acket.

.1 Virginia

>-

JULY 17.1943 ,

“FINELY sores on

CONNECTED WITH Silver Fox Farming '

TOPICS

Associated Milllgan d: Morri ur Farmers, Inc., have distri to a thousand retail furrlers United itiutes and to large bers of lea ng tur garment gilgnulacturcrs, enlarged three- uarter length portraits of an ot- umlve inooel wearing a silver fox ' The reproduction is very lite like, almost one half actual hie 5m, and lS so strlnkingly designed ltiat it immediately arrests one's

attention. Herbert A. Nleman 8r Company

offered 12.000 silver fox pelts at the June 14th sale of the New York

The 501i r‘ buted in the

Auction Company, and created a every single

“mi-d because skin _wa5 sold. Pri" mp figure fCC.._ 1'.‘

gull silver. which compriscd prac- tically the entire offering.

For farmers in the United States, because of low prices which pre- .v3u(*d a yeah ago, have turned to imck production. One of them in raised 430 hogs averaging I90 cattle which averaged ; gain of 300 lbs., 80 lambs, 30,000 bushels of tomatoes. Another fur ‘farmer in Illnols, who two years ago produced 2400 mink and raised ,mie farm produce, expects this year- to sell 1200 hogs, 700 chickens. 200 ducks, ‘i5 turkeys, 200 bushels oi potatoes, I0 head of beef cattle ind other odds and ends.

800 lbs..

When Dr. E, Rendle Bowness was visiting us a couple of weeks ago we received a promise from min that when he returned to Tor-

onto he would write giving his,

impressions on fur farming in

Prince Edward Island. He has

kept his word and we take pleas-

ure lllaflklliltl-IIK from his letter of l t .

Jill!

I “Since my return from the Is- "liiid I linve been busy checking rig: and co-relating the information _t a

t I got from the Island ranch- ers on my more than three weeks irip around the province. I thought. perhaps you would be in- teiested in some of this informa- tion and the impressions that llengh Tinney and I got from our

While attending the Canadian National Silver Fox Breeders’ meet- ing at Sumniersidc before we be- gan the trip, we were given to un-

erstand that the fox pup produc- tion in regard to the number of pups per female wlntered, was low- q‘ than in the past few years. However". upon investigation the reproduction as evidenced by the average per female kept seemed to be very little different than it was last year or in the years previous. In fact we found a larger number of ranchers that had better than four of an average from females that whclpcd than we expect cus- wmnrilv.

There were more females that missed or failed to produce living ouiig to the age when they could

examined, than in other years. This, we believe, was the reason llllll lllfllll’ ranchers thought that production was lower than in the past. However, to balance this up we found that the litter sire was better than the lost few years and while there were more misses. still the total number of pups produced on tiggrrrlnch was as good as in other

‘ s

Another thing that probably con-

tributed to the idea of lower prn- duction was the fact that there were a good many ranchers which cut down markedly on the number of females wintercd and some that went out of business entirely this Dust fall. While it is vcrv difficult to estimate the cut down in regard l" mimics wintered, our impres- sion was that it would work out lround l5 to 20 per cent as coni- iircd with last year's total of rteding stock. Marketing condi- U°ll$ flPDenrcd quite had last suin- mer nnd during the fnll. Many ranchers who also suffered from lliortaae of farm help decided it would be m-gre profitable to cut llolvn on the foxes kcnt and de- Vol!’ more time to the farm and to raising of other farm animals.

In the light of this nnst springs Yllarket and the present rather on- ! 15W‘ nmrket outlook it is un- oitunnte that that cut down oc-

ch‘! Inna‘! Twelve canto for a down banana, and Waterloo, 0nt., kneeling, nnd flight Sgt. Frank IIoL kg hllale about It! The purchaser: are two lnem- combo of St. Catharina, Ont. Both men fly with n ~ of the II.C.A.F. in India, dlscnnlng prices with a Wellington bomber squadron on the India-Burnt;

case of board floored

curred. We do no believe that the reduction in number of pelts which it will mean this fall yvill muke the market any better, and in the mfllfi. those ranchers who need the money from such operatlonsr will find their income curtailed because of the reduction. Actually the additional farm products even. though they are in good demand. will not be us profitable as tlieirl usual market offering of fox pelts,

