_-...Y‘_..___......_..__:.s ..._ ._ 4.....____.-..._-...__ v- V.

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m“! W lob. expected from the influence of that tax. and from the disposition of the proprietors to come to an equitable a"adls'ntent with the tenantry. I regret to find that, from the “WV Progress which has hitherto been made, there is so much "tion to doubt the vzillinmess of the proprietors in regard to a connmi‘mu "l‘l'ennnt of the question.” A“ 9 “Cable arrangement is all that the tenantry ever ’"q'fi" A. This will be the decision, according to the

'n’r'hs of the case; and if Her Majesty‘s Secretary of

otate for the Colonies says’ that the tenantry should have an equitable arrangement—a conventional settlement-- it would show a. great “Weakness on the part of the Go- vernment ifthe have not the means to enforce it.

The next thing is, to find out 'what would be an equitable arrangement—and in this the Government have been deceived in the value of the land. .T_he Sur- veyor General valued the land at twenty shillingsper acre, because the proprietors demanded one shilling, and upwards, per acre, rent; the sale of the Clergy Reserves and School Lnndsis not a fair criterion,u the improvements of our people, who had been per- mitted to occupy the eserves, were sold, together With the land, which greatly enhanced the price. But the average rice of land sold under the Band Assessment Act, is Two shillings per acre —-and the average value of wilderness land taken on lnquests under the Road Compensation Act, is Four shillings per acre; and the House of Assembly valued the land in the Land Settle- ment Bill at Five Shillings r acre; but, as some ofthe land is valued at Six chi lings per acre, that sum to purchase the land, or thé interest of the amount at a rent would, in the opinion of the House of Assembly, be an equitable arrangement; and I shall have no objection to advise the tennntry to agree to such an arrangement as a rent of FtHllchllce per acre for good land, and clear of the Reserves or the Fisheries. .

I stated last autumn, that it was the opinion of several gentlemen that we would have a good case at law, if carried to England; and at the meeting held at Sentiner's it was intended to collect money fiir that purpose—to send a case to England and obtain a deci- eiou at law. If this had been proceeded with, I would have recommended thefpeople to wait for the decision; but if the people pre er an equitable‘arrangement, ll. appears to me the ought to pay a rent, If the can, equal to the interest 0 the price set upon the land by the House of Assembly,nnd we will then see whether our Colonial Officers will carry out the views of Ministers, or that of their own, under the name of_ Land Agents. But I ought to have stated, that my Mum or example is quite unnecessary to induce the tenantry to pay rent. I believe all my neighbours that were able to pay rent, have paid some; and those who are unable to pay, have promised to pay when they can; and l have no doubt the writer of the noticc,who is no way particular about the trutli,kiiew who paid rent and who did not,

as well as WILLIAM COOPER. Sailor’s Hope, May 12m, 1840.

THE MILITARY ns’ranusnmcnrs AND DISCIPLINE ‘ on THE CHINESE. (From the United Service Journal.)

The supreme controul of the entire Chinese army is vested under the Emperor, in the five Sovereign Courts of mandarins-at-arms (On- quan,) viz., lst, Heou-fou, or of the rear guard ; 2d, Tso-fou, or left wing ; 3d, Yeou-fou, or right wing; 4th, Tehong-fou, or line-of-battle; Tsien- fou, or avant guard. In these courts ofthe mili- tary mandarins there are to each a President and two Assessors, who are all of them ofthe first and second degree ofthe first order, and for the mast part puissant nobles who have the command of the State'offic'ers and soldiers of the palace guard.

These five classes compose the supreme tribu- nal called Yongstching fou; and its president or chief is one of the most powerful nobles in the empire, inasmuch as his authority extends gene- rallyrover all officers and soldiers, whether ofthe court or of the provinces.

The Mandarin Cominander~in-chief on the

art of the Emperor, in the two provinces of

nan-ton and Quan-si, is termed the Tsou-tou. He is also Receiver-General of the Royal or Im- perial dues on salt, and of which he renders an account to the Houpou or‘Comptroller of Pekin. ‘ ‘ Alias for his guard and at' his dispoeition 5,- ofthe troops, with a brigndier, four colonels, in lieut.-colonels, ten captains, and twenty lieutenants. His ordinary residence is at the City of Tchao-guing, distant 20 leagues from Quang~ton, whither he repairs on occasions of importance.

The second great officer is the‘Fou-yneu, or Viceroy of the province, being at the same Lieut.-General of the police, and Receiver-Gem eral of Customs, as well maritime as inland. His guard is 3,000 men, with a brigadier, two colo- nels, three lieut.-colonels, six captains, and twelve lieutenants. His residence is at Quang- ton.

