4-H

ptyllis Parker fleit), N o r t-h wﬂtghire, and Lois Moore, West many, are looking at the en-

mved silver trays they received

MEMBERSIECEI W. I. TPI-IY

lat the Maritime Winter Fair 1last'Nov-ember. They were the 1957 winners of the Maritime 4-H Competlitions for (§i,r1»,;' clubs,

The trays were donated by the Women’s Institutes of the Marl- time Provinces.

ﬁbre Careful

Each year the disease and con-' ditions affecting tl1e various clas-I 595 of livestock form A similar? pattern to those observed In the! , ‘previous years. It is very ob-l vious from disease encounter * that most of the losses, which would amount to many thousands“ of dollars each year, could be’; averted by more careful attentionl In the practical principals of live-' gtock management.

In other words we should be‘ constantly concentrating on im- proved husbandry practices. In poultry we could minimize our losses up to eighty or eighty five per cent by an improved poultry . husbandry programme.

Cattle diseases most frequently observed were mastitis, retained ~ afterbirth, acetonemia. milk fev- ‘ er, difficult calving and poison- . lugs. These six conditions alone Involved over thirty one hundred ‘ annuals. ‘

.' MAN)? AILMENTS

In swine disease erysipelas ’ showed an upward trend in the . number of cases this year. Ap- proximately one thousand cases were treated. Other conditions in

Attention I

Would Save Big Losses

order of frequency were: Aggil- acthia (lack of Milk). Indigestion, and "worm infestations.

As a follow up of a survey con- ducted five years ago another one was commenced in the latter part of November. This survey, as was the previous one, is an endeavour to collect pertinent information on the health statis of swine herds as well as certain produc- tion and management in forma- tion.

In Sheep the two chief condi- tions seen in the field as well as in the Laboratory were associa- ted with mismanagement namely: Parasitism and Entro-Cocksemia.

Horses, the conditions w e r e ones chieﬂy associated with ad- vancing years namely: colic. in- digestion and dental cases.

In Poultry the conditions most frequently encountered upon Post Mortem examination were: Coc- cidiosis, Round Worms invfesta - tions, Avian Tuberculosis, Vita- min Deficiency and Leucosis.

The recognition and adoption of sound husbandry practi-ces can pay dividends in any livestock programme. .

From Danger OI

lnniost rural areas the farm I well is the only source of drinking v water. Many such wells contain bacteria which make the water unfit to drink. The Department » of Bacteriology at the Ontario ‘Agriculture College operates a water testing service by which the supply of water for any farm or school may be sampled and 9 tested. It is a wide plan to have I. water tested so that there is no '‘ danger to the farm family from ‘ drinking polluted water.

Bacteria may enter the well I from several sourc'es. Many soil bacteria gain entrance to the well. Others enter through sur- " one water which runs into poor- ' ll’ located ‘and improperly cover- ed wells. These bacteria include I many intestinal types which come, from manure piles, barns, chick- ‘tn houses, septic tanks, cess llools and outside privies. Ani- " mi!‘-S. fowl and insects may‘ all . W89 pollution of water where e well is not properly protected. POOR POSITIONS

Any condition which allows sur—- ice water or water in the too few feet of soil to enter the well Ihould be eliminated. Wells lo- ~ Iﬁl-ed in hollows ' or depi'e:-gs-Lcd ‘W35. may be flooded with sur- face water unless proper drain- ‘ “E9 is supplied to prevent this ind unless -the top of the well is ughlly covered. Wells should be located so that. trface water drains away from 1}“; The ‘top of a small rise of ‘find is desirable for this. To pre- tent. movemerg. of b a. C I e I‘ i a Ftrougli the s il to the well. it ' _'a 1d be as far as possible ‘ml 31‘-y_ source of pollution- ’ mm‘; P“'1V.V. septic tank and ' wcl‘ 911 Pen. In clay soils the Em should be 75 to 100 feet \ m any Dossible source of pollu- h__‘___________*______’

’ Gcose Egg 3 Incubation '8 Outlined

I uﬁﬂbgtmn l31‘a»cIt;ces 1.19-ed for ‘ “en ‘Eggs must be modified ‘cltlry results with goose 1‘f“‘e_ll0 be acliieved. Goose lficltllllre the same Iinlculbati-o~n “We” 5‘_l1‘e as chicken egs, but ‘per 9_h-Iﬁlien eggs, they require mﬁnt Wmln and humidity n“‘5- The In WEE ‘<’=1‘t least tliree ti , " 23 ~ clay Iilcubatioii Mgr éaaﬁd p tuinied cgmpletely‘ .M&t§~‘~ tune. 1.5.. througli a‘ 3 (10130 degrees. or as c=1=o~se J5 , ; - V conaggif 2:: no-s_.s..:iiIe. rim: Inch chicken eggs “ “wurnh 2» 9.2.85

,e _ the 1?."-

\

.. -.

44 (W as (‘P

5;. wh- ll?

xx 4 .2 E’ 4 0 D-

, IV‘ \>I'n"-»-I d. lllgun '56 tin

' n Vlball-9“ .1‘-‘?l'lctl about

..- 1.-at ums Pllfllose s=‘,iou‘d

; Should Protect Water Supplies

Pollution

tion. In sand and gravels the well should be located 200 feet from such sources of bacteria.

SHOULD BE LINED ,

To prevent the entrance of sur- face or heavily contaminated soil water, the upper portion of the well lining should be steel. or iron. pipe or concrete. V\Loosely ﬁtted stone or brick linings allow many bacteeriainto the well. The top of the well should be placed on walls that are finish ed above the ground level. This top should be built of concrete with a suitable tight manhole. It should slope

away from tthe centre and the

Use Great Cure Handling. G-as

Would you handle dynamite carelessly? Certainly not, and yet ordinary gasoline, pound .f.ro pound, has three times the explo- sive power of dynamite. Because of the terrific destructive energy available in motor fuel. it must -be handled with extreme caution.

1. Gasoline is highly explosive when mixed with air. For’ this reason, avoid splashing “the gaso- lnie when handling it.

2. Repair all leaks in storage,

tanks, tractor fuel tanks, fuel» line

connections, etc.

3. Always keep the cover on the tractor" battery box. A wrench dropped across the battery termi- nals can easily start a fire. Keep all electrical wiring and connec- tions on the trcator in good con- dition. '

4. Do not smoke near gasoline. Be especially careﬁul around gas- oline when ventilation is limited.

5. Use a metal sediinent bu-lb on the tractor when using a mounted corn pick-er. In case of lire, the metal sediment bulb will not break and feed the fire.

6. Install a handy carlbon di-

oxide type of fire extinguisher on

the tractor for emergencies.

7. Use a spark arrestor on the exhaust stack when it must pass close to combustible materials.

8. Never refuel a tractor wllreh the engilie is running ‘or hot.

earth should be graded to carry off waste water.

The prevention olf pollution of theifarm water supply is essential to the health "of the farm family. A little care and attention in lo- cating ‘and constructing the new well will be well worth while. If 3 well is in doubtful location ar- rangements should be made to have the water’ tested by the Bacteriology Department will be Ontario Agricultural ‘College. The Bacteriology department will be able to determine whether the water is safe to drink and many recommend means of improving polluted water.

j ished

There are many differennt kinds. f Some are closely confined to the bird during the en ‘re life cycle. ‘ Others wander freey from bird

[the two species mentioned her.-. are the one found most common-

I...

Treatment Of Poultry

For Parasite Control I

The }’arasite~s of poultry can first be divided into two main groups, namely External and In- ternal. The external parasites con-

’ sist of lice, mites and fleas.

Birds in estcd with ‘ external parasites are usually under nour- and in poor condition.

to bird. some of these parasites are very pamtlicvulawr as to which

’_ host they live on, while other spe- . cies are found on several hosts.

A few attack birds only at night, hiding in surrounding shelters during the day time. MANY SPECIES

Lice spend their entire life on

» the bird. It takes about two to ~ three weeks tier the eggs and nits

to hatch and develop into _ma-

ture lice. One pair of lli-cc may

produce 12.000 decendents within a period of a flow mont-hs.

