l

l

I I ' Through the on y of Dr. C. K. Gunn we are to Dr!- ,,,-ui to the many mink farmer rcauers of this column the results or his years of study on the gene- tics of mutant mink. Dr. Gunn is one of the beat. it not the best, authorities in America on the sub- ject on which hehas written, and we ltave.been endeavoring for quite a long time to obtain the scientific " 'irmation mic; :11! articles can ave. t, o - for conning: study by every mink breedt.

The mink ranchers in the Unit- ed States have made great strides and the results it that they have had scientific knowledge to guide them in their operations. To the writer it has been a difficult sub- ject to obtain information on and

we are grateful. and we are sure pelts

our readers will be grateful, to m. Gunn for enabling us to have this sublect treated in such an intelligent and'infornsative man- ner. We are publshing it in two parts-part one appears today and part two will appear next Satur- iiay..........

SOME NOTES ON THE GENETICS OF MIJTANT MINK b

I Dr. C. K. Gunn, Superintendent. Dominion Experimental Fur Ranch, Summerside. P. E. 1.

PART ONE

There is considerable confusion st present in the literature in respect to mutation mink because of overlapping of similar color phase of genetically different types of mink. Added to the com- plexity of the above picture is the recently adopted. new nomencla- ture given to the pelts of certain strains of mink.

An attempt to clarify this con- dilloll has been made by classify- ing mink solely on color phases in some of the recent live mink shows. This is approaching the problem along lines which are ex-

, plicit to the consumer puplic and

' frequently more equitable on the show table to the rancher of strains of mink with a wide range of color phasing. The question is, does this method of Judging mink give the rancher adequate ad- vertising for the sale ,of his breed- ing stock, after he has develop- ed improved strains of specific mutant types?

it would seem there are two sides to this question and each has its merits. However. if a long-term view is taken it most be obvious to mink ranchers that as more mutant types of mink are discovered. new double reces-

. sire blends. triple blends or quad- ruple blends developed, and still , iuriher color phases added to the .sbove types as a result of the inclusion of the Breath-of-Spring andlor Stewart factor: the color phase question (pheno-types) ver- pis that of the genetical make-up iuenotypes) will continue to be- come more and more involved in the mink ranching industry. Accordingly. it may be advisable II. this time to initiate a planned ,Dl'i)gl'flIn to meet the rapidly ap- proaching state when many strains of mink will be almost identical in color. but will represent a con- siderable number of different genctical types. The consumer public and menu- facturers are chiefly interested iii the general color and quality of a mink garment. but are not motivated by the particular geno- type producing the color of ag pelt ,nrnvided there is no apparent dif- Terence in quality of the for as a result of the different genotypes producing the same colored fur. similarly, on the show table. the ;sonfuslon will be greatly multi- gplied if each genetical strain of mink has to be allocated to a particular class based specifically on the genotype of the mink with- out due regard for the similarity (sf color in other genetical strains.

Although in the present transi- tional state the allocation of dif- ferent genetical strains (geno-

s) of mink to a common gnation or class based on color MW seem to impose a hardship it he breeders. it would sp-

leauiiiul Tile Walls - of low Cost!

JM7u;a&4 .7"! OIIGIIIAI SIIIDI RAIL TILE I: there a spot in your

that might make a bow IUI powder room like this! Of Allyb

- -in in your bath or kitchen that znssds beautifying. lustrous Mirapias is the answer-more

Hmely Notes On.Fur Farming

poarthatthafutursinthemink ranching industry points in that direction.

According. with this future trend in mind. it would be advis- able for mink ranchers to select strain which give pop ' color phases among those genetical strains of mink which have also. fecundity and are easiest to raise. Then a careful breeding pro- gramme should be inaugurated to improve the quality of th fur in each of -the different (color) lines of mink maintained. Careful selec- tion snd llnebreeding will give the required results in establishment of a particular strain of mink with prepoiency and uniformity in for type and quality. for the hereditary traits required to pro- duce commercialw desirable mink

The following is a classification of mutant mink based on color. Thermaiu colors of which are (1) Blue. (2) Brown, (3) Beige and (4) White types.

