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four year period it out the UIIIK States Government 530 billion which had to be collected in taxes or by the issue of bonds pledging future taxpayers. "No Englishman," he adds, ”has any right to stint his ad- miration for the initiation of lend- lease. It was an unsordid act". This is a fine acknowledgement

of what was undoubtedly a greati source of strength to Britain and her Commonwealth allies, who for more than a year from the downfall of France to the formal entry of the l'nited States into the war held the German war machine at bay at tremendous cost in live: and treas- ure. It is well, however, to see this leiid-lease business in its historical perspective. It was mainly a device to promote the defence of the Unit- ed States, to quote from the pre- amble to the bill which Congress, after having debated it for two months, enacted into law on March ll, 1941. The idea was born in the fertile mind of President Roosevelt , who. there is some reason to believe, would have taken the United States into the war early in 1941, or per- haps even earlier than that, if Am- erican public opinion had not been as dilatory as it was in recognizing the Nazi threat to the security of the United States. This refusal to face the facts of the situation did . not go out of fashion until the Jap- anese attack on Pearl Harbor. iii- deed. some analysts are of the opin- ion that. the United States would not have entered the war at all but for that "act. of infamy", as Mr. Roos- evclt called it. It seems reasonable to suggest, therefore. that lend-lease was. in part. Mr. Roosevelt's way of trying to provide a measure of com- pensation to the British for the bes- itancy of American public opinion to support. taking up arms against the common enemy.

Re that as it may. the record Sllriwll plainly that the big undertak- lng was primarily in the interests of the United States. That does not detract from its value to the allied war effort: but it does make the great generosity less a matter of altruism and more a matter of prac- tical diplomacy in the face of immi- nent peril.

EDITORIAL NOTES

Depamnenl. Ottawa.

.3, carrier uiuluuelovrn. Summexdde slam pa 2 2 sun. Iniuwaau Ill em emu. ova: Pi-evlnx an U.i. liz.00 all annu-

"The euongen memory B reels llll weaken ink."

, . ,s.ew.--'-?-- ITAGF. 4 Tl'l-ZSDAY, OCTOBER II. 13

M,,m, .. .L

Health insurance The intcrt-st of the pharmaceut- ', it-at profession in Health insurance is a mutt:-at one for it intimately touches the manner of operation, the finances and the control of their biisiness.. The question is of at least equal iniportaiico to the public, how- eior, for the cost and avallahlliti of medicines. as well as medical care , and hospitalization, is ever 10 be .. reckoned with. ' For this l'P'zlxfill the visit of a tin- tinxzuishetl British pharmacist and Member of Parliament is an import.- ant event. Sir llugh liinstead is rat-nmfl-,,.-ll today as a world leader in his protrwsioii, so that it is a valu- ghle opportunity for pharmacists and others in this Province that he should have visited us and discussed the niany problems coiinct.-ted with Health lnsuraiice. in Britain we have seen a form of state Health insurance take form, while in our llllll country the mCfi- loal prol't-5.x-iriii has backed voluntary insurance plans and the insurance eompanies have been ready with appropriate coverage plans of their

OWH.

lN'hctlior state. commercial insurance is favored at any particular time. however, there is no doubt of the desirability of in- surance of one form or another. The costs of sickness fall too heavily on the individual to be borne unaided. They must be shared widely and the only question is hoiv broad should be the base on which they are shared.

Notable Anniversary

Notre Dame Academy, which has reached its 100th year of life and

to this communit', will re- , , , . ::lIlV'Ol?O::nn;:l'allllHLl0nS and lzood wish- "N".-V kmJPwskl' the PreSld.ntml

. , es l'l'om all our citi'1.ens irrespective """didate hr the Pom Mank Pan” 5': of their religious attachments. Un- "l-" h. dnemlt expect to b. elected this year. No doubt, his frank and

der the supervision of the Sisters of mp vnngrpgauon of Notre Dame it unusual statement has taken a heavy load from the minds of President

has made a significant contribution . , tn th-P Mm,a”nnal and mlmml de l-Jisenhower and Mr. Adlai btevenson.

co-operative or

7.....- ..V

..., Mi... ..-.

essary to proce,ss,n century ago. more so per- haps than they are now, those with specific religious and ecclesiastical bias had to face difficulties to which peculiarly secular institutions were relatively immune; for the principle of mutual tolerance and understand- ing among people of different relig- ious traditions had not. yet reached wide acceptance. That fact, together with financial worries which tradit- lnnally have been the lot of private schools lacking munificent endow- ms-nLs, made the venture at Notre Dame. a particularly courageous one dependent in large measure on the faith, perseverance and good man- agement of its sponsors. That the difficulties were overcome and that on its 100th anniversary the school has achieved a very high place among its contemporaries are fine testimonies indeed to the faith and floresight of its founders and to the academic excellence and human un- derstanding of its administrators dovm through the years.

