i’ MAY 1, i920

_OO#§vw~ §H“+¢.¢.q_v;-~-¢:.- AFTER A MARE FOALS‘

p. mare -foals, she should l“ n good, dry stall or

l vlven the best of care 1;;- nmlltlitvbdttys. The first day or so 5pc will not want much food. About 1pc second day she may be given some nourishing. milk-Producing foods, such as oats, bran, a little corn and hood clover or my‘ along with plenty of pure wat- el- for tlrlnking. From llils time forward tlie main object in feeding huuld be to supply an

After ‘be kvill

the mare -S lunundaince of food adapted to milk production. Fur roughage, good

clover cr alfalfa hay will answer “mg-l purposes, \vliile for the con- centrattes oats and lbranpare fluotl.

When the foal is dropped before [lhQ grass season. soon succulent food might to be provided. As soon as grass season itrrlves nothing is better for the mare than fresh grass, although slie should be giv- cn a fair proportion of dry food to supplement tlic grass and to coun- icrtact IIlf‘ laxitiivc nature of milk llroilticcd from kfPPlVllrttt-ia. (‘m-n should always he exercised to feet] 1h.- itlolhef‘ regularly. lulu to ulakc changes in the ration gradually‘ in tirdcr to avoid tiigcslivc trouble in the foal.

._.._._--<o-¢—-i- . START EARLY IN LIFF TO EDU- CATE THE COLT

One lcsson ‘which has not been given very inticli consideration by Agricultural (follegcs. and similar irlstittliltuis ‘that dell -\vl.th livc~ . . has been the thor- ough domestication of farm animals llut llicre is nothing in all ‘the iii- dustry iliat ‘will give ‘better re- sultant less cost. than the early training oi’ all farlin anitnnls. No other incdiuin in the management of farm live stock will leave bctl- hr profits for the outlay. To be sticcce. ul with live stock. on tlic mixed farm thorough domestica- Iion and training must stand as. lln‘ first important duty, for if

1 b? 5 .-

coufitlcnce in their caretaker, and contentment with their lot is ab- scui among the horses. cattle. slievl) or pigs on the farm. there will he an absence of thrift in the management, and losses will be ilk c]_\‘ to occur. Every youngster is horn with tlic instincts of the wild progenitor, and its tirgatiii-"nts at‘- iict entirely fitted to tlic conditions oi a life of domestication around the farm. Each species. therefore, require somewhat different train-~ ing lo fit in with the new eiivlron- rut-tit.

It. gocs without saying that tlic ipirit, the fire. the speed and tlic tocility" oi‘ tlic well ‘iircd hot-sit 1.. me result of the thorough tlomesti- cation and training that the Arnb “we the horse thousands of years ‘seine the (‘hrlstiiiit "r1. The doci-

lit‘; and homing instinct of the

slireli was gencrateil in tlic species ages ago by tlic same racc of peti- pll‘. who as slicphcrtls "led" iltcir ilnclts "'l‘ltc sliccrp hear my voice and they follow inc" is a ‘biblical saying that throws a flood of light on tln- succossftil (lomestitztition of animals of rcintitc times. It was tlic only way tlic Arab could make

iIli‘ lr-sl of tlic animal. and the oii- ly \\‘.‘iy llio itiiuui-i- t-ai make tlic ‘ livc stock industry worth wliilc is

to tin-tit his tiniinals litiinant-ly all the time; study their comfort in llu- \'l\l‘_\'lll|.', (rlimattr, litindlc and train lIl"lll in their nursery years; iilrn Illt‘ worries that afflict tlic average iitockiiian will cease to cx- Isl.

‘ Training the Colt

- Every young colt that arrives at IIll‘ hit-in should lbc haltcr-brukcit (luring tlic first wcck of its exist- t-ncc. 'l‘lil.< has been the experience of all good horscuicn. after long praclicc and observation. Thcy linvc found that flivinitcss ' and kindness arc two essentials iu the work coup led with a comlplcte allscllrl‘ 0i tool's play and rcgtilarity in cxcr- cisc that should only occtipy a few inouicntii cach day. The colt will soon learn to lnvo the diversion; but ‘care ‘should -bo taken not to “Tilly it. The ‘writer Itas ncvcl‘ htinillctl a colt yct but what ncigh-

l-tl \il'Ill‘ll it heard Iiliii around tho Iiarns. ll-tvttstilwtiys ready lo lcavc Ils niolhcr lu lho stall l.o gcl. its