1. Blue Types

Mutations - Imperial Platinum; Steelblu; Platinum; Aleutian: Blue Iris factor (Recessive types).

Double Blends - Sapphire (Aleu'tian 2: Platinum); Breath-of- Spring (Blufrost x Platinum) ;

Blue Iris (Steelblu or Platinum x Aleutian including the Irish factor - genetics of this type not com-

sl Pastd x Platinum x Alsatian);

B.0.S. Sapphire (Blufrost x Platinum x Aleutian). 1. Brown Typos Mutatlehs -1 Royal. Green-

eyed, Ungava Pastels; Soclat or Finish Pastel; Ambergold. (All are recessive mutant typos). Double Blends Ruby-eyed Pastel (Green-eyed 1 Royal Pas- tel); Ungava Ruby-eyed (Green- eyed x Ungava Pastel); Rer- man Pastel (Royal Pastel x Ungava Pastel) Platinum; Blond (Royal Pastel x Silverblu);

Finlandla Topaz (Royal Putel x Soclat Pastel).

Triple Blends -- Triple bladed Pastel (Ungava x Royal x Green- eyed).

J. Beige Blends

Mutati - Palomino. Buff (Minnesota type); (Recesslve mutations).

Double Blends - Buff (Amber- gold x Platinum).

mino x Platinum x Aleutian); Buff (Ambergold x Blue Iris).

4. White Typos

Mutati - (Reccessive muta- tlons) Albino. llcdlund; (Domin- ant mutations) Kohinur. Blufrost, Stewart modifying factor.

Double Blends - Kohlnur - Al-

bino; Pastel Albino: Kohinur Blufrost (i.e. 9596 ds 9996 domin- ant whites).

Triple Blends - Kohinur - Sap-

Kohinur (Black Cross) White mink (Note: Palo-Pastel is a dark (standard) mink dlhybrid for the Palomino and Pastel factors). NAMES AND

Name

Ungava Pastel Ungava Ruby-eyed Pastel

Stewart Factor is a dominant

modifying factor which not only lightens the existing color of a mink strain. but imparts a clear- er bluish tlnge to the existing fur color. This factor can be pres- ent in the hybrid state. giving rise to pale pelts or in the hom- ozygous state (called "Homo"). in which the pelts then are extra pale. Pole and extra pale shades are in vogue at the writing of this material and demand the highest market values among mutation mink pelts. However. when the dominant Stewart factor is present in the homozygous state, it usually causes such mink to become ster- ile. especially in the male sex. This defect of the Stewart types should be taken into considera- tion before mink ranchers intro- duce this factor into a prolific strain of mutant mink if the de- sired lighter coloration can be obtained in another natural mut- ant strain of mink.

Occasionally, a Stewart type mated ,to Stewart type produces an all white mink. This white type. however, is sterile, With the ad- dition of the Stewart factor and) or Breath-of-Spring in conjunction with the natural or inherent varia- tion of mink pelts. they can be subdivided into the following five colors phases:

Dark )

Medium ) Inherent Natu ral

) Variation.

Light )

Pale - (Heierzygous) Ste-

P wart Factor andlor

Breath-of-Spring. lxtra Pale - (Homozygous) - Stewart Factor.

in view of the five possible variations in color phasing which can be produced with each mut- ant and each blend of mutant

plete to date). phires; (Kohinur x Platinum x Triple Blends - Winterblu (Roy- Aleutian).

. THE NOMENCLATURE OF MINK PELTS

Live Animal Pelt (EMBA) Aleutian (Gunmetal) Lutetia Blue Iris (Gunmetal) Lutetia Ruby-eyed Pastel. Topaze Sapphire Cerulean Stewart Homozygous Homo

Royal Kohinur Jasmine White

SYNONYMS Synonyms

Imperial Pastel Ungava Topaze

strains, there is considerable over-

lapping of the colors of differ- ent genetical strains of mink.

recessive blend mink is the Sapphire" type. To obtain such blends. two different recessive mutant types are mated together in the first cross. the progeny from which are all dark mink but carriers of both recessive mu- tant factors or dihybrids. In the second cross. these dihy- brids are mated together and. in one chance out of sixteen. both pairs of the recessive genes of the two parents will allocate in the same kit. giving in the new characteristics of a result- ant blending effect of both reces- sive mutations in the same ani- mal. Examples (1) and (2). as follow, show the tw steps in cross- ing two recessive types together in order to derive the genotype with the double recessive blend of fur colour.

(1) Platinum (Silverblu) x Aleutian (10096 dark dihybrid)

(2) If the above dihybrid ani- mals are mated together there is a probability of obtaining one double recessive blend in 16 pro-

geny and the following colored (phenotyplc) :-

No. Kind

1 Sapphire mink (Double

recessive)

9 Standard mink

3 Aleutian mink

3 Silverblu mink.

A similar ratio will result when other recessives are crossed as above. That is. there will be 9 standard. 3 of each of the two ori- ginal parental types and one double recessive blend.

If a single Stewart factor (to. hybrid condition for the Sta- wart factor) is present in one of the original A ' ' recessive

MARCH 24th

to APRIL 2ntI INCLUSIVE

, mutants usedrto produce

the

Eric (Royal Pastel x Aleutian);-

Triple Blends - Pearl (Palo- gf,

A typical example of a double,

- NEWSY

This week we visited the larg- est bakery in Lake.-land, that

and distributes about 30,000 loaves per day within an area. in the West Central section of Florida that has a radius of about seventy- five miles. The business manager. a Rotarian. took a-group of us throughout the entire plant.

We first were shown the stock. two cars of flour and barrels of lard and vegetable fats and other sup liu. Then we examined machines that take the var- ious ts of the different types bread according to for- mula. so that every loaf of each tylple-is as nearly identical as pos- s e.

Some of the materials being mix- ed were: Wheat flour. shortening. both vegeta” fats and lard, salt. yeast, water and enriching tablets. was the first time we had these. they were orang in color. flat and round about one and a quarter inches in diameter and seemed three sixteenth of an

dihybrid (1) on the average half of the dihybrlds will have the Stewart factor. If the dihybrids used in the second cross are each carrying a single Stewart factor. then 7596 of the 16 genotypes will be of Stewart marked and 2596 of these Stewarts will be homozy- gous (homo) for this factor. The Stewart marked types can readily be detected'by their light and ex- tra light color phases. , An example of the genetical types (genotypes) which result from a triple recessive blend, such as that of Sapphire crossed with Royal Pastel, to give the new triple recessive, called "Winter- blu" is shown on page 45 in the publication il27.s"Mink Reaching" and this Sapphire mink crossed with Royal Pastel gives the fol- lowing numbe r and types;- No, Types of Mink Dark (Standard) Mink Royal Pastels Silverblu Aleutians Sapphire: (Silver- blu-Aleutian blends) Erics (Royal Pastel- Aleutian blends) Platinum Blond (Royal Pastel-Silverblu blends) Winterblu (triple reces- sive type) An easier method to insure the production of "Pearl" mink is to start with an initial cross of a Palomino male with a number of Sapp” e female This first cross producers rk trihybrids, carrying factors for the three re-

t-I 5-! G0 UOOGS

tYPe8- -- Silverblu, Aleutian and Palomino. Example (5) shows the genetics of the initial cross of Sapphire and Palomino. ' Sapphire x Palomino gives 10079 Trihybrids. Cross the trihybrids back to sapphires gives 2596 dark, 2596 Aleutian. 2596 Silverblu and 2596 sapphires.

(Note:- 5096 of these Sapphire mink are carriers of the Palomino factor. accordingly, cross all Sap- phires among themselves . (half brother x half sister matings). From such crosses, the probab- ility of producing a Pearl is one in four. However, the crosses of sapphires would include those of Sapphire 3: Sapphire. Sapphire (carrier of Palomino) x Sapp” :. and Sapphire (carrier of Palo- mino) x Sapphire (carrier of Palo- mino).

Only the last cross (l.e. the car- riers of Palomino) preduce the "Pearls" and accordingly. from the above three types of crosses "Pearls" would occur on the aver- age in one out of twelve kits. This methd increases the prob- ability for obtaining Pearls more than five times over the trihybrid x trihybrid method, which is one in sixty-four.

(Note:- This shorter method to obtain a triple recessive blend can be used with any of the other combinations of double recessive blends and a recessive mute

type as listed above). .

Wd.A.0Ilis'k.l).Ia. . ALAKILANDIAKEBY

the some but does not have the keep-

More '

Iron.

For same formula, so percent of the amount of flour was first mixed with the other ingredients and the balance of the flour add. edlaterintbedough stage ofthe operation. We saw one batch of dough made from whole wheat flour. This Win-is preferred by

log quality of bread from white flour. in warm weather.

The dough workers and mixers

ed 1000 lbs of dough for each batch, and the other mixed a batch of 1000 lbs of dough. When each batch was mixed it was mechanically dumped into a wheeled vat and moved to a room with the correct temperature to cause the dough to rise and the vat. We counted fifteen of ese vats. Those that contained dough were in successive stages of rising and one filled a

va.

At that stage the dough was re-' worked and the whole vat elevated about eight feet. so that from it the. dough was fed into the loaf

were immense machines; one mix- In”

Fredericton

Miss Mary Weeks. student at

Notre Dame Academy. Charlotte- town. was a visitor to her home in Fredericton on March 14th.

inch ruck, 1-,, y H ed deg -u Mr. and Mrs. Francis Hill. bang qunuuu -.(egh,,-ex. 3, V; "H Frenchfort. were recent visitors (I.IIIlmLlItE iiiscui. rioonrvtii) and to Fredericton-

Master Allan Mac1(enzie. Bea- verbrook. N. S., is visiting in Fredericton, the guest of Mr. and Mrs. William Morrison.

Mr. Randolph Nicholson. North Wiltsbire. visited friuids in Fred- ericton on March 14.

Mr. and Mrs. Wesley Murray. Halifax. N. S.. returned to their home on March 15 after attend- ing the funeral of Mr. Murray's er. the late Mrs. Nelson Mur ay, Fredericton.

Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Rollings. North Rustico. were visitors to Fredericton on March I), the guests of Mr. Lemuel Wyand and Miss Ella Wyand.

. Cyrus Martin, Glen Val- ley. P. E. I., was a visitor to Hunter River on March 21.

Rev. Alexander McDowell. Elms- dale. P. E. 1.. visited relatives in Fredericton on March 21.

Mr. Kenneth MacLean. Victoria,

machine We,first saw the makings of the loo! In lumps of about 1816 oz. each; these were conveyed on a

belt, with flour being dusted on them. into another machine that worked them into round balls about the size of large grapefruit, these were being tossed along by a machine while being dusted with flour, to keep them from sticking to the machine. We next saw them rolled flat. then tossed against an angle board, that started rolling them into rolls about two and one half inches in diameter. which when dropped into the baking pan left about one inch space at each end of the roll of dough.

Each process was automatic throughout except that as the roll of dough dropped into the bake pan. occasionally, the attendant who was always present. would pick out a lump of dough double size or two stuck together. or two rolls would drop in the one pan. He would then pick one out and place it in an empty pan which moved on with the others in a con- tinuous stream on the metal con- veyors that carried and placed them in the wheeled stacks where they were first placed at the cor- rect temperature so the dough would rise and fill the pan in sixty-five minutes. . From there they were wheeled into the ovens and baked. We next saw them on automatic conveyors that A ”' as they wound about the building for sixty-seven minutes while the loaves were cool- ed on their way to the slicers and arrived having a temperature be- tween 96 degrees and 100 degrees

can

We note that there was scarce- ly any waste as the loaves were sliced. wrapped and labelled. An- other conveyor carried the finish- ed product out to be placed in wooden trays and to the loading platforms. yvhere great trucks were waiting to take twelve hundred loaves on each trip to the their destination.

We learned that this bakery was one of 117 owned by companies that handle the same brand of bread and use the same national advertising.

0 0 0

The baking industry. among food manufacturers. has the largest number of employees. the greatest volume of items sold. and more plants and vehicles than any oth- er. They report twenty thousand bakeries which supply forty mil- lion loaves of bread daily to the people of the United States. These bakeries pay out 8431 million dol- lars for flour; S154 millions for fats oils and other substances: S117 millions for sugar; 867 mil- lions for eggs: 343 millions for fruit and 35 million dollars for milk annually.

The bakeries have rigid quality and sanitary controls. The Lake-

land Bakery had a Dempsey dumpster in its yard and the plant

P. E. I., returned to his home af- ter spending a few days visiting in Fredericton. the guest of Mr. and Mrs. Clinton Glydon.

Mr. John B. McDowell, Freder-

icton, is spending a few days

visiting in, Elmsdale. the guest

of his son. Rev. Alexander Mac- Dowell and Mrs. McDowell,

-Z.

”SABO'l'AGING" PIPE LINE TORONTO (CF) - The Ontario

Federation of Labor said Tues- day in a letter to Premier Frost that "powerful United States in- terests are bent on plans line." The 2100.000-membe organ- izatlon urged the premier to have the provincial government operate a provincial distribution system for natural gas with -the proposed trans-Canada gas pipeline.

sabotaging for an all-Canadian pipe

in conjunction

was. kept scrupulously clean and all waste and cleaning material removed daily. They employ 149

persons and have an annual pay roll of 3490.000.0(l.

continued from Page O

Happenings side after spending some time in Montreal with her daughter, Mrs. Victor Isaac. En route she stop- ped over with relatives in Truro and Pictou. N. S. O O 0

Mrs. P. W. Ranger of Provid- ence, R. I. is visiting in Sum- mersida. guelt of her mother. Mrs. Edgar .Ci:rk..

Mrs. Albert Clark entertained at a family dinner one evuiing this week honoring her daughter. Miss Gwendolyn Clark. R. N. previous to her departure for her mar- riage in Newfoundland. Included among the guests was the bride's grandmother. Mrs. John W. llogg. of Wllmot. . .

Miss Gwendolyn Clark. R. ll. a member of the Phist branch of the Y's Menettes. was honor- ed by its members who made her a presen -tion following a meeting on Monday evening.

Mr. and Mrs. if. K. Strlght of Summerside have as their guest the former's mother. Mrs.

Saturday. Marci! 26, 19551110 Gssasdhl

in Paris and became a judge in Yugoslavia. said he was happy to see his son in Canada.

"Here there is freedom." he said. "and that is all that mat- ters."

DEFACE ROOSEVELT STATUE LONDON (AP) -- "Traitor of

Yslta" was scrawled in red paint

across the base of a statue of the

facenient was believed of a person angered by closure in the Yalta conference papers released In Washington lam week that tip Amaricassiprulded puggehtzd handing ovc long Kong 0 .

There is no illitsra where education Ins

in Norw eons

lata president Roosevelt in Gros- sory since 1&0

"0 it i hair

with

J. L. Stright, of Pictou, N. I. U C 0

Rev. and Mrs. J. Donald M-ac-i

Key of Summerside spent thef

week-end in Eureka and New; Glasgow. N. I

Your-Old Boy

, SYLVAPLY

DOUGLAS FIR PLYWOOD

Returns At 15 ,

MONTREAL. (CP)-A 15-year . old Yugoslav boy was reunited with his parents Sunday after ah absence of 14 years. .

When Brano Marich walked off, a train at Montreal's Central sta-i tion. it was the first time his par- ) ents, Mr. and Mrs. Novak Marlch, had seen him since he was less than a year old.