Actually there is still no live stock endeavor on the farm that is as profitable as the production of fox pelts. Of course the last state merit can be qualified by pointing "l" mal- the type of foxes raised must be good and they must be marketed through the proper chan- nels to obtain the best prices.

there

While were the usual, losses from food poisoning and: parasites there was only one bad? outbreak of trouble and lt ivzis‘ pretty well confined to an area in the inicldlc of the Island. This out- break occurred soon after the pups were placed in the shed and in the main when they were five weeks old. In as for as we could find out this trouble was limited entirely to the pups as there was no record‘ of adult losses on the ranches in volved. In the beginning most - ranchers were inclined to attri- bute their troubles to food poison- ing. However. the fact that none of the adults were affected and that in some cases the trouble was limited to only part of the pups soon cast doubt on this theory. In our investigation we uncovered a certain amount of in- formation that EISJZIICCI quite per- tinent to us and we turned this over to Dr. Gunn of the Experi- mental Farm. He will continue this investigation and you will hear further from him

New type foxes of all varieties were very plentiful on the Island ranches. In fact it was olily the off ranch that did not have at least a few of these newer and more valuable animals to exhibit. It ls probably true that there is a greater percentage of new type foxes on Prince Edward Island in comparison with the standard sil- vers kept than there is in any other province of Canada. The ex- pansion has been very rapid and us a result there are several new- er variations to what we consider the standard new type breeds. These newer variations in some instances were Just further pro gresslons of coloui ‘rinse in the white-face nnd paLlnuni foxes and in other instances were the result of combining some of the existing strains to produce newer nnd more attractive variations

a

Some ranchers were VQIY success- fui in producing more heavily marked ring necked foxes than we were accustomed to seeing in the past. Evidently they took int-u consideration that a good wide ring is worth about s25 on o decent fox pelt and many of them have that. $25 already tricked away.

The meat situation on the Is- land is assuming the proportions of a grave problem. Not only is there a shortage of supply, but due to difficulties of transporta- iion and storage in niniiy parts of the province the problem may be- come very ocutc before the sum- mer is over. The more easterly parts of King's County which are beyond the 35 mile delivery limit frnni Charlottetown. may be the hardest hit. No doubt food poison- ing and allicd troubles will be much greater in those areas thisyear. In the main, whbre the meat sup ply may become uncertain it would be best if those ranchers would use cubes or pellets entirely for their food until cold iveathcr ar- rives again. Those products won't spoil and they can easily be kept in any dry location. The difficul- ties and dangers associated with {ceding spoiled meat need not be explained here.

The parasite problem is greater, this year than for several years‘ past. Probably the late wet spring had a great deal to do with this. The shortage of liclp on the , ranches also tended to make sari l itntlon a greater problem. In the pens, or, where the foxes were out on the;

“in Iruii mm. ‘they m nub: an. s. ulna-mi a front.

3 ed and wire floors placed in them.

‘ and the wire floored

Bround, sanitar

me on, y Procedures sites. ting a ranchers will replace the board

Y Wly of combating pa??? No doubt when wire net- gain becomes available, many

floors with a w

of the breedinglre floor and many

Pens will be rais-

The wire flamed breeding pens sheds ar only practical ways of combgitmg parasites. The administration of 3:131 medicines is fine in as far m“, 3°?- Hllwel/ET. the adminis- on o these medicines natural 1y takes place after the fox be. 3'3“ Pllirasitlzed and some of the can rage s done before the parasites Ob e e removed. If the rancher ls s rvant and pills the foxes as goon as the slightest sign of "bu. “e shows usually there are few t, filly. osses in the way of fatall- ,°5~ Hflwevel‘. by far the greatest oss comes from the stunting and 58kt“ back which the foxes gpt W ch are harbouring parasites and the production or a smaller 11!"! Poorer furred Pelt in the fall. his loss in pelt value is away out 0f proportion to the cost of in- stalling wire floored sheds and pens

Raised wire floored _ pens and sheds do not entirely eliminate tho “Wm Problem but the iielp they, give is tremendous. There is also the further advantage in that the wire floored bottom is sanitary at all times and the colour of the pelts is much better ln the fall. Of course where wire bottom sheds are used you must remember to provide a wiiidbreak along the bottom of the shed so that the wind does not blow, in and up through the pen during the fall months. in too wllldy locations the fur tends to dry out and does not present as attractive appearance nor bring as good a price as when it is properly protected.

