000; and in 1847, it had increase to 10,000.

Ascizsrnr OI-‘ VVasiiiuGro.v Invi.vc.— John oflrwyn had landed possessions in the parish of Holm, in Orkney, in 1433, when the county was still on nppannge of the crown of'I)enmarlt and Norway. The Irvines of Sebay are very frequently men-

where was born William Irving, father of Vlfashiugton Irving. Is it not somewhat singular, that Sir Robert Strange and the author of Braccbridgc Hall can be almost demonstrated of the some blood ? I guess, if Irving knew his pedigree could be traced step by step up to John lrwyn of 1405. he would readily claim and vindicate his Or-

.Mcmot' rs of

Sir Robert Strange.

l ‘Row, Baorrians, Row.’—Here is the lie the scene of Moore’s undying Canadian IBoal-song, which he wrote on the fifth day * f his descent of the St. Lawrence from ‘Kingston. Tliirty—threc years after he_ fwrote this song, I had the pleasure of jslieiving Moore the original manuscript, which he had entirely forgotten. He had pencilled the lines, nearly as they stand in his works, in the blank page of a book which happened to be in his canoe, from whence he transcribed them at night. The sight of the original copy of these famous lines, recalling youthful days and happy associations, produced a great effect on the poet, who alluded in a touching manner to his passage down the rapids oflife.— Wcld’s Vacalioii Four.

Poi>oi.a'riox or rtiir \Voiu.u’s Dean.— There are millions in the grave and hun- drcds out of it. From extensive calcula- tions it seems the average of liumitn births per second since the birth of Christ to this time, is about 545, which gives 32,000,000- 000; and after deducting the present sup- posed population of the world, (960,000- 000,) leaves the number of thirty one thousand and forty millions that have gone down to the gravc—-giving death and the

rave the vigtory over the living, to the number ofthirty thousand and eight mil- lions. Of this the niirubcr in the grave have died-—by war, about nine tliousnuil mil|ions;byli1iiiinc and pcstilciicé, seven thousand nine hundred and thirty millions: by lIlI0.\'lCilllllg drinks, live hundred and, eighty millions; naturally or otlicrwise, tligrtcen thousand millions.

RE)lARK.\BLE RI‘.STOIl.\TlO.\' or Sir:ii1‘.—-

Bodedern, Anglescy, became poi-fcctly blind. He was their a. mun of middle age, and under this terrible dcprivatioti he cori- tinucd year after year, until his blindness was regarded as confirmed. One day du- ring last Easter, while sitting by the fire- side, his sight returned to him. The

‘can be more easily conceived than descri- bed. Owen Williams was in his 92d year when this remarkable restoration took place after a total blindness of40 years.-—-Cher ler Conranf.

l-Iimtisn sun Sco-rcii 'l‘irri.iuo.—'I‘he cor- respondent of an Edinburgh journal, writing on

ya:

“ The English use iliree times more rum and brandy than the Scotch, 7.5 times more beer, 2!, times more wine ; but the Scotchmsn uses 4} times more whisky. The cost to an Englishman for his tipple (keeping in view each inhabitant), is 48s. 4d., and to a cotchman, 27s. England consumes Il.2~l times more money in drink than Scotland. although the population is. in proportion, only 6,227 times greater. ‘he two items of beer and whisky are most remarkable. An English- man pziys 33s. id. for his beer, and 6s. 10d. for his whisky; a Scoichman pays 4s. 3}d. for his beer. and I9s. 10d. for his whiskey."

Biro-ruans Mr:-rise IN Coiin.i1-.—The other day a curious thing happened during the severe engagement which took lnce for some rifle pits in front of the Bastion u Centre. In tho gion l-Itriiiigcrc, which was en gcd on the French side. there is ll. l’.ilieli licutciiunt of the niiuieofliubaiiisky, who has two of his brothers in the Russian service. After the cugiigciucnt was over, he began to talk with ii. sergeant who had been taken prisoner, and, asking him the usual questions about his name and regiment,

tiofid in the times of Robert and Patrick Stewart, Earls of Orkney, and suffered, very severely from the outrages of thesel rapacious nobles. They became extinct in‘ the direct male line, femporc Charles I.

- : 1

found that he belonged to the regiment of his brother, so he nslgd further about Captain Lubninsky. The answer was, “ Ile is no more

citptitin, but commandant, and he commandedtv

in this very sortie." As he was neither among the dead nor the pi:isoners,_ he seems to have

in one year, and yet the owners but one collateral branch had immediately egcaped, althou b some private letters were

rambled to pay him one-third of Chit. Qllhongb before settled in the island of Sliapinshay. found on the fiol which must have fallen from

asked no pay but part of the savings his so he eflseted.

I m'sy be supposed by some, that the gov-I srnment of Great Britain fostered and encouraged I socliagenius and benefactor; but Britain doesi sotowe its success in manufactures to govern-

They lost the estateiof Gairstay several‘

condition of more peasants, tenants of’

his pocket, and which will be given back to

, generations back, and sank down into the I M“ °“ “‘° fi"“ °°°“"‘°“--T“""-b

New Fanitic.—l\Ir. J. Niven, gardener,

Sonic -l0 years ago, Owcii \\'illiams, of

touching scene and the feelings it produced '

Paper and Rope.” The paper is of the appearance and texture of that used for small hugs and parcels by rocers, &c., and is very clean and firm. be rope is about half an inch thick, light and shining in colour, and a parently of considerable strength.—Pcrf Courier.