About 40 different species have been identified on -domestic fowls. Heavy infestations render birds more sulscleptilble to disease, and are sometimes the actual cause of death.

It is comnparatively easy to nid

-birds of lice. but as many of the

tr-eat_m.en»bs used do not destroy

' the eggs or nits. a second treat-

ment is usually necessary after an intervoal of ten days." There

.- are four metlluods of treatment

ﬂhart may be used.

Dusting, clriplping, greasing, and ﬁumigat-ing. The choice of mater- ial and method of asppli-cation in a p-ar~tioul.ar instance will depend upon cause, convenience and per- sonal Dreferonce of the operator. Among the .rn«a-tenials used suc- cessful are D.D.'.l‘., Nicotine sul- phate, Soli-um tllusoride. and Sol- rum lilruosiliscalte. It is also avail- able to clean and dnisinfe-ct the lmultry house as well. SYMPTOMS

Mites are mix.-o'osc.oIplcal or bar- ley visible to the naked eye. Many species affect poultry. fllhle life cycle, in general, takes from one to four weeks for completion, de- pending upon species, climate and availalbilivty of the susceptible host or bird. NI-ost mines in birds use blood or lymph ﬁor food. hence anemia is a more or less com- mon symptom.

over the skin will irrate birds to a considerable degree. 0 t h e r s burrow into the skin causing da- mage and seal) formation. Invas- ion of feather follicles by certain species result. in feather loss. ow- ing to the basis of feathers being destroyed, or the birds pulling out the a-l”fec~ted feathers.

The habits of the different spe- cies differ, and it is necessary to determine which specie has infec- ted a flock then treatment can be advised. '.l"horough cleaning and treatment of houses. neat boxes, etc. with some suitable spray is necessary in order to er- radicate these pests.

Repeated treatments have to be carried out. clean, dry, well ven- tilated houses, vuhich are so built as to admit plenty of sunlight, are much less liklevlly to be badly in- tested than are damp, dinty, dark houses. ,

Treatments for mite infested houses include ‘painting of roost-s with 40 percent solution of Nico- tine sulphate just before the birds go to most spraying litter, roosts and crevices while the birds are ‘out with a suitalble spray; then removing and bounn-ing the litter and ﬁlushing out the nests with scalding water. In this method of treatment the entire inner sur- face of the building should be sprayed, and the ﬁlock kept out

of the house until the ﬁurnes h-ave, disalpvpealred and the oil has soak- €'CI’ln\IJO the wood.

Fleas are rarely found on P. E.I. powltry. Control mea.sI.Ire<s in- clude spraying the nests and roosts as well as this birds.

INTERNAL PARASITES

Internal species of round worms and tape wot‘-ms are found in the intestinal tna-ct of poultry. When these parasites are present in large numbers they draw heavily on the nutnitive juices and the birds do not assimillate S‘l.IlIIIlI‘CIle‘I'l‘I'. nounivsI‘1»m.ent. Some ‘ worms‘ at- tach themselves to the lining of the intestine-s causitng injury and some hemornhlage.

The constant irritation some - ti-mes thiokens the intestinal wall to such an extent that the onen- ing of the bile ducks are closed. When not su-fvﬁicient quantities of bile reach‘ the Intestines ‘diges-

tion is incomplete and the bird

J. W.

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These miles that move ravp‘d1,v is under nourished. Such chang-.

es obviously are more or loss

chronic and are never fully re-’

paired even though the parasites are removed.

Worms also secrete two kinds of toxins or poisons. One of these destroys red blood cells, resul- ting in a pale conditlion on the skin, comb and Wattles in heav- ily infested birds. The other poi- son etfects the nerves. its ac- tion is evidenced by I pantlcal paralysis of the legs, blindness. or a twisting of the head to one side (wry neck). Worm infesta- tions also render birds more sus- ceptible to disease. INTESTINAL WORMS

Some in~tIestinal,wonmu are so small tli-at they can barely be seen withoult the aid of a mic- roscope. Othens are several in- ches in length‘.