The need for Notre Dame is as great as ever. Indeed. it may be greater than at some times in the mat. in view of the lncreaelng'influ- to corroborate Mr. Kefauwrk aa- ence of secular viewpoints on educa- sertion. .

Gonelssystems. Its many friends. of - 0 0 all denominations. will wish for it skeleton; dug up in New .19.-gay continuing stnencth and usefulness are said to be from 1,000 to 4.000 L years old. That may be an interest- Ltfld 9350

, lng discovery from the scientific The latest volume of a history of point of view: but as an achievement Worn War written by n. s. tocmweboutltlspre.ttye1nellcom- lfviu. nanaei uni-use prola- . I .

- t l

' , velnpment of city and province. ' ' ' . -' A While "finishing schools" were Sl" R”lo'-"' Makmsv Wh” 1" the -' tllfli rs-gaitletl as helpful and almost ncc- l""-all 5”Vt"l'7ll .V93"5 hall M9" Brmsh , l i v l m, gonnral ,dumunnai Ambassador in the United States, is

returning to Britain to take over an important financial post in the gov- ernment. It will take a very able man to fill his place in Washington, for by all accounts he was an ex- tremely capable representative and well liked in the United States. I O O A dispatch from New Delhi says that. some Indian beggars make as much as 19 cents It day, not counting their free meals, and a little more if they happcn to be of a religiotis turn of mind. That doesn't sound like in- flationary pay by any means. but it is only a little less than that earned by the average factory employee, who of course works a lot harder. O O O The Chairman of the United States Atomic Energy Commission has taken Senator Estes Kefauver to task for asserting in a campaign speech that the United States has lost. the leadership in the matter of developing atomic energy for peace- ful uses. Well, the fact thatg Britain its already using the new power for llghtlng homes and factories. and the United States is not. would seem

I

l?

pared with that of a young rural teechertncermuiywboefewweeks egounm!thed&ekullofeNeen- Qrthal woman whollval 120.000 ttyeuboug lmyeu-I A imtltegtfiednIIoftlIem'ItNeen- -lQ.Oel,-hnvvutlulqllthenue

THE WISE BIRD

Ry

llciuutmtir with lung iucmnr- Ins must liaie found Presitient Eisenhower's rrcenl comments on the constitution it hit surprising and perhaps somcwliat ironic as well. in (lisciissing the office of the prcsidcncy Mr. liiscnhnwcr ex-

not he in the national interests to forbid any person front liolrling the office of prcsidcut for more than two trrms liutlrr Ilir pvoiisinns of the Tucntv Sccunrl liiicnflment to the tinnslitiilion of thr l'iiIl('d Stalcd no prrson niai lic clcctcd lo the nations l1lL'hl:'Sl office more than twice. (Anyone xllffflcfllng to the office ironi the iicc-presidency

than two yc.'ir.s nf tlic Icrm of ano- ther pcrson elnctcrl In the presi- dencyt.

The Twenty Second Amenrliucnt was passed in llnrclt llflth (Iongrcss which was then tind- er Republican control. it did not

1951. Although Franklin D. Roose-

lls initial enrlnrsation hv ('om:rcss there was little doubt that ii was Dromtpcd by Rcpulilit-an resent- ment of his long tenure on the White House No president before himhad tried for in tlnrd term and in many quarters ll was regarded

third trrms wt-re lahon. But llnnsp. velt sought and won the presiden- ey not only three but four times and was regarded by the frustrat- ed Republicans as an unbeatable candidate. in an effort to prrvcnl any recurrence of such lom: ca- fablished pnpulnr leadership they lllllkht to impose constitutional

It the presidency. in their cam- palgn against the third term they were aided by sonic Dciiiocrats who had hecn alionatcd and an- gered by some of Roosevelt's ag- gressive actions and progressive measures.

Time has tampered some of the political hatreds which Roosevelt's powerful personality fostered in some parts of the United States but many Americans will recall the deep-sealed emotions which be amused in his fellow citizens. Ry many he was loved with an almost unbelievable intciistlv. Olli- ers hated hint fierccly and rlcnoun- ccd him and all his works. A strong criticism aizalnst him was

lingnesa to step aside from the centre of the national stage. I can recall thc bitterness of a crusty Repuhlicmi uncle who once de- clared ”We thought we got rid of

The vteh of history. were it ever fo be spun from real fiber. would surely be made of cotton.

3? far the single most impor- Iant fat-for today in Egyptls econ- nmy. sllll the leading export as well as cash crop of the United States. cotton is grown in more than to countries. says the Nat- ional Geographic Society. Catt: production exceeds that of all oth- er fibres combined. its culture. moreover. predate-i hlalory.