, All candidates for rank or promotion in the army have previously to undergo a strict and searching examination before the Heo-yuen, or President-absolute of the examinations, which _are held twice in three years at Quang-ton, and tn each city of the first order ofthe provinces. For the degrees of dignity in the science of arms (Ou-quan) the examinating mandarin is to exer- cise his functions with the greatest rigour and severity towards the candidate, without respect of persons, and with no choice, save in favour of merit. He is even forbidden to speak with any person whatever so long as he holds the appoint- ment of examining mandarin. Certain death is the consequence of the least malversation in his office. The examination consists, in the first place, in seeing whether or not the candidates are perfect in the management of their horse ; whether they can gallop at full speed, without being throwu ; use the how when sitting steadily and firmly in the saddle, as also injfull gallop, in either case hitting the mark. In the second place, they are examined as to whether they are capable of making a short and simple speech or address, but well-conceived and to the point. and without committing a blunder, on such matter as may be proposed to them, on military science.

In 1720, the Chinese Emperor had a standing army of upwards of 600,000 regular troops. The writer of the letter, from which we have extract- ed the foregoing particulars, assures the gallant a‘nd princely personage to whom it is addressed, namely, Prince Eugene of Savoy, that his Serene Highness, at the head of 40,000 or 50,000 dra- goons, would nevertheless be able to conquer the whole kingdom of China ; and he adds that in so saying he does not imagine that he is paying him a very high compliment. Before the con- quest of China by the Tarta‘rs, in 1643, it was a standing jest, according to D’Herbelot and other

authorities, with the Western fari'mtp affirm, in derision of the Chinese, that the neighing o

a Tartar horse was sufficient to put the whole of the Chinese cavalry to the route ; and from the same authority we gather that even_the Chinese Tartar cavalry of his time had dwmdled pretty much to the same condition, .The Chinese themselves seem to have admitted the truth of the charge, but to have met the inciilpation of cowardice by affirming that theperghmg and snorting of the Tartar war horse is naturally so frightful in its sound as to strike a panic and ter- ror into all horses ofa different breed. .

The Chinese generals divide their_ troops through all the' towns and provincial districts. That of Quang-ton contains ten ctilEl'of the first order, nine of the second, and seventy-four ofthe third. But as in these places‘ofthe third order there are some that are mixed up with those of the first. and second, only seventy-four walled towns are counted in the province, in each of which, according to its extent and importance, a suflicient garrison is distributed to maintain the people in subjection. ' ‘

The number of families in this one provmce— and it must be borne in mind that this only one, and amongst the least, of fifteen—is, according to the most recent returns (1723) of the popula- tion of China, 483,360. That of the men, With- out reckoning the women, or children under twenty' years of age, is 1,978,999. The whole population of China, as estimated by our author- ity at about the same period was 10,l_28,790 fam- ilies, and without reckoning the Princes of the Blood, the Ministers of State, the nobles, the officers as well of the police as the military,. the honzes or priests, the eunuchs, women and chil- dren—the number of males, inhabitants of the class of the common people, above the age of twenty-One years, is computed at 5|,9I6,800, exclusive ofa prodigious number of people that live habitually in vessels and rafts, so that the water appears as thickly peopled as the earth. The Portuguese, when in 1577, they penetrated for the first time into China, astonished at the vast extent of the population, gravely asseverated, in the account they sent to Europe, that the Chi- nese women usually bore twelve children atone birth.

This enormous population, hawever, far from adding strength to the country in times of inva- sion, would appear to have but conduced to its speedier subjection by a fierce and determined enemy; a circumstance that reminds us of the terrible repartee attributed to Attila, the scourge of the west, who when admonished as to the dense population of the countries he was about

to attack, replied, “That the sickle gathered-

more abundantly in a thickly sown field than in a thin or barren one l”

We have before seen that the Chinese cavalry is not over remarkable for its steadiness in a charge; nor is even that of the Tartan—accord- ing to the best testimony, including that of D’Herbelot and Garland—entitled to very much greater eulogium on the score of discipline. - As

Censor describes the ,fiiet onset of the Coulis, so ,

is the first charge of the Tartar cavalry charac- terised by its fierceness and impetuosity; butthe slightest cheek, or failure of sudden and com- plete success, is sufficient to convert the attack into as sudden aroute and confusion, from which all attempt to rally them is hopeless. '

Their soldiers are tolerahly graceful in appear- ance and pretty well disciplined, for the Tartars have almost generated into Chinese; and the Chinese continue as they always were, soft, effe- minate, enemies of hard labour, and better at making a handsome figure at muster or in a march, than at behaving themselves gallantly in action. The Tartars begin with heat and brisk- ness, and if they can make their enemies give ground in the beginning, then they can make their advantage of it; otherwise they are unable to continue an attack for any length of time, or to bear up long against one, especiallyI if made in order and with vigour. The Emperor him- self(Cam-Hy, a great favourite by the way, with the missionaries), gave this short character of them 2—“ They are good soldiers when opposed to bad ones, but bad when opposed to good ones;” an eulogium with which, the faithful warriors of his Celestial Majesty were, as in duty bound, considerably flattered. .