However, considering the difficul- ties that we have noted here and our problems that are still to come this summer and fall, the fox pelt crop should prove to be a most profitable one. The market prospects arc bright and most men who are in the trade are quite op- timistic. The exercise of proper care and feeding of the foxes from now till fall and proper marketing when the pelts are taken off, will ensure the rancher a very profit- able dividend."

The above bright newsy lettep gives a picture of our industry from l the pen of one of the best and. most scientific fur farming author- ities in Canada, a native son oil this province, who by long study nnd the cultivation of his powers of observation has made n name for himself throughout the fur farming world. We are deeply in- debted to Dr. Bowiiess for having so thoughtfully prepared the above article and we feel that in com- mon with other ranchers here we can benefit from his analysis nf our conditions.

More than a hundred years ago the celebrated Scottish poet, Bobby Burns. wrote-"Oh wad sonic power the eiftie gic us to see oursePs as others see usl", Many of us wrap ourselves up —, and the writer includes himself very much-An smug complacency, believing that we have progressed quite well along the road to suc- cessful fur farming, but not so!‘ We have not gone far enough un- less we can equal the achievements nnd excel those of the best fur farmers elsewhere in Canada and the United States. Time was when Prince Edward Island foxes lliid pelts were first and the rest‘ nowhere, but we got too cocksure., kidcled ourselves that we were the whole show and other bright,| smart fellows, many ot‘ them grad- uates in scientific agriculture, ap-l plied themselves so keenly that they are now top dogs. Let us‘ bestir ourselves, help one anotiierl all we can, because even from a sel- | fish standpoint it will be all tol the good for each and everyone of‘ us if there is a supply of high- clnss breeding animals obtainable right here in our own balliwick.

When we require renewals of breeding stock, which we will have to from time to time, we will only have to travel a limited number of miles to see the fox instead of purchasing by correspondence and; relying upon a perhaps too vivid, description of the animal. This is meant also as propaganda for the Provincial Live Fox Show which will be held in November. Lei. us nil got. rcadv for that event. prc~' pure some foxes. even on or two, so that we will have a truly repre-

sentative exhibition and one that- will be of benefit in the comingi years.

‘only for a supply of green feed for

- NEWSY

Winter Rye

There were brought to me. at the end of June, seine stalks o! what the bearer called "rye-grass." Now am not an expert on the grasses, but I can recognize a iew cf them, and I could see it was not the lye-

rass of the botanists, which is Lol- um perennc. Some of the stalks were four feet long. and earlv as it was, they were "in the ear." The head or spike was slender, and about 2 and i--2 inches long: and it had a considerable number oi owns (or bristles), not so hard and strong as those on barley. 1 thought that it mlsfilt be some kind of brome grass. and yet it looked like a pir- ture of rye that I had. “Where did you get it?" I asked. "It was grow- ing in so-arid-so’s hayfield," was the reply. ‘All right, I'll send awav and get to know exactly what it is," I concluded.

So I sent the stalks on to Profes- sor AE. Roland, of the Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture, Truro. and a few clays later had this reply: "Dear Sir. The sample of grass that you sent me is Winter Rye, Scenic cereale. It often persists for several years after rye has been grown ln a field, In this case there may have been rye seeds in the grain that was sown befone the field was seeded down. However, I have never seen it becoming wcedy: and. unless the land ls invery good condition, the rye usually dies out the frst vear or two. Yours very truly, A.E. Roland, Provincial Botariisrt."

S0 now my frbnd knows that it is Rye, that it is very hardy, imd= that he need not be afraid of it.

Rye formerly played an important port in feeding most of the nations of Europe. Two hundred years-ago, rye flour. either alone or mixed with Wheaten flour, formed the common bread of the British Isles. This grain was grown in Cumberland up to the middle of last century and later. since tshe writer when a lad, some- times ate rye-bread; it was dark brown in color, and tasted a trifle sour. which was understood to be caused bv sour leavien. As the new- er whcatlands in Argentina. Austral- la and Canada came into being, rye was generally discarded as a cereal MOD. and British farmers grew ii.

their flocks and herds. For this pur- pose, the seed was sown in Novem- ber and the plants were grazed in spring before they began to spindle and icrm heads. In the latter state the blade becomes cirv nad harsh, and is not agrecable to the animals when seed was produced as n CIQD. its principal use was in the prepara- tlcn of a vegetable acid, to be ap- plied in tanning Skins and hides. Its function was to dispose the skins to absorb the tannin of the oak- bark more readily. Rye-straw, use- less as fodder. was excellent for tnatchlng cottages, etc.. in the old days; and I believe is sfiill preferiied as stuffing for horse-collars.

On the European continent there arc many districts for which rye, seems to have been specxilly Cf-JEL-l, ed! The sandy districts round the. Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland‘, and in Lapland, would have been‘ liitle better than uninhabited des- erts without this hardy grnin. Only wheat, among the cereals, exceeds it in proportion of gluten, to which fact it owes its capability of being “hann0cks" oi the peasantry in converted into the spongy rye-bread those districts.

Rye is. however, subject to a fun- goid disease which when it occurs. "iandtrs the grain poisonous to man and animal. The malady causes sev- aral or many of the grains in the head to grow to at least twice their length: and these excrescences have given rise, in England to the name

of "horned rye". In France the dls- ,5

ease was called “ergot," from a ra- scmblance to the spur of a roostei-‘s leg. lib-got is found on timothy couch and other grasses, as well as on gwheat and rye. in Canada: and Ywhencver it has appeared it has ‘usually happened that a wet spring has been succeeded by a summer more than ordinarily hot. The c-X- crescences are of a brownish color, and from their size are easily Moog- nizcrl.

In i396, in Hesse, Germany, an epidemic prevailed which was trac- ed to the use of homed rye for bread making. This was the first time that ergot wa found to be the causa causans. Those persons who had unfortunately partaken of tho bread, were trlcken with epilepsy," the atacks cf which. for the most part, elicied fataiv; while those who recovered were liable to periodic returns of the disorder. Sines then similar colamltxes have been pa‘. in‘ record in various parts of Europa; in 1709, ergotlsm occurred in Frame to such a degree that no fewer than five fliillded patieiiLs were in hos- pitalat Orleans at one time. The first symptoms were apparently those of drtuikcnness, after which the toes became gangrenous morti- fied and fell off: the disease extend- ed up the leg and frequently attack- ed the trunk, even when amputa- tion of the limb had been performed in the vain hope of staying the dis- order.

Flew evils, however, are of an un- mixed character, and this one is rim of ilhe number. The powerful alka- loid which formerlv caused so much, misery, has since been admitted to. the pharmacopaea as Ergot of Ryefl it is, according to Nicki-H's botanlcall reference guide, a powerful partilr-l lent. but requires caution in its use,

d now I take leave of the sub-, ject by entering in my note-book:—,

‘Scenic cerenle L. Winter Rye, found as a casual in a hayfleld at, Brackley Beach," with the dale and the name of the finder appended.

The former’: great opportunity

INery farmer who is alive to the needs of his occupation, should has- ten to join the local Federation of Agriculture. I am driven to this con- clusion after reading, in a well- known fann paper. an account of the annual convention oi the Man- itoba Federation of Agriculture, re- cently held at Brandon. The I40

red delegates, the 50.004) far-res of the province) pasled 40 resolutions of which the most important one was one m press

II-OAJ‘. H1010),

of parity prices for all

$15,749.32, and the expenditure $15,- 032.82, with a surplus of $116.50. The Manitoba farmers evidently SUDDOTt their Federation that it is doing good work.

oeedings of our own Federation have

(‘KIGIXV WRYSJ

the structure of a simple cell, which we may term, in poetic fashion, one of the bricks that go to build up all living organisms). we must take a little incursion into the realms of Natural History.

"birds and animals" as though all animals were bound to have four

legs, and as though the two gmuns were distinct. Then again, we have

The fact is that the whole range of

table. each with its own special char-

rrepresentlng 1

for a federal cooperative moth» an“

NOTES -

AGIIDOIA

velop the cooperative movement. 1i’ other provincial Federations back up thin resolution it will be a Brent step forward to that unity so vital

I to the farmer's interests.

Among other things, the principle farm pro- ducts; the elimination of specula- tion in the marketing and distribu- tion of all farm commodities, and the encouragement of all forms of

consumer and producer cooperation; were strongly advochted. The conven- tion held that ceiling prices should have the cost of production as theirl basis. (I recently heard of a fa.rnier declaring that the cost of produc- tion plus i0 per cent should be the selling price.)

Among the ned directors elected

at the Brandon met, were six women,

this will make for efficiency as the

ladies have the happy knack of get- ting things done, and are not as much ruled by political expediency

as is the sterner sex. It was interesting to learn tltat. the income of the Federation was

loyally,—a sign

(Since writing the above, the pro-

been published. They contain some. admirable resolutions and should} strengthen the hands of the canad-; ian Federation of Agwiculture in

The Cell, the Basis or All (l).

Before we settle down to examine

Sometimes we hear folk talk of

another old argument as to whether a tomato is a fruit or a vegetable.

living organisms is divided into two kingdoms only, animal and vege-

acterlstic. An_v living thing that is not a vegetable is an animal and vice versa. But there is this catch in it—when we get to the very simp- lest forms of life we shall have some clifficultv in saying of one, “th’s is an animal," and of another "this ls a vegetable."

You mav have heard the old ioke: a. boy asks his father, ‘Do you know the difference between an elephant

l

NATURAL RESOURCE! IABSIIFIIID

1 CONS_I*I_R_\l._ATION I

l WEEKLY OOLUIIM OI PEAUIIOAL OPINIONS 0P III]: VITAL ISSUES AIYECTING THE USES AND ABUSE! OF

I! IQ. LUDIDW JENKINS

ON NATIONAL WILDLIFE RE- FUGE PROGRAM OF THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SRVICE

(Continued)

Eknbraced in the Federal system are several types of refuges. The first that might be mentioned are those set aside usually to protect |colonies of interesting nongamo ,blrds. Many of these consist of isl-

ands in rivers or lakes where bl‘€€d- ing colony-nesting forms are pro- tected. For example. those on the Oregon coast protect colonies of murres, pufflns cormorailts, and similar birds. Anaho Island in Pyra- mid Isak». cflers sanctuary for a great nesting colony of pelicans. These on the Florida ccast protect colonies of brown pelicans, herons, and e-grets of various kinds. A number of these have been added in iecciit years. and the tendency is for more of this type to be es- tablished. One 0f the difficulties in developing such a. program is that while some birds remain in the rc- fugcs, others, including the brown pelicons, herons, and egrets of Flor- ida do not. They- will nest on some island for anumber of years and then abandon it for an adoining one. It is the policy of the Service to retain title to all these islands, however. in the event that the birds should move back at some future time. and to add new ones when utilized.

As money has become available, an increasingly efficient work ser- vice has added to the protection ac- orded these refuges for non-garlic birds and increased their value for the purpose for which established. The latest refuge of this character is the Great White Hercn Refuge, which has been added directly to the Key West Refuge. It occupies sever- al hundred small islands that ex- tend for a distance of approximately 60 or 70 miles along the Florida Keys. This refuge is giving protec- tioii to the great white heron and the whlw-crovnicl pigeon, as well c. to iuimc ous oinci- bums ‘ha; fre~ quent the area.

There is also the national big- game refuge system, which began with the establishment of the Na- tional Biscn Range. in Montana. This has expanded greatly in recent years with the growth of the plan. There lliculd be an area. provided for each major species or animal

and an orange?" And when tit: old fellow says "No," in answer to what he supposes to be a riddle. he is faced with the comment: “You'd be a bright fellow to send buying or- anges!" As a matter of fact any slmpleion can tell the difference; but when you begin to grope after the essential feature that mak-zs an elephant an animal, and an orange a. vegetable, than see how you get on! “The elephant can walk and the orange can't!" Well, I agree that is a fairly mneral difference between animals and plants, but it won't serve as a distinction sea-anem ones for instance, have an animal type of flesh, and behave in other

.\VII.hlI1 its natural range. With this 3_in mind, the Little Pend Orcille in -norlhern Washington was set aside and developed particularly to pre- lserve {he large white-tailed deer fcund in that territory. Hart Moun- tain and Charles Sheldon. between them. preserve the antelope and the sage hen. The Desert Game Range in Nevada and the Kofa and Ca- lbeza Prleia in Arizon protect the

ers on this list. are ecological types and areas that should eventually be included in this system, where

future

may be preserved for all in size

time. These refuges vary

ways as animals. but they cannot more about; while some small plants can swim actively in water. yet they exlhibit other characters that positively identify them as plants.

“All right then; elephant; can think and oranges can't!" That's a little better, and closer to the mark; but the trouble is, when we get doyrm to the lower animals-like the clams, for instance-we are quite unable to tell whether the creatures think or not. In the lowest groups, where it hard to differentiate between plants and animals-just where we need it most—thls distinction breaks down too.

Not to he too prollx, the most ac- curate distinction is in the manner of feeding. No animal is able to live 0n simple chemical substances alone: it must have animal or veg- etable food. On the other hand, plants can be satisfied with water, carbon dioxide from the air, and a iew mineral salts. With the aid of sunlight, which supplies the energy. a plant can elaborate tlticse simple elements into complex compound$~ proteins, carbohydrates, fats and oils —by which its functions of life are carried on.

An English Trait

Andre Maurois is of a. philosophic tum o! mind, and his writings are always worth reading. Like his coni- patriot of five or six QCCZICICS n30, Max 01-well, he enjoys poking fun at the Englim, but he does it with so little malice that we laugh with him. "Most Eniglish like what, we call nonsense," he says. "In no country are fools and cranks held in such esteem as in England." And he strengthens his dictum bv direct- ing us to the affection with which Charles Dickens treated his cranks. I agree with Maurois that we like nonsense, and €\E!l suffer fools gladly if they do anything that stirs our sense of humor; but we do not. look upon them with any greater affection than we bestow on our horses, dogs. and cats! Perhaps not as much.

Here i one of his anecdotes ros- specting this trait. ‘Once while work- ing at the library of the British Mu- seum, I overhead an elderly lady talking to one of the librarians. "Sir," she said, “I have always sign- ed my applications for books with my maiden name. But last nigh‘. Lord Nelsons astral body fie, his spirit) appeared to me in a dream. He asked me to become his wife and I accepted. Will you, please tell me whether I should continue signing my own name or whether I should sign as ‘Lady Nelson?" Without even looking up the librarian replied most seriously: "Since it was onlv a spir- itual marriage, Madam, you may continue to sign as you always did.

such a question, he would have tele- phoned the police or a lunatic asv-

um.

Yes. but think of the delightful inward chuckle that the English ll- brarlan would get out oi the epi- aodel , , .

from less than 1,000 acres ISulws ' Hill) ‘ (Desert Game Range) and are ade- I quate for the purpose for which de- - vcloped. At the present time all are

under tentative management and

patrol, with the purpose of building l up the herds of animals that are on them.

The concentration of refuges for migratory waterfowl along the At- lantic coast and along the Missis~ sippi Valley indicates the signifi- cant grouping of these areas. This is noticeable also in the concentra- tion of such refuges in northern California, aross Nevada, Utah, Wy- oming, and Nebraska and info Min- nesota. Iowa. nnd Wisconsin. These irelpresenit restoration of sulltaible environmental conditions for the mi- gratory game birds in these territories. We no

have by

in... ..