‘lillll’ till SPCUIIIIH. ‘pcriotl of t-xcrclsi- lll ilriul: lcd with tlic halter roll"-

‘livc IIlI‘ colt a short tiaunc. and illwllys use it when speaking to ll. Ncvtii" slrikc it on the bend, and be carcful II cvcr striking it at all. it I-‘lltcs n long ‘time to study tlic lflllllvrlllucnl of an animal lo ascer- tain when wpunlahincnt can be lud- iciotisly infliclctl. At weaning time. llll‘. early training will stund it in Rood stciid, for it will look on you as lis foster mother.

‘When the gasoline engine is ‘Elllllil or the buzz saw ‘In operation, l qllllllly lflltl lthe colt out to con-y

vltrcc ‘ilt that nothing is amiss. ‘Let ll "it lllP-lillihts and accustom ii lo the smell of gasoline. Put a hand ‘. "ll it and reasintrc It ‘that all is _ wcll and in order. Never push it "ill" "ll" filli" to the othei .ln the stall, but train it to stund to the

Tllli BEST MEDICINE ioit_i_i_mr outs

'l"housantla of mothers state posi- llvllly that Darby's Own Tablets are ‘he Iiest mrxlicine they know of for ‘title onrs. ‘Tlheir experience has rllllglii ihcm that lho Tablets al- nfl-‘l ll<1i1ist_ what is claimed for “lull and flint. they can be given "l: l llcrfccl. safety to children of Josnllliell. ‘Concerning tihem Mrs. Ilmfiillt Therrien. ht. Gabriel, de Ownflglb Que. Writes: "Baby's ‘ km ablets are the best medicine I “vouvlylof for little ones. l thought m“ Til" Ill" my baby before trying him Iiclllllla hm Hwy noon mad? Wm,“ S‘ “llll llll-Illly and now I Tmmetsu‘. e without them." The "a or bf“ "l" lly medicine doal~ from Tge "gr" at“? cent! a box 90-. Broekvllle, onnam. Medmm‘

_ alfalfa '

oll‘? sllllf ‘lly the word of command. er “nut! l’ l}! . 0i‘ On a high mang- fah duwlfl ciances are that it may g,‘ n \ ll l" llllll its halter ‘may ‘h xtd in it. and the fright sust- eilllll “lav lead it to refuse ‘to drink from a tpall though thirst-y. When [baking it from the stall, always ack the colt out. and turn it in the passage ‘wll-Y- ‘Matty a colt has been llermunenrly Injured by attempting i" llllll “lmllld In a stall when a- one in the stable. But a coll, would llever do this if it had not been accustomed to the careless method many horsemen have in allowing them to turn around In the slnll when led out.

Afltcr tlic colt has gained snlfl- Clfllli strength and age to gel ad. vaiiccd lessons, it may be harness- cii and after it has become famil- iar with ll and the bit Ill its mouth tlic old cutter should take its tplaet- iii the training. Never cheat the animal ‘but instill confidence and hive the colt the idea ‘that so long as‘ _\'(.‘lI are around it is all right. [Mild and sconsldcrate treatment, with constant attention to details will lcad to this.

NlTRO-CULTUREC WITH LEGUME SEEDS

Siiicc the time of the llointiiis it has been known that the introduct- lion into a crop rotation of a leg- unic—thai is. one of the plants bcloitging to the family Leguiiiinu- sac, of which tlic most important incinbcrs from the farming view- point tire clovers, peas, beans, and vett;lics—soinebow or other, great- ly benefited other subscqueut7crolls it is only within the last few years that the explanation has been dis- covered.

Tito Legumes, as a family In the vcgetalble kingdom, generally bear on their rootlets small nodules or lumps, of the size of a pinlieatl up- wards. ililscroscopic study has shown that these nodules contain numerous small organisms, known as bacteria. These organisms be- long to a particular group with a number of definite strains, each

stiictly to a particular plant or group of plants. A long series of subsequent experimenting has pro vrd that these bacteria convert the ntrogen of the air into a- chemical forin which the plant or group of plants can readily assimilate. Tilc association. in short. of plant and bacteria is decidedly ‘beneficial bolli to the legumes and the soil. Tile net rcstilts, at "the end of the sea- son, is a valuable addition of iiltro- gen to the farmer's fluid at. practi- cally no expense.