The rations of the troops in garrison consist of meat, rice, peas, and straw, according to every one’s rank, and which are served out to them daily, besides their constant pay, which they re- gularly receive. In Pekin, the military mags- zines of reserve are kept constantly stored with rice sufficient for three years’ consumption. This rice, it appears, will keep a long while if it be well fanned and mixed; and though it is, nei- ther in appearance nor in taste, comparable to new rice, yet it is much more wholesmne and nourishing. _

The few additional details respecting the num. bers and discipline of the Chinese army furnish- ed by more modern travellors, would lead to the conclusion that the Chinese army at the present day, consists of about 1,000,000 infantry and 800,000 cavalry, a statement pretty nearly agreeing with that brought to Europe by the gentlemen who accompanied the first Eng- lish embassy to China under Lord Macartney. These numbers are inclusive of the Tartar ban- ners. From the observation made by the em- bassy in their travels through the- empire, there seemed nothing improbable in the calculation of the infantry, but they observed few cavalry. The pay ofa horseman is double that of a foot sol- dier; the. Emperor furnishes a horse, and the horseman receives two measures of small beans for its daily subsistence. The pay ofa Chinese foot-soldier amounts to about 2Qd. English money and a measure of rice per day, though some of them have double pay. The arrears of the army are punctually paid up every three months. A horseman’s arms consist of a helmet, a cui- rass, lance and sabre; the foot-soldier is armed

with a pike and sabre; some, indeed, have foal

\

of what the Queen’s

sees or firelocks, o struction, whilst others have bows and arrows.

All these arms are carefully inspected at every

review and if found in-the least rusted, or in ’

' ' ' ' ' tant- ' ” the inattentive soldier is ins bad condition, with 30 or 40 blows

unished—if a Chinese, b’fiistick; ifa Tartar, with as many lashes. .‘ As to the naval force of the Chinese, ti would appear from the most modern acsouin: that it has undergone no changewhatevedr ilirinfi the last 200 years. A late writer has eflci: are that a single British man-of-wzir would su cc to

destroy the whole naval force of China.

DIFFIGULTIES It: NOVA 20013;; the Toronto C ristt'un uar . Fromlirliemintelligeiice under the head of Noya Scotia, it will be seen that the. Lieutenant Govrilr- nor and the Executive Council, supported by It: Legislative Council, are. in direct colhston tat the House of Assembly in that Provmce. us readers have, from time to time, been informe of'the affairs of Nova Scotia, The loyalty'ofthe Assembly ofthat Province is above SUSPICIIVI'JD, amongst the leading reformers-there or in ew Brunswick, there‘are no MackerIZies or Hinckses to deal in outrageous personal inve'ct'ive and abuse, or to urge the extremes of suicidal vro. lence; the majority ofthc members of the Assem- blies of both the Lower Provmces—especially the leaders—appear to be men of’great coolness and moderation, but of great intelligence, inflexr- ble firmness, and perseveriug energy. . Sir John Harvey acts harmonioust With the Assembly of New Brunswick; and Without any

reference} to the theory, practically illustrates

the declaration of the Governor General, in his Message to our House of Assembly on the ques- tion of “ Responsible Government”——‘ The Go- vernor General has received Her Majesty’s com- mands to administer the Government of these Provinces in accordance with the wellounder- stood wishes and interests of the people, and to pay to their feelings, as expressed through their Representatives, the deference that IS justly due to them.’ The leading members of the House of Assembly of New Brunswick have been ap- pointed to public situations under the Crown, and the difficulties which formerly agitated that Province have been removed; the former, party distinctions and hastilities have been annihilated, and peace and harmony prevail throughout that Province, together With a state of unprecedented prosperity. '

Her Majesty’s Government recommended the

‘adoption of the same policy in Nova Scotia.——

The House of Assembly had made representa- tions to Her Majesty’s Government on various matters, and sent home a delegation. The Legis- lative Council did the same. Among other re- presentations the Housc of Assembly complained of the bigoted and excluswe character of the Executive Council. Referring to the Executive Council, the Secretary of State for the Colonies, in a despatch to Sir C. Campbell, Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, dated August 31st, l839, says—“ I feel strongly how desirable it is that it should be composed in a manner, to corn- mand the co-operation of the popular branch of the constitution, and although I do not desire to fetter your discretion upon this subject, yet I shall be glad to learn that you shall have thought it expedient to offer, as the occasion for so doing may present itself, seats in it to some of the lead- ing members ofthe House of Assembly.”