Giant four-engine bombers,

in protecting coma)"; far nut. info

l

.fast vanishing bighcrn sheep Oi. -.

indigenous species of upland game|

to something over 2,000,000’

;r.o means completed this part of the program. In addition t0‘ purchased areas we have surveyed something over 8,000,000 acres 9f marsh or potential marstilano, which may include areas that can be developed into new marshes or old marshland that may be purchns , ed and restored at a reasonable figure. ’I‘hese proposed areas, if added t0 the existing ones, would adequately‘ provide feeding and vrintering grounds for the ppresent stocks of migratory waterfowl. ‘They would also add to the breeding- ground area of such ninjor refuges! as it is now possible to piuchzise and develop at a reasonable cost. It is unquestionably true that more. of these areas will become avail- able ln the future as economic con- ditions change.

The Ullimfllle objective in develop- ing this system cf refuges is to re- , store every acre of marsh in the breeding range of waterfowl that can be restored. We have more than reached the halfway point, and a great increase has taken place in the past ‘l yours. It will require in the neighborhood of $l0.0(l0,000 of land-purchase money to liclcl to ihis refuge system the major units that‘, are still lacking and that are avail-l able at a reasonable figure.

An interesting side line of the. wterfowl refuge system, which has} for its purpose the development of existing small breeding areas, was, inaugurated in North Dakota a number of years ago and has now spread to Montana, Wyoming, and some oi the other neighboring States. 'I'hls is the so-called ease- ment rcfugc pmgrazn, wherein the, Fish and Wildlife Service provides the engineering supervision. W.P A labor develops the structures and; does the work, and the landowners give perpetual easement to the Fed- eral Government to flood the land and to maintain these units as mi- gratory waterfowl breeding refuges; ‘There are now 84 of these projectsj and the total acreage restored by; them runs lo about 147.000. These-t refuges vary in size from I60 acres‘ up, but each has restored an old marsh or developed a new one to replace those that have been de- strcycd by drainage and drought combined. Thousands of similar areas can be restored as money to do it becomes available. We have onl, file applications from landowners‘

al projects of this nature. will require only such restoration of regional environmental condi- tions as is possible. This refuge pro-

‘ gram has also been fitted into 0111-,

l ers. being made to serve the pur- l pose of food conkrol, soil erosion I prevention and the development of lwater supplies for people in the i communities and other needs. , lTo be continuedl 1

l

, __% ’ BEST VARIETIES OF FALL RYE

( Expermental-I-‘ann News)

i Rye Ls one of the most versatile of the cereal crops. It is groan for

and others for hundreds of addiiion-t These i

\

l .

War hasn't harmed the posses- slons of 02-year-old Mr. Lid. better, English traveler, phi. l°$°hher nnd wi~itei-—he take; them with him wherever he Hues. Cycling through a 5115. sex town, the roving ailthor is, m his own words, a "rolling stone who gathers no moss but‘ ' .0.

whiskers."

XllOTlmEIILi-ll Farms Branch, Dom- inion Dcpnrliiicn; of Agriculture DLlkl)l(l——'I‘llll§ is a very winter hardy variety which Ls especially recomme- nded for the Prnirir- Pdoviences where winters are severe. It originat ed through plan: selection at North Dakota Experimental Station. The University" of Saskatchewan has done furzlicr .\(‘i:‘Cilfill on this variety and has produced Dokcld ISask . 23. Coinnicn ll..I’.illl)‘.'l(l'=‘t-, Alberta, from rye grown in l l5 area and has given good results in this locality. Crown-A winter hardy variety of Swc isli (irigiil, puss sslng large (lurk r-rzioiirvcl scrd- ‘or as hardy as Dnkold. bu‘. an excellent yielding var ' ' IIC/l'lOll-—}\ tall growing v t: ti’ amid .-'.l'.li<,".ll of straw Begins growth early" in the spring,

it (icslrablc lwitilre for early spring pi... - Dr ed at Macdonald ‘ collcue. Quc llKl riots W011 In , Eastern Cniin l Imperial”? alccs largo seeds 0f light colour. ll- nos good strength

l of straw and is 1m excellent yielding vnricly". Formerly known as Wiscon- n Pod 6 and (lorcloped at ‘the l Ulii\'ci~.sify' of Wisconsin. Well adapt- crl for inns: psi-w of Canada except Wilt" an c w-epxloririllr winter hardy

' V4 l)'rl'olrl zs required.