Though thr oldest known KW lmenn of coltnmfabrlc have has dug from the graves of are-lnu mu. 'hlsfl;lanh: 'geneI;all,v place

or gin t iber n eoutbe:

limitations nn the tenure of office i

pressed the opinion that it might i

may be elected to lllf' presidency . only once if he had -.t”l'l(fl more .

lfl-l7 by the .

receive the required approval of l three-quarters of the states until i

l

veil had passed from the scene i before the amendment um given ,

And The Constitution

Heath Macquarrir

Kings in 1776 but we. reclmnect with- out King Franklin.” A favorite Re- publican joke concerned the lit- tle school girl who came home and asked her mother who George Washington was. ()n being told that Washington was the first prea- ident the wide-eyed youngster ex- claimed: ”Gee was there one be- fore Roosevelt”

Now the wltcel has come full cir- tile and Republicans are somewhat

embarrassed by their constitutlon- ;

al handiwork. A president who is

forbidden to run a third term loses .

much of his autority over his par- ty and President Eisenhower is particularly vulnerable on this score. As Adlai-Stevenson declar- ed the Republicans covet Eisen- hower as a candidate but many do not follow him as a leader. In the present campaign all manner of Republicans. left. right and cen- tre arc riding on the coattails of their phenomenally popular pres- idential candidate. but after the election is over he will never be a candidate again. It is therefore possible-iihnf. the old-line react- innaries in the party may emerge in prominence after Eisenhower": political usefulness is at an end. in the campaign now aging the

, Democrats are seeking to play up

-as an unwritten convention that ,

his love of power and his unwil- l

. Oltlerihlhanilluinan History

National Geographic society

their party as the one more pro- gressive and sensitive to the needs of the uiasscs. It is therfore food strategy In suqgcst that the Re- publican party will shed its Eisen- hower cloak of enlightened pro- grcssivlsm after the election.

It is to meet such criticism that l-Ilscnhower now says that I third term muzhl he a good thing und- er certain circumstances. To dis- cuss such Ill eventuality also serv- es to stress his own good health. (which is perhaps not as robust as his political associates declare.)

; It also serves to convey the idea i that ii vote for Eisenhower does

not imply an endnrsation of the presidential ambltloned og vice- prealdcnt. Nixon. Despite his so- ralled new look. Nixon in far from being A popular figure and Democrats are making capital out of the suggestion that he is being groomed for the presidency eith- er as successor to the ailing Ele- enhower before 1960 or as the Re- publican standard-bearer in the presidential contest of that year.

Thus the sacred comiltltution is living made to serve its purpose in the great battle for political advantage. The prospects of the amendment being repealed are al- tngether remote but the discussion about such a move will find some place in the campaign of mass per- suasion now being staged by the leaders of the two great parties.

route to India. Indeed, the fact that he found San Salvador nat- lveii growing cotton on his arrival in American convinced Columbus he had reached Indie.

Cotton culture spread from in- die to Persia and China. Plains were grown in Greece at the tune nf Alexander the Great. But the first major lnropean enter for the fiber was Moorlall Stein. The Moure made paper mam cotton

heard of tberlrt.

3 3 l E

-2' S S 3? 1”:

for America coma seed from all ova the to bring with them. In I that eventually was to

E isgi

LOOKING FOR FIREWODD A little while some fires are high

and clear. (tome. hunt for wood--bay. lau-

rel. palm. vined oak.

We'll ponder on various kinds of

rich warmth raised From differcrit fibres. dazzlcmcnts

that rear Strange as in Lincoln who middle-

aged awoke. Or that one century when Athens

blazed. Florence but half that long. and in

the mind (if Keats the one great year when

seas would burn. Searching along small rivers we

may find Timbers with flames like Arno's.

who can learn How Avon wood caught well? All

fires die.

But some for a little while nu

clear and high, -R. G. Ev-ei-son in the Monthly

Atlantic

Northern Lights

By Richard Anco for C P

The mystery of the northern lights, the display of colored Kiowa in the sky around the North and South Poles. may be an- swered in high-altitude rocket tests here later this month.

A 80-foot. Aerobee-Hi rocket. its nose packed with cameras and scientific instruments. is schrd. filed to be fired Oct. 23 from an American-built launching tower near this joint U.S.-Canadian mil- itary base in Canada's aub-Arctic. It will soar up 120 miles.

Sxlentlste have planned the ex- periment to coincide with a prom- inent show of the red and green light streamers on that day. RADIO INTERFERENCE

Little is known about the spec lacular euronal displays. A Cana- dian aclenllat working with the Defence Research Board of Can- ada in co-operation with Amer- ican personnel here said the northern lights interfere with radio communlcetiun.

Cmdr. L1: . Hearne of the us. Navy said he hopes the rocket experiments will explain why the aurora are more intense in the North Pole regions than in the south.