The general round wonm has In direct life cycle. The female de- posits its eggs in the I-ntestiness of the bird and these pass out with the droppings. It has been estimated that a single female wonm of this species may lay around lift-y million eggs.

Under suitalble c»onId«iItionIs of moisture and temperature tlliese eggs become infestive within ten to twenty days and if picked up at this stage by chickens and tur- keys will hatch in the Intestines.

Another common round worm is found in the cecla (blind guts, these worms ape from 3-10 to 1-5 inclhels in length and may occur in very large numbers). The gIgs become infective in seven ays to ten days after passing out in the droppings. T-his worm is gen- erally called the Cecal worm, and can harrbousr the caursitiv-e agent of Blaokhead in the turkeys. This is a chief reason why chickens

Tlie‘ tape worms are fairly wide- spread. The adult tape worms of poultry (litter considerable as to length (1-5 of 10 incliesl and the nu-maber of segments vary from two to sixty or more. Tape wonms attach their heads in the ltiss-ucls ol‘ the intestinal lining; 'an-cl the segments fartherest from the head are continually break- ing off and passing out with the droppings. »'l‘hese segments con- tain the eggs. ,

It is necessary for th—c~egg.s to be taken into the body of an in- termediate hosl .in order to be- come effective. Flys, slugs. snales earthworms. grasshoppers, group beetles. and dung beetles serve in this capaoity for some of the tape When a bird eats‘ one of these infested intermed- iate host the life sycle of the tap-» as st:a.r’t.s over again.

CONTROL AND TREATMENT

No worm medicine for poultry should be used until it has been shown by Post Mortem examina-

Warts In’ Cattle Cause Losses

Confined cattle herds are more susceptible to infection by the virus causing warts than ani- mals on pasture.

Warts appear most frequently on younger animals, but the in- fection may attack cattle of all ages. The causative agent is dif- ficult to treat, and the virus spreads from animal to animal by direct contact.

Not a killer disease, warts cause economic loss by damage

hides. When large or num- nous they can produce produc- tion by causing discomfort and distress to infected animals.

A vaccine has been developed which will speed the d:isappelaIj- ance of warts, but they often clear up vvith-out any attention. Should warts’ appear in winter confined cattle, and presist, a

Euardlan - Patriot -— Tuesday. ‘:‘I-int" 29. 1353. Page

tion that pmasites are present. in sufficient numbers to pilstify trea- ment. No treatrncnlt can be sug- gested unt>'I.l It is known what kind or kinds of worms are in- festing the birds.

Drugs infective in moving one parasite may not be of any value In moving others. Moreover, no satisfactory treutmenrts are avail- able for the removal of some spe- cies of Inl.estina«l worms. The best control of Intestinal para- sites has been obtained by those Owners who have Del-icd exclus- ively on preventative measures

rather than on curative measures or treatments.

Clean houses, clean ranges, clean on city balanced raltions,

Illounder, began printing in "

c. 8. F. FOODLAND,

p I \V.‘>Ilt>.l‘,k propel‘ FIISYJG-951 ’-‘I sick and dead bl r cl : .A the a v o i d a It 0 e of 0\"*‘f_ <‘*~"“l"I’ ing, the re I>ar'al1'-It-1"”,-' growing birds from maI'.IIre stout are jn1.pQrtan_:l factors in IIIE C0TI= trol of worm i.nIf‘I‘.$‘l-<‘ill“‘“-

Worm remedies cannot take the place of sanit»a»l.ion. Thc.V do not destroy wonm oggvs but m€’.l‘9I.V expel the pa-nasites, or in the case of tap“ worms. only..,portImz‘ of the parasite. In fact, in proper- ly managed poultry flocks time is not often need of worni re- medics.

OLD rnrnrnn Nicholas Jensen. an early type-— —*nice

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and turkeys should never be rais- Veterinarian should be consulted ‘ed tog-eth-er. ' to avoid secondary infections em I80 QUEEN ST~ - DIAL 4811 Tbere are several other species tering through the broken our» . of poultry round worms. However faces of the lesion. / “kw ,,._, 9 Jiﬂ.

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