Now "nitro-culttires“ are simply collections of these bacteria ready

made from an Oriental mixctl with chemical salts, and ilieii bottlctl wfor sending out.

cultures. breaks up the jollyfshult sugared water, and wets his seeds

trilbutus tlic bacteria over the seeds which. when dry, are sown; and. so, plant and bactcrla are brought iiito intimate contact from the very I'Cllllllt‘fl('(?lllt‘.llI of growth. _

Nitro-ctilturcs arc prepared by tlic Division of Botany for alfalfa and stvecl clover, red nntl alsikc (ZIOVOTS and peas, anti are ptit up in lliottlcs trontaining sufficient nac- tcria for t-lic treatment of about a bushel (00 lbs.) of seed. ('.\lll\ll‘t'h arc supplied frec to farmers on ap- plltzatitin to the Division of llotaiiw (‘virtrtil lajtperiincittttl Farm. Ot- la-wa, Ontario. on their stating the crop for which culture is required, atui the tluaiitity of seed proposed to Iic trcattctl. Only ihrtvr such bot- tles in all. however. own be sull‘ piivtl to any onc flllllllvlllll-

A. INGLIS, iLA.

KILL WARBLE rues IN THE onus STAGE

The characteristic lumps or swel- lings which may he found undcr the skin on the backs of many (Yrllllfi ‘mm January until April contain grnbs if these grabs arc allowed in rcmain. they will colllllllllfl l-llell rrowih, drop to the ground anti transform to hccl flies, which may rcinfcst llll‘. cattle during the Spring and Suinnitir, The lzrubs weaken lilo catllc. ctnisc them to tall ol'f iii flesh and lnuk, and dtvcrcaso tlic value of n“. “mo, The beef in the immediate vicinity of n giub becomes slimy and of ii greenish color, and is lknuwu to the butcher as Iifrkfitl Ill-cf." ()n an average the damage I10 ll“. lllllns ls placed at one-third their value and tho loss of beef to 'cacli infested animal ranges from $4.00 to $6.00.

Removing Grub!-

Thn gruhg may IK‘ pressed out through lhc opening at tlic top of tho swelling. A sharp knifc anti a pall- of tweezers lvill often facilitate the work of removing the Krill"- inre should be taken l0 "llflll "ll tho grubs removed, to prevent their further development and transfor- mation Into flies. It is advisable to examine the cattle for lumps or Iswelling over tllll llllcli every lw° or three weeks durlnit llile Willi" and early Spring to detect the pest. Various oll are often used. The lotion is either smeared over the infested reltlon or fllillllefl l" llle mouth of the breatinig ltole of the grub. One or two applications will usually be sufficient. The objection to this method is that the wounds do not heal readily unless the grubs arc removed.

‘Some have claimed that the ar ilenical and coal for dlflll will ll» used In the case of large llefllll which cannot rend-fly be treated by direct removal of IIlI‘ grubs. II still remains to be determined. liow- cvcr. whether practical means of eradication can be made by i119 “Br of dips. Dips applied during the Spring and Summer will no doubt.-

strain apparently confining itself

The ‘finiiicr. when lie receives the es it tip with some skint milk or

with tlic resulting liquitl. This dis-

-._.___.

v

km many maggmll illlll 988s which are attached to hairs on animals’ bodies.

The Ox Warble Fly.

The udult of the ox warble is a‘ fly about half an inch long, very lllllly. and resembles a small black Holley bee. The females in deposit- ing their eggs on cattle worry nnd torment the animals and frequently cause them to stampede for shelter 0r water. The fly does not sting or bite. but the animals seem to have an instinctive dread‘of Its approach; just as the horse has for the bot-fly;

Flill Oil. train oll and other sub- stances are often recommended as a “Wily i0 keep off warble flies. To be effective, their use would have to be continued during the Spring and early Summer, and such a‘ Drac- tlce would be difficult and expen- sive except In the case of ‘entail herds of valuable cattle.

INBREEDING The poultrynian is often in a quandary regarding inbreeding

Ilc hears that all if the greatest strains of laying fowl have been produced by inbreeding. Others whose judgment he has every rea- son to trust. are just as strong in their condemnation of tlic prac- tice. What, then. are ‘the facts‘!