The big question ls: What are the northern lights?

One theory is that the northern lights are caused more than I0 miles above the earth by strain: of electrified particles from the sun. The rocket exploration will he the first to probe the myetefv at heights greater than 50 miles.

The data picked up by the Var ions Instruments in the rocket will be transmitted to ground observ- era by radio. Once the mieelle'e fuel I. pended the magneto- metre. will shoot of! into and plummet to earth.

i

duclion of Sea Island cotton all hit

War 1. Meanwhile. however. Inland lied been crossed er cotton in Egypt poduoe nu. with Kernel. lull! supplies It per cent ef

i it iifsri

Ill

Evil

i

is ill:

M-sdactillv Speaking,

lernu N. Index. I. I, NEW WATII PIIIIIAH -CHECKS T001!

1 -'-..,,.;,:;.;

ANOTES av raelwaii

A netrelt llnn '1'-bone. is calling them the king of feasts. -Vancouver Herald

ieeleennle andfor

aervh ellweknev

A "wen:-heads”. sud for an an an eedl - iiu been devdeped in the unwed K.ng. don: with use of a beating eta. meat. All we need not are lur.

i From The (iuardlu Files

I

It lies been shown that nuori- - am... .1 . . mi. The all nmv trails. the lined gear-shifts.-Ottawa Journal mnuwm ha, "Wu, dam tvvotasecould barely pen with- ..,.u mt”. , out colliding. are being replaced in we: the url el leaeoaetleld. 1;. up .5-man. .g mm. by splendid wide lilghwaye where Dennis Disraeli. who said, --M dadnn-endtlerebaabeeiieoina Ilxorelglitcarecancollldeet Wnmemclnbchngguw. tianlto it-it is a sound an. Inca.-cuaipii Mercury without a formidable opposition' in bealtlr measure. Numerous Electors would be wise to bear studies have already proved this, People. are. uklne. "White that in mind: unfortunately thev u:suu' or Iuavmr wrong with the stock market?" A do not always do no-annual: Tliqe Inrveye dlecloeed that very different thing from asking EXPOIIIO teeth treated with "wine: wrong with the country's .

sodium showed about 0 cent economic poeitln 2'' The stock A ' it-.re:'nt.:nteet'liw Iiulaotbeee marketlsnoteldependablaglrov Th. - meter of where 1 country gr 0' on wnnuuunugmdmuuu 1,uV;,l,l-.3 lag economically.-Ottawa Journal. &

Life in a but came. one cea- aldered as being a little too rough for a timid fellow. has been streamlined to some extent. Mem- bers of camp staffs enjoy the best of meals planned by camp cooks who have been trained for the business. Lumbertnan also enjoy weekly entertainment. usually mo- tion picture films. at many camps operated by some of the larger concerns.-North Bay Nugget

Though the trend has not yet af- fected race tracks. the horse pop- ulalion is steadily heading toward zero, In Ontario. for every five horses forty years ago there is now one. Statistics of the Depart- ment of Agriculture give a run- down from 1902 to 1955. Peak dur- ing that period was reached in 1015 at 779,000. Thereafter there was a steady decrease. checked somewhat in the depression year! but dropping sharply since 194! to an unprecedented low of. 155.000 last year. Average value. how- ever. was the highest since 1914. at Sill. Census figures in 1951 showed that tractors averaged about one to a farm acrosn,Cen- ada.--Toronto Telegram

Chicago recently embarked upon a fluoridation program. More than 1.100 other communities across the country where water supplies are defient in fluoride also have fluoridation programs.

CHIEF ARGUMENT

The chief argument of those op-

posing fluoridation is that fluo- rldee are poisons. And so they are -in large quantities. And so the ap- proved method of fluoi-idating city water supplies won't harm either children or adults. It will help combat dental caries. - You can compare the trace of fluoride in your water supply In the trace of iodine in iodlzed tab- le salt. .

Iodine. too. is poisonous it con- sumed in large amounts. Yet to- dlzed salt has been used for some 32 years and has helped greatly to eliminate virtually all goiter trou- ble in the United States.

Table salt itself is poisonous in large quantities. Remember the countless persons adrift at sea who have died from drinking salt wat-

er.

The safety of the fluoridation program is demonstrated again by two recent studies of the United States Public Health Service. One study showed the death rates in 32 fluoride cities nd 32 neighbor- ing non-fluoride ctiea were virtu- ally the same.

N0 HARMFUL EFFECTS

in the other. complete medical examinations of the eyes. ears. liver. kidneys. bones. thyroid. heart and other organs showed no harmful bodily effects due to drink- ing water containing even eight parts per million of fluoride.

An estimated 25,500.000 WHORE in the United States are now drink- ing fluoridated water each day. in all. about one of every four resi-