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I PAGE NINE "

' ‘APRIL 10. 1-950

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CANADA -

IIOVINCII‘. or -

RINCE EDWARD ISLAND

m use PROBATE COURT

The 23rd. day of March A. D. [950 In Ito lstpte of 8. NELSON DELI. late of Milton In Queens county In the said Province. agent.

geceasotl. testate.

To the Sheriff of the county of queens County or any Constable or literate person within said County . GREETINGS:

WHEREAS upon reading the petition on file of George W. lilac- Leod of C‘ lottetown in 2‘. county aforesaid. retired, and char- les E. Carson of Charlott_etown aforesaid. glasier. the executor: of the above named Estate praying that s. Citation may be issued for the purposehereiuaiter set forth: You aro_therefore hereby required to cite all persons interested In the said Estate to be and appear be- fore the Judge present at a Probate Court to be held in the Court iiouse In C*srlottetows: In Queens County In the said province. on Tuesday the 25th. day of April next coming. at the hour of eleven o'clock noon or the same day to shemoause If any they can why the Accounts of the said Estate should not be pali- rd and the Estate closed so prayed for in said petition and on motion of ii. Francis lvlacrhee. Esquire. Proctor for said Petitioner.

AND I1‘ IS HEREBY ORDERED that a true copy hereof be forth- with published In some newspaper published in Charlottetown afore- said once In each week for at least four consecutive weeks from the late hereof and that a true copy hereof be forthwith posted In the following public place: respectively. namely, in the hall of the Court House in.CharIottetown aforesaid. at or near the Bank of Nova Sostla hi Charlottetown and at or near the store of Version Gillespie in Milton afansaid so that all persons Interested in the said Estate as aforesaid may have due notice Iiiueof. '

WITNESS Ilia Honour laoonard Palmer. Judge of the said Probate court at I" arlottetosvn in Queen’: County, the day and year lirst above written. by the Cetlrt

' ..

g. Margaret Andrew. Registrar.

ALL THE FAMILY

agrees on

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v'l'I-IE ‘GUARDIAN cmxiznorrbrowu.

THE ED UCATI-ONAL HORIZON

\ ‘ > . \ *’339EN’l'lN° Niiws am: vuaws or mrsaasrv ro rsacuaus AND au. orusns assume usraovssgusfr IN IDUCATION --

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There are four .......erstonos in the foundation of world peace. They ars,effsctive peace machin- ery. international treaties. interns- tlonal disarmament. .and an In- teiiigent and peace-minded public. It is the last factor that con- cerns educators. for the boys and girls in our school: today will form the backbone of public opinion of the future. To guide the young minds. to formulate fine traits of character. to develop clear and logical habits of thinking and power of discrimination and evalu- ation. and to foster attitudes that will make for their development as well as a world society—those are the glorious task: that have been allotted. to educators. We might say that the cornerstone of pub- lic opinion and peace education support: the other three. for in the long run. the machinery of peace and international treaties will be ineffective unless support- ed by an intelligent and peace- minded public. It would seem that we as educators hold the fate of

USES OF “AS”

The word “ss" has the following uses:

(1) Adverb of degree. It is "as" good as mine. The second as in this example is not an adverb. but a conjunction.

(2) Relative pronoun. (a) Alter the correlative "such" or "same". It is the same as I saw. I will give you such as I have. (b) When the antecedent is a sentence. He is ill as we know. (c) In the phrase: "aa to" and "as for". ‘As to that I cannot say—(I cannot say (anything) as (—\uhich) per- tains to that). As for me I am not particular. These phrases are the result of contraction. and it is almost impossible to supply in some cases the necessary words. Perhaps “as for mc"—"as is for me". But it is safe to consider that “a:" in such cases is the sub- ject of some verb formerly ex- pressed. but now only implied- (d) After the correlative "as". He is as worthy a man as ever lived. This is. perhaps, the only instance

our present civilization in our. bands. such responsibility is not my an honour and a privilege. but o a challenge. - ' The development of World-lIliIld~ ed attitudes and the fostering of international viewpoints cannot be accompiisned in a definite period set aside for the purpose each week. It is impossible to desig- nate a certain time for the teach- ing of courtesy, character building, or honesty; these must be import- ant by-products of every class per- iod and school activity. So it is with peace education —— the de- velopment of tolerant and interns- tlonal viewpoints and a spirit of co-operation and peace. I am can- vinced that every subject can be taught from this angle and that every teacher can help In educa- tion for peace. There are times when peace education can be giv- en special emphasis and taught directly. I refer to the assernbl‘ programme and the observance of special holidays. M..I. “

of a definite relative pronoun in- troducing an adverbiai clause.

(3) Subordinate conjunction. in- troducing an adverb clause. (a) Of time. I saw them as they were passing. (b) Of cause. As it WES past the time. I let them go. (c) of manner. He did as I told him. (d) Of comparison. They are not as idle as they were.

(4) As. the subordinate conjunc- tion. is oftcn found in an elliptical sentence. wherein. if the eiliPS15 be supplied. “as" will be found to introduce an adverb clause. (a) It is as good as mine (is good). (hi He looks as (he would look) if he were tired. (c) He put it off as long as (putting it off was) possible. (d) He as (he is) a teach- er should be patient. (e) (Although they are as) poor as they are. my friends are honest. (1') You must act so as to gain approbation. (g) He met. as it were (as_he would meet if he were) the lion in his den.

CURRENT EVENTS

Premier of Great Britain is Cis- ment Attire.

Lord President of the Council (Britain) is Herbert Morrison.

Minister of Foreign Affairs is Ernest Bevin.

Chancellor of the Sir Stafford Crlpps.

Minister of Defence—Emanuel Shinwell. '

Secretary of State for Scotland —l-Iector McNeil. ~

Lord Privy Seal—Viscount Addi-

Exchequer-

son. l-lealth—Aneurin Bevin.

The President of France is Vin- cent Auriol.

Prime Minister of France is no- bsrt Schumsn.

Three countries. Guatemala, Pan- ama and Sweden. have lollifid UNESCO, it was announced last month. bringing the number of its member States to 54.

Panama and Guatemala had sl- rsady signed UNESCO’: constitu-

‘tlon at the orglliil-l¢|0|i'I Con-ii-e tuont Assembly in 1945 and be-

came members when they recently deposited their instruments of ac- ceptance with tbe British Foreign

co.

Sweden joined UNESCO on Janu-

ary E when it signed the 00"‘ ' and deposited its instru- ments of acceptance.

Dr. Darmasetiswan. personal rop- relsntbtive of the Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs ad Interim of the Republic of the United States of Indonesia. has conveyed to the «Director-General

of- his Government's ap- plication fcr membership of the organisation.

Lake Success‘: The recoliiition

of Communist China as the Gov- ernment of China and therefore the legal delegate to the U. N-. has been a foremost problem. Bri- tain and Russia favