. qeiql need in hearings before the board.

_out, money will go far further

_ wage earner, who has used the higher price and

_when that decline comes than he who has in-

s gate of 3,516,000 persons; the - Provinces, 591,000, with 2,170,000 persons; Brit-

was 3.7 persons as compared with 3.9 persons

‘ lng a decrease in every region.

l to 4.3; Ontario, from 3.6 to 3.4; Prairie Prov- __fre|n 3.4 to 3.3 persons.

' end of first and second births over the period ~194i te 1947, increased numbers and propor-

PAGE FOUR

THE GUARDIAN. UHAKLUFIIEIUWN

THE GUARDIAN

Morning Dull; (Founded in I807)

lutlmrlzed ee noauml Clan llull, Poet Olllce Department, Uttuwu.

The Inland Uuursliuu Puhllehinl C0

bun-tr lulu Muuuglug Hires-tor. J. ls.

Associate Editor, Frunls Waller

‘Burneill

"The Strongest Memory is Weaker Than the Weakest lnk."

CHARLUTTEIPUlVN. SATURD-TY, SEPT. 23:91}

A Well Fought Fight

.-

‘lhe representatives of the seven Provinces dissenting from the Transport Board's ruling on the freight rates issue have scored a substantial victory in gaining this week a three-months de- lay in the hearings on the railway application for a new incrcase based on the recent wages boost This in effect is a reversal of the Board's previous attitude that flat-rate increases are equitable. Now thc Premiers of the dissenting Provinces aie preparing to do battle at Ottawa on Monday and Tuesday against the increase granted last March. They will appear before the Dominion Cabinet with a well prepared brief stressing the following chief points:

1. That the railways failed to establish fin-

2. That the board did not make full enough investigation into some claims of the railroads.

3. That the railways failed to show they had effected all possible economies through co-oper- etion between the two big systems.

4. That the board's formula for determin- ing the financial needs of the railways was an improper one.

5. That the board went beyond its jurisdic- tion in authorizing a flat percentage increase applicable across the country.

The central issue, of course, is that 0n a flat-rate basis the Maritime and Western Prov- inces suffer most heavily from the payment of higher freight rates. A fairer arrangement would be the granting of a subsidy to the rail- ways to meet any necessary rising costs, but the Central Provinces object to this proposal on the ground that they would bear the greatest burden if the increased railway costs were met by taxation. The answer to that is the greater amount of'taxable wealth in those Provinces- wealth which has been drawn from all parts of the Dominion through a system of centralization of industry and commerce which has gone hand in hand with Confederation, and now threatens to destroy all that the Confederation Fathers labored to achieve in the way of national unity.

The Liberal Premiers of the three Mari- time Provinces have fought shoulder to shoulder on this issue and have not hesitated to oppose their own party leaders at Ottawa in no un- certain terms. This is the most significant feat- ure of the case politically, and it is one on which they are to be wholeheartedly commended.

Farmers’ Dollars

Farmers‘ cash receipts for the first six months of i948, says an Ottawa dispatch, were $989,572,000 as compared with $742,626,000 and $636,244,000 for the some periods in 1947 and 1946 respectively. The farmer has earned that better position because he has done two grand iobs these past ten years. One is that of pro- duction; the other that of paying off debts.

Today's dollars will not buy the same quan- tity of articles the farmer buys as the dollar would in i947 and i946 and very decidedly not as much as the dollar would buy before the war. But those dollars are just as good for pay- ing debts as they ever were. lndeed debts may never be repaid with cheaper dollars than this year. While living costs have gone up enorm- ously, debts are a fixed amount and so when a debt is paid today the payment represents a far smaller quantity of goods than it did before the war or when the debt was incurred.

Moreover, as the Winnipeg Free Press points today paying dGlJlS Th0" it Wlll go buying any commodities. it may be that the price rise has reached its top or nearly so and that it will be followed by a decline. But the individual, whether farmer or

wage level to pay clf debl: will be hurt for less

curred new dcbt or who has spent his higher in- come without a due regard for the future.

Canada By Famlllb;

During the six years from the 194i census to June, 1947, the number of families in Can- ada increased by approximately 20 per cent. On the other hand, there was a decline in the aver- age size of the family. The estimated number of families in June last year was 3,042,000, which is an increase of 516,701 over the number re- corded in thc 1941 census. This gain is shared by all provinces, the increases ranging from 11 per cent for the Prairie Provinces to 37 per cent for British Columbia. For the Maritime Provinces the rise in number is estimated at 15 per cent; Quebec, 25 per cent; and Ontario, 18 per cent. '

Ontario had an estimated 1,073,000 fam- ilies consisting of 3,680,000 persons in June last year. Quebec hard 812,000 with an aggre- three Prairie

ish Columbia, 293,000 families with a total of 966,000 persons; and the Maritime Provinces, 273,000 with 1,083,000 persons.

Average size of Canadian families in 1947

at the 1941 census, the bureau estimates show- ln the Mari- time Provinces the average size declined from 4.2 in 1941 to 4.0 persons; in Quebec, from 4.5 inces,,from 4.0 to 3.7; and British Columbia,

Due largely to the increase in marriages

Providing they have been kept in proper stor-

tions of families in 1947, as compared with 1941, consisted of two, three or four persons, and o resulting decrease was shown in the proportion with five or more persons. Seventy-five per cent of all families were composed in 1947 of two to four persons as compared with 70.8 per cent in 1941.

EDITORIAL NOTES

The relief of Lucknow this date 1857. The siege of Paris began this date 1870. ‘A’ i i 'A‘

Tomorrow the 18th Sunday after Trinity, or 19th after Pentecost.

e u

Elsewhere, Daylight Saving is on the way out, and standard time will be the rule from Monday.

u e e o

isn't it characteristic of Israeli to offer $20,- 000 instead of $25,000 for information leading to the arrest of Count Bernadottds assassina-

tion? I I

e r

The United Church, being short of 405 ministers, has decided by a 3 to 1 majority to admit "Conschis" to the full benefits of the Church's ministerial plan. No doubt the end, in this case, iustifies the means.

Canada has as much to worry about in dwindling Commonwealth trade as has the United Kingdom. The success of Sir Stafford Cripps’ mission will mean much to the long term prosperity of this country. “I fi D Q One aspect of prices which might repay investigation by Ottawa's Prices Commission is the high cost of government. lf there is an in- dex figure it must make other increases look

very moderate indeed. i

a n n

Would-be medical doctors are having a tough time. A spokesman for the Faculty of Medicine at McGill told The Gazette that out of a total of 2,000 applicants this year, most of whom are qualified, the faculty can only accept 116.

e n e n

The Conservative leadership race seems to have narrowed down to two favorites, Premier George Drew of Ontario and John Diefenbaker, M.P. for Lake Centre, Saskatchewan. Nomina- tion of Mr. Diefenbaker will be moved by Gen. G. R. Pearkes, V.C., and seconded by Mr. B .Roy Holman.

e e n e

Continuance of strife ln the Holy City and its eventual domination by either Jews or Arabs must give pain to adherents of Christian, lew- ish and Moslem faiths, except perhaps to the one which gets control. The solution of inter- nationalizing Jerusalem is one which should ap- peal to all but the most extreme of all parties. i i Q W

lt may, or may not, be significant but no sooner is Prime Minister King safely out of the way at Ottawa than Canada decides to join in the Berlin Airlift. lt should be borne in mind it is not a one-way operation designed solely to maintain strategic occupation of that city. Thc flying out of undernourished children is a humanitarian act performed without regard to self-interest.

i Mrs. Felicia Dorothea Hemans, English poetess, born this date 1793; started to publish her poems in book form at the age of fifteen. Her chief works are The Sceptic, Vespers of Palermo, Siege of Valencia, The Last Con- stantine and other Poems, Lays of Many Lands, Records of Women, Songs of the Affectiods, Hymns for Childhood, and Songs for Music: "Talk not of grief till thou has seen the tears of warlike menl"

e n e

e e e u

Barring unfavorable international circum- stances, Canadian business in general antici- Dates a continuation of boom conditions fcr the balance of the year, according to Hardware and Metal 8. Electrical Dealer. "Production of most commodities will increase and prices will con~ tinue to hold their current strength," the hard- ware business paper predicts. "Public buying will remain unsatisfied, although continued high prices may affect quantity of sales in some lines. Dollar sales volume is expected to exceed that of 1947."

w I w e

Mr. L. B. Pearson, Secretary of Stare for External Affairs, shown the story reprinted from Montreal Matin in which he was quot- ed as stating during an air ride between Van- couver and Winnipeg that there would be on election in the fall and after a temporary cut in income taxes, made the following reply: "The Montreal story asserts that I made certain state- ments while flying between Vancouver and Win- nipeg three weeks ago. At that time I happened to be at my desk in Ottawa. Moreover, never in my life have l flown between Vancouver and Winnipeg. Then, as for the other parts of the despatch, they are in a class with that which I have iust denied. They are, in other words, lust 100 per cent inaccurate."

n w n e

People are already beginning to look for- ward to Christmas. "So far there's nothing en- couraging in sight as to imports of nuts in the shell for Christmas," says Canadian Grocer. "Apart from peanuts, they were on Mr. Abbott's banned list of last November," states the groc- ery business paper. "Representations have been made to Ottawa to put them on a quota basis, and if the Government docs relax its restric- tions this might happen any time. Otherwise we are going to be short of nuts in the shell during coming months." Some wholesalers may have a few walnuts and almonds in the shell left over from last vear—more almonds, perhaps, than walnuts. Some retailers, too, have a few left.

age, they may be used as displays for pre- Christmas trade. Canada will, of course, have

IN iTl-lE HOME STRETCH AT THE CONSERVATIVE TRACK ME

ET.

mrrecsreo Srccrnag

. Funnels CuP Rococo Bucket!

i2 0N1’?- u.

ill Old Charlottetown Y: (Ancl P. a. 1.1 ll y

rrscnronmr. ABUNDANCE

cb a

The only limit to the use of fish in Prince Edward Island is the over-abundance, a fault illlit newly arrived settlers at. least. will not minke matter of regret nor complaint A few Felice DYQ" mire; fl good-sized and well- flavored Cod. at all times when the waters are open b0 the fisher- men, and the epicure may here cheaply indulge his appetite . 0f lobsters anyauantity can be got here for a little mOre than the trouble of carrying them home, and these two (cod and lobster) may be made agreeable companions on the some plate . . . About a shilling sterling will get a bushel of oysters 1n the shell, free from any taste of copper .. .

In addition to the common cod there ls the American cod. or Tommy - cod; also the Haddock, the real Norway kind, the Hake, the Ling, and several others with thc local names or Pollock, Cask, etc. . . , The Flat-fish are deficient the Sole in these "waters. but; the family includes Halibut. that have been caught. from bwo to four and even six hundred pounds weight; and there is the Dab. the Flounder, and the Flank. but generally speak- lng only the Halibut is consiclcrecl worth the trouble of capture. The Herring fzrmiily form by themselves a branch of industry, and enter more intimately lnto the housekeeping calculations of the inhabitants, the speculation of merchants, and the hopes of fisher- men, than even the valuable cod- flsh. A breakfast of salt. herring and boiled potatoes ls. when pro- perly served up. and tlie taste ac- commodated to ils peculiarities, cine of the best. and most satis- factory of the Island larder. With such magnificent herring as are caught about. those shores. if is a. wonder that. no "bloater" ideas have ever token root, and this abundant. and delicious fish found its way into market epicureanlzed on Yer-mouth principles — but this will crme some day: and the Magdalen Islands will be the centre of a magniflcexit. trade ln cured fish. adapted ta European enarkcls.

An inferior fish, with scales. follows the herring ln the spring called the Alewile or Gaspereaux. but. it is scarcely worth suiting. though it com-Es, herring-like. in schools, We are inclined to he- licve that what. are called Fall herring are as murh a different species from the $971113 herring as Winter wheat differs from Sprinqnvheaf . . The Salmon is here in Scotch perfection, and when the trade in this fish. established by Cairns. attains lts full development. Prince Edward Island salmon will be tn- quired for far and near. It has already hccn sent to distant count- ries in fills. nnrl obtained its well deserved mcerl of praise.

The Snlmrn fnnily comprise the Brook ‘Trout. which ls a soft. and

‘represent; the real profusion. Lc-b-

the Dogfish family, the Bkatb family. and the Laniphrey family.

Shell fish are so abundant o1l| round Prince Edward Island lllfli- no description would adfiqlllliely

sters, equal to any in the world, and perhaps more abundant and more easily obtained than ony- where else, are, strange to say — perhaps from their very abundance -neglectea. So lndeed are all the shell-fish of the Island, except oysters. Clams and Qllfllwlis. Muscles, Perriwlnkles, Welkes. Razor-fish, small Crabs. and several kinds n; Shrimps are all here; and should people arrive who know B little more than the present ln- habitants about. these rich Stores of food, and put them at their real value, there will be mo" general thankfulnesa to a 87501011! Creator, and less of that. crab- llke retrogresslon, which, strange to soy, seems in some instances in the exact ratio of the opportunities to proceed,

-—F‘rcm “The Progress and Pro- spects of Prince Edward Island." etc. 1861, by C. Birch Bagster.

Sacred White Kine Of Britain's North

(Robert Parker in the Belfast

Telegra pill

In the seclusion of a larfie estate in the peaceful border country 1n the North of England, the last of the ancient breed of cattle are struggling for survival. They are the famous British white cattle. and are dir€ctly descended frrm the herds which existed even b8- fore the Romans invaded Britain

The "British Whites" as they are called, were the-nselves the descendants of the ancient au- rovhs, the great wild oxen of pre- historic days, which roamed Europe and Asia in vast herds. until well info the Christian are.‘ It. is these oxen which are men- tioned several times in the Old Testament.

They were black ln color and the story of how their British descendants came to be all white -—cxcept for the tips of the horns -lias been pleird together by historians and naturalists.

It appears that the ourochs. like most other "colored" creatures. occasionally produced albino off- spring. These white freaks. were probably regarded with awe by the superstitious Britons. and, as the Druldlc religion developed, the whit-e cattle were adopted by the priests and were worshipped as sacred animals. 0f the calves of these white cattle not. all were while, but those that: were not must have been carefully weeded‘ out until the all-white strain he- caitie predrmlnant.

By the llmP the Rumgng gr‘. rlwd the original black cattle vivere probably extinct ln Britain. Th4- "Brltlsh Whites" continued to flourish until the Middle Ages when specialized breeds, akin to some of were developed mostly on Continent,

They might have become ex- tinct ic-ng ago hut for the en-

the

flavorless Fsh- when it. is detained in lhc mill ponds. but. lhcucls comparatively small. rrnod i-nnditlon 311d in the streams below tlie nilll-rlams, an excellent

Tl-e S lnrcu Tsout. rauqrt- in salt water, repays any trouble in obtaining tlicm. They arrive in June, and in a few weeks became trio dispersed to warrant. salt. water search . . . _

The Smelt. can be obtained all the year round ln small quantities. but when if arrives in schools, just as the ice leaves. the great river arteries are so full that. scvnetlmeq the small siren-firm and brook heads are choked with them. and they become, not. the delicious rarity of a Londoner! table, but the abundant supply of the Islanderfis manure heap. . . The Eel family have their re- presentatives in abundance in these waters, and comprise the comnon Eel. the Bea Eel, the Rock Eel. the American Sand Launcc. and doubtless several other kinds. Among the cartilagin- ous fish are the Sturgeon family,

The Age-Old Story -

Ye shell walk in ell the wlye which the Lord your God hath commended you; that -ye may live, and um if may be well

is. when in.

Ri1'i well cdourcd and firm fi=h.;

tlillslasm of a small group of m. lluraiists who former‘ n trust t0 ensure that. these iivlur: llnlfs lWlli1_lliE past should not. allo- rgellier disappear from Britain.

AT‘.'.'ii’i"€‘l".‘.€1'1l§ were rrvie ‘.310 rrialrfertence cf a herd I some 50 head m1 the estate nf the Earl of Tankervllle at Chilling- hrim Norlhumherland, There, ln nimosl. wllcl state, these "ancient Britons“ lived peacefully. Never very lame the survivors became lricreasinrrlv shy, as f€w visitors were permitted to intrude upon their solitude.

After more than 2.000 years the influence of their wild black fore- fathers is still apparent, and to this day the white cattle or Bri- tain occasionally produce black calves.

l

A Point Gained

(Halifax Chronicle)

The announcement of the ao- polntment of o Royal Oolnmls- sion to “deal with some phases of the railway freight-rate problem." though the terms of reference un- der which it will work are not yet specified. is, in itself, o de- finite gain on the pert. of the seven protesting Provinces. one way or another this vexing sltun- tion ought to be cleared up, now that no less than three major boa- leu are occupying themselves In its study, namely. the Royal Com- mleslon. the Board of Transport.

will: you, and that ye may pro- .

plenty of various shelled nuts.

long your dare ln the lantl which l yr- irhell possess.

l

Commissioners itself nndthe Ce- hiriet which is slated to hear the

f-r,

ed on September 2'1 and B.

The new Royal Commission. it. appears. ls to be bound to some degree by the ruling recently giv- en by thc Department of Jusoice. "its area of enquiry," it is report.- od. “will be limited by statute b0 mabters not uixder the exclusive jurisdiction of the Board of ‘fl-ans- port. Commissioners." that is l-o say, it. will not be able to den‘. with freight-rates as such. or to make regulations concerning them.

That. ls not demanded or requir- ed however, st. the present time. What is really needed Ls a. thor- ough examination of the whole freight-rate structure. with due consideration of the historical background against which Canad- ian railroads were built. with es- pecial attention to the discrimina- tiion which the reoent mctihod o.’ granting increases by the Trans- eporf Board created ln respect. to the Provinces of the fringe.

l I O

The Maritime Transportation Commission, meanwhile, appears to be moving along right. lines. It. L! setting up sub-commibteea throughout. the Marllimes to ga- ther pertinent. delta, and it has set. out. as lie main point of policy. that it. stands “opposed to the per- cenage method of increasing all rates, regardless of whet. merit there may be in the railways‘ ease for revenue."

lu their dealings with the pro posed Royal Commission, the Board of 'l‘ransport Commission- ers or the Cabinet. the Maritime Provinces above all things wish no mold any further stalling on this impart-ant, issue. Not. much. frank- ly, is. hoped for from the Trans-

port Commissioners who ere bound

so entirely by the force of their

own precedents. The Cabinet may

those rve - know today, ;

RDLKDI of the Hovincea concern-

or may not decide to take firm notion on the matter. But, bhe Royal Commission ls certainly go-

,lng to be in a position to uncover