Srnnn-vrlri of Sivcdish origin.

pit" -i- r Lu e. flax-k colou

sew Yield: we and is favoured ‘ ' n Columbia.

In .. l __ ._.___W NIINI-ISIV . . IR IlAIZYCI-IED

t its grain, fcr early spring pristine‘,

t as cover crop for ploughing ciownl TOR()\"[‘O_ _y~_.1_v 15._((:P)-}-I,M. and for areas yvlierc soil erosion inay ‘ c5 “Yr-irate. ti lIllllOS\\'(‘(“{)€I‘ for occur. While it responds to good-the Nomi (‘oiiuciinit Naiv was soil, it will do relatively better than launched h <- todnv at the Tor- otlier cereals on soils of poor fertility ‘ ' "vii" .' ~~ r Ccziizmrr- Yard!- iliiy. " " '~ i

Varieties of rye are not known as _ 0-, general] as those of oihe cereal» _ " ‘ ‘ ,

l yet NICK} are distinct varieties oi the all" “Ilmclls armed “seffliififi this crop which make them more n“. _, ' ’ " ‘ e suitable than others for different. " . localities and for different purposes. 0 P, - “- .

Variety rests are conducted at most! T ‘DBL S ’ KING of the Dominion Experimental‘ 01¢, w J, 1- 1,- _,CP\_ _ Par-ms and Provincial Instltutionsmoy; 11x11 ' lw-‘lu 4 cl tociaziratgid

i and variety recommendations m m‘. you“. ,_.- (-.,,,._,,,_,._.,, h‘, H“ m,_ be Pbiflllled fmm ‘he newest idcred n illlbllc inqiii into the re- llerlfllelllfll SY-fillllll- T119 filllowlllg cent sinkznu .ll IIllll-TIX harbor of ape a number of varieties which the fllill)."ll Fro with loss of 19 llllW W011 _good_ insults in fflsts ll\'l.~ H1‘ \\.i.- zvpliiir: to n question " = " in fllil-‘ITIII- Dfl‘ f)! nskczl by (ioidon l nor iLib, Hall-

long which can fly the Atlantic with ease, now are being _"' used for the first time by the Royal Canadian Alr Maurols concludes by saying that if Form, and I‘. S. Army and Now nil‘ lfiirccs in tn- a French librarian had been asked j area, to protect the shipping lanes hailing ;from the Western Hemisphere. One of the largest R. (‘. A I" squadrons in any theatre, a veteran ag- ;_ic;-.itloi\ of f-boal. hunters. ls among those engaged

‘ point when- R A F aircraft (mm Iceland and Great Britain take over to provide continuum: “election

D

l Canada by the Cereal

range aircraft great new Iiombcrs hock from mid-Allnniir- patrol.

during the crossi Left to right, rca I-‘cnclnn Falls, 0n 3H2 llnmpto

l0 nnd - (‘ ,

Sgt. (IS. llassni ‘ of I-Jlrose. Sash, u

the Atlantic. to a

Philip Reeves, Edmonton; , Fisher. Edmonton. i son. Ilnlihurfon. Ont; Flight Sgt. s (l

l taken. ..

IIR. IIerc is the vriw ul" one of the r row; Pilot Olliccr Ross Curtis, 1.: Flight Liz-iii. It R Ingram. A F. n .-\\'r‘.. .‘I(\“ll‘f‘ll|§ \\':irr.||iI (ifficer

Pilot Officer Norman Front lion‘: Flight Sill. II L Sis- Piuk, Ottawa

Toronto. [Flying (lifircr llnii .\l rlioy "as absent ivhcn the photograph was . ..... ... “(ILCMMP-PIWIAI);