As'rno:vo.\iv.—Astronomers are to be on the alert during the present year, to decide on important question that has lately arisen with respect to Saturn, namely, the collaps- ing of its rings. Compared with drawings made 200 years ago, a considerable differ ence is now perceived, as though the rings were gradually falling in upon the body of the planet.

Cosr or \Virt.—England spent sixty- five years in war and sixty-two in peace in the 1'27 years previous to the close of the war in I815. in the war of 1688, we spent .€:)6,000,000 sterling; in the war of Span- ish succession £6'.’.,000,0('0; in the Sprin- ish war (I739) £s"»l,000,000; in the Seven Years’ wnr (I756), £lI2,000,000; in the American \Var, £l36,000,000; in the war ofthe French Revolution, £-164,000,000; and in the war against Bonaparte, £1,159,- 000,000-—tlius forming a total expenditure for war, in 127 years, of £'2,0‘.’3,000,000 sterling, (or ten thousand one hundred and fifteen millions of dollars!)-—EngIivIt paper.

SCOTTISH E.\iiona'rroN.—A large emi- gration is now going on from the North of Scotland to Canada; in two months no fewer than 5000 persons have left Aber- deen and other northern ports. The great majority are l'nrin-servants, of both sexes.

\'.u.t'.ini.i: Beornsr.-—A Scotchman, numcd William Mticlurc, says the Toronto (Canada) Patriot, rccciitly deceased. left the bulk of his property, valued at .~_‘-'.‘l00,()0()., to be npproprint~ cd or: rcssly for the purpose of tho dillusion of ;uscful knowledge and instruction amongst hi

institutions. lilirurics, clubs, or meetings 01‘ zuscfiil instruction of the working classes or

manual laborers in tlic Uiiitutl States of I Aiiicricii.

l l‘lXTRA\’.\fI.\.\’t’li.—-Ia0I'(I John Russell and suite,

. while at \'it-nim, iiiiinlicrcd so many persons us 3 to occupy thiri_-. -two rooms at the Hotel Munich, l and what with '.l.c i-ontinuul visits ol' couriers

and of his l-i~.i.I.Ep'.~i travelling: countrymen, .the hotel ~\Yl‘t’!ll-"' -musformcd into on English

‘colony. Ili.~ lo. ‘-nip Il-‘ltl with him his wife and six Clllltll't‘n, his doctor. the tutor, and the gzovcrncss of his children, besides three young l-English ladies of quality, and ten domestics.

‘It would be worth while to get the bill of ex-

penses for all this party, and also to inquire

what such it suite had to do with it grave diplo- matic visit of briefduratipn.

Piir.icui.\'c Piri_is.—{l‘be Cakdonbn Menftry says that o la , corrected with one of th prin- cipal chnrches in the New Town of Edi r h, having bccouic enfeobled in health, and unit le to leave her bed, felt her inability to join in the

ublio exercises of‘ devotion, one of her greatest eprivntions. An ingenious friend suggested

the liquor consumed in England and Scotland,I”}’|3t she ‘l‘°“l‘l t"'l‘° “ l'°“°° "dJ°ini“l§ “*9

urcb, and have one of those gulta erchu con- iductors nctuttlly led to her bed. T e sugges- ; tion was carried into effect; and now, in the , solitude of her sick chamber, she listens to the public ministrutions of her spiritual adviser! l James Keenan, in an interesting letter a _t ’ Japan, says that “ sacie,” the principal drink f I the country, is supposed to consist ofsour whisky, ‘i tohaccojuice. and aquafortis. Pleasant beverage. i Nsccssrrv or A non ai.i.oviMNcI or I Si.i:er.—Habit influences, in some degree, 3 the amount of sleep that is required. It I should be said, however, that it is never I well to withhold any oftlio revenue that is -justly due to the drowsy god. A uian may

1. accustom hiuiselfto trike so little sleep, as

to be greatly the loser thereby in his wu- king moments. it may be commonly ob- served, that those persons who spend less time in sleep than is usually found necdful by others.ofthe same age, and strength, ,and occupation, consume a much larger portion of their days than others do, in it kind of dreamy vacancy, and virtual inac- tivity of mind and body. The hours ex- ‘ pended in sleep are not the only hours that v might be justi ably deducted from the sum total of the life, as having been lost to it; numbers of moments are daily spent in an absolute inaction of mind and body, and ‘sleep cannot be robbed of its dues without adding largely, and in greater proportion

uhome, where some of them reside at this; Keir House, has succeeded in fabricating I than the time habitually stolen from the

clay. Iwas there lately with Mr. Balfour,‘

paper and rope from the common garden

nent patronage, but to the enterprise of thelthe proprietor of Shupinshuy, who pointedihollyhock, and has patented his invention

people, and even a dark spot remains upon the]

out the old and modest house at Quhome |

under the title of N iven's Patent Hollyhoclr

‘sleep, to that which it wasted in such wa- king rcveries. In order that the mind may ihave the power of undergoing, trying and

a