A proper regard on the part of the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia to the timely and con- ciliatory advice of Her Majesty’s Colonial Secre- tary of State, would have anticipated and pre- vented tlie further discussion of any theoretical questions in the Province of Nova Scotia; but Sir C. Campbell appears to have determined to be the head of a high church clique, instead of the impartial Governor of the Province. He pushes the undefined prerogative of the Crown to the verge of absolute despotism. The conse- quence of such a course of proceeding is well stated in Lord John Russell’s despatch on “res- ponsible government.” His Lordship says—- “ The Sovereign using the prerogative of the Crown to flip utmost extent, and the House of Commons exerting its power of the purse, to carry all its resolutions into immediate effect, would produce confusion in the country in less than a twelve months.” It was thus that James the Second exercised the prerogative of the Crown, and the British nation took it away from him, and placed a new family upon the Throne. The House of Assembly of Nova Scotia in the Session of 1839, did adopt resolutions [before the publication in the Colonies of Lord Durham’s re- port] embodying its complaints and wishes; and appointed its delegation to England; but it did not—like the late House of Assembly of Upper Canada—“ exert its power of the purse." It voted the supplies for the administration of the civil government; and evén placed at the dis- posal of the Lieutenant Governor one} hundred thpusand pounds to meet any exigency which might arise out of the aggressions of the State of Maine.

But the Lieutenant Governor has, it seems, in connexion with the clique, preferred taking his stand. upon the prerogative of the Crown, to “paying to the feelings of the people, as ‘ex- pressed through their representatives, the defer- ence that is justly due to them"—-a people and representatives who had, a few months previous- ly, .pledged their treasure and their lives for the maintenance of British supremacy and British honour. Lord John Russell says—“ The Queen’s Government are earnestly intent on giving to the talent and character ofleading persons in the Colonies, advantages similar to those which talent and character employed in the public service obtain in the United Kingdom.”—But Sir of Campbell, it appears, has no relish for such doc- trine; he has preferred doing what Lord John Russell deprecates—'“ thwarting every leaiti. mate proposition of the Assembly.”-——In supsort

Government have admitted

l' a rude and indifferent con- .

. e ‘ust and olitic, and wiso'iri adm iiigg‘iivefnmenijof the Colonies, the. ‘ Assembly of Nova Scotia have meme;2 . Lord‘Durham’s theory, in Whlcdiilhell" ' .7 will of course. hope to gain an a vantage i such an advantage can be but temporary n and the gain of it will doubtless prove an um. mate loss.

Sir C. Campbell has not only not olfde “an in the Executive Council to leadingpenom in!

A. Stewart to the Executive Council—g um. _ who was formerly even an extreme IOWW.'~

the Assembly, but ‘vho changed his politics being appointed to the Legislative Council—gig; ’ ofthe most odious men in all Nova Scotia to “if Ty: House of Assembly—a man who is now totally,“ in England, and therefore cannot be elevated mg} . assist thevGovernor, but to annoy and insult ought of the most confessedly intelligent, patriotic w" 9 loyal Houses of Assembly in British North Amev, p; rica. . , _ I‘d;

.tr, _

UNITED STATES. \

IMPORTANT.—We learn the following impure! tant fact from the Age of Thursday last. Sir John will now probably have an opportunity to fulfil his original threat, which, though suspen- . ded by the Scott agreement, has virtually been-i

through Mr. Fox. ‘ ,

We learn from correct sources that the U. 8.. troops, heretofore understood ‘to have beam; ordered to Houlton, are in fact ordered to the disputed Territory, a portion of them to the" station on Fish River, and the remainder to Fort Fairfield. ‘

This movement is just to Maine, and pre~ ciser the proper answer to the British threat of” ‘ consequences’ to result from the existing am. . tude ofthis State. We bore no time for further comment.

This statement is probably founded on fact, at least we hope and believe it is. The detach-- merit of U. S. troops which recently passed through this place, would constitute a fine ‘ armed or unarmed posse’ to look after intro-- ders, and to restrain the ‘factious Governor: Fairfield.’ Now look out for the threatened: ‘ consequences’ of British displeasure and ven-v geance. -

This response from the War department to-- the insulting demands of the British is peculiar:-- ly gratifying; and this gratification could only

,- .

this nation, that of repelling the intruders on our

soil, to which we trust this is but a preliminary, ‘ other means failing. The British have solemnly