Inbreeding may be defined as the mating of relatives and just as lhcro are degrees of relationship, so there are degrees of inbreeding. Linc breeding for instance, is so designed as to keep inlbreeding at a minimum. At the ‘Massachusetts l-Zxperimciit ‘Station all kinds ot‘ matings have been made to find a practical answer to the question.‘ “Shall l inbreed?" The investi- gators conclude that the wisdom oi’ the course can be decided in each individual case only by the merit of the progeny. Generally they coucltitle:

“in otir experience the very best results have come from oulinatings. while the very poorest have come from close matings. it is clear. t-lien, tliot very great care must be used when inbreeding. lest disas- ter overtake the breeder unawares. Very careful and accurate pedi- grees and other records must bl‘. ltept. Furthur, the provisional con- clusion appears instilled that the very best results are most likely to be obtained by crossing two 1118' tiilct lines. each of which in inbred and which is doing well. Vet-y likely the Iicst way to retiew the commercial egg flock is tlirottgh thc crossing of strong, high- producing, inbred liiics. which will. of course.

anew each season."

ONION GROtWING

The easiest way to protluc" a good crop of large onions oii_ a small‘ area is to buy sets. which are SlllillI onion bulbs less than threequarters of ttii inch in iliamct er, anti ‘plant lhein in rows at lcast fourteen inches apart nnd t'roni two to tlircc nclics apart iii tlic row. 'I‘itcsc small bulbs arc placed iii sliillow furrows and covered light- ly by hand. Another plan is to sow seed in a greenhouse or hot bed in February or early in March and transplant the young plants tlii‘ cctly to the field curly in the spring sipaciiig the plants the same as tlic sets. 'l‘licse incilioils are not suita- lile 1o oiiiuii groping on a large scale, as lhc sets and plants cost to inuch and the labor of planting is too grcztt.

Sced is sown in the open ficld for the bttlk of the onion crops, and it is essential to stiw as etirly 115 the still ciin be prepared. as the oiilon makcs most of its growth before the hot weather comes.

Onions, will grow on most soils btit do best on the sandy and black loams which are very rich in plant food. well tlralnetl and in a flue state of cultivation, being free from stunt-ii. stickinwectls etc. lClay soils are not adopted to onion growing owing to the difficulty of cultivat-

l

E

i.

‘Stable manure gives best results when applied in the fall. Well-dc- caycd manure may be used in the spring if well worked into the soil A well balanced commercial fer- tilizer may be tiscd If niantire is not available. Cultivation and hand weeding should continue. gradual- ly tiecreuslng in depth until the bulbs are well formed. when cul- tivation should cease. The onions arc ready to harvest when most of he tops have fallen over. On small areas the bulbs are pulled by hand and thrown together in rows to dry for a few days if the weather is fine, being turned once or twice. They may be gathered and topped then and stored in slat crates. which are plied in itn open shed to continue curing. Winter storage re quires a dry, frost-proof room with a fairly low teinpcraltugeol Rodd‘ __-_-¢-o->-—-———

LIVE STOCK NOTEB.

The Commltte which has been up‘ pointed to consider and draft u Dill" Icy for the eradication of disease amongst commercial live stock. will meet In Ottawa on the 5th and 6th of May next. On this Coinmlt- tee the producers will he represent- ed by the ‘President of the Western Cflllfllln Live Stock Union. Mr. Hut- ton; Thc President of the Canaditlll Council of Agriculture, Mr. It. W. E. Burnaby; the President of the Eastern Canada Live Stock Union: and the President of the National Dairy Council. Mr. E. H. Stona- house. The packers will be repre- sented by Mr. 0. W. Walker; Mr. E. C. Fox; Mr. Frank Matthews. and Mr. S. E. Todd. The Depart- iucnt will be represented by tho Deputy Minister; the Live Stock Commissioner; tlic Assistant Livi- Stock Commissioner. and chlcf In- spector. Meat and Canned Foods

1N TEREST TOFARMERS

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Veterinary Column

Contributed by DR. K. W. MCKINNON Veterinary Inspector.

%§O-O-§

ABORTION DI-SEASE OF CATTLE

Cllllillgltius abortion of cattle is a specific infection disease manl- fested by aborlion, retention of the fetal membranes, inflammation of the uterus, caked udder and barren- llfsllfil‘ lllellllly. The bull has been considered a carrier, but just to what extent he may be lTsipQnglblp for transmission of tlic discasc Ill yet n (luestiuii.

This tliseasti constitutes n very serious problem, viewed economical- ly, because of the extensive losses occasioned by it.

Recent investigations tend to show that abortion disease exists in most dairy herds In this. country and is obscrvctl in beef herds even 0n tlic range. (‘alves stiffer from white scour and. pneumonia, bc- catise of this disease. ln- addition to tlic loss of calvcs, ll. loss that may run as lilgli as 90 per ccnt. in, some instances. occasionally cowsl succumb t0 infiaitiation _of the‘ uterus, gorge-nor nilier complica- iion-s resultant from this infection, but perhaps the greatest loss of all comes from sterility or barrenness. a (‘DllllllOll sequel to infectious ab- ortion and a genuine menace to the breeding industry. ‘

The, cause of the disease is the bacillus nborlus and may be ob- tained from various tissues of an aborted fetus.

According to reports made by ln-, vcstigators of this disease, cows that have suffered abortion often remain carriers and disisemators of] the bacillus long after they have’ ceased to abort. (lows that have been exposed to the infection. but still have never aborted may he carriers of the bacillus abortus. As the result of years of tests with milk from cows as affected, it has been found that the udder is dis- eased and consequently milk is a source of infection. Therefore a cow that has been exposed to the bacillus should be looked upon as a probable carrier and disseminator of abortion bacilli and raw milk. from such an animal or milk from unknown sources inaycontain abor- tion bacilli and consequently be a sorucc of infection.

One authority found that 29 out oi‘ 90 tiairies in Washington. D. (T3.

i

be maintained intact hyl bot-lied. Th0 tllmiwl‘ llfifiierlll lift’- inbreetllng. and making the cross‘ isolated from all others. grown on artlilcal soil, tionslsting of a jelly seaweed

.dclivercd niilk containing abortion ‘bacilli. The fetus. whether livinli or dead. placental membranes, and vaginal tllscliarges from a cow. af- lfcctetl with abortion disease colt-i ltain virulent bacilli and mlly 00"" lslcqttently be ll means of transmit- ting tibortirln tlisease.

(‘clyrs may become infected with the bacillus tibortus from niilk and from the tlischargcs oi" COWS lllill have aborted, and such infected calves . in tttrn, become a source of infection. Fccd and water, litter, buildings. inls and pastures become infctrtcd front discztsctl animals and become n. source of infection.

The hull. as a factor in the dis- seininaiioii- of infectuotis abortion, inrrits serious consideration, how- ever, whether the bull is 11101‘? lllilll a more mechanical carrier of in- fection is an undecided question. Infection of tlic fvllltl lll llllim l5 of common octurroticc. Calves mil)’ also bfftftllllt‘ infected from lltiiil. from the discharges oil infected cows and from contaminated feed and water. Miiluie subjects may also be lnfcctcd by containiinatctl fccd and Wllivl‘.

The avenues of infection may be hr- way ‘of the intestinal tract and teat (lucts. as well as the gcllllfll organs anti tirtifitiial or accidental itioctilttiinn by way of the blood or gulph stream is of course possible.

The symptoms tlcpend ~up0n till.‘ extent, duration anti severity of the

tliscasc process. Abortion may occur at some time from the Iiilil In the seventh month during the COIIFSO of gestation. The alterilirth is tisiially retained and itiorc Or lcss inflammation of tho titcrus re- stilts nml thin is followed by ster- ility or barrcnness. inflammation of tlic tiddcr is also llrrllfllll lll llle majority of instances. and the dis- cnslc is characterized by ll/ilill? scour and pneumonia In calves.

Abortion occurs most frequently in heifers oi' in young cows and while It. usually takes place during the latter stages of gestation It may occur earlier. ln such instanc- es thc only evidence of abortion is the fact that animals are not preg- nant and yet arc known to have placental membranes, unlike other cases where abortion may take place during the latter stages of pregnancy there is a vaginal rlis- charge which varies ln color from a yellowish-while to a brownish-red. This tllscharlze may continue. or It may be expelled pcriodicnllly, this resulting from its accumulation In the uterus. where inflammation in the uterus exists subjects manifest cvitlcnce of distress have extremely high temperatures, nnd may be Inst In from one to three days because of the absorption‘ of pulridproducls from the uterus. In the less severe cases subjects are depressed, allite- tite is irregular, the coat Is rough. they become emaciated. and yet the majority recover in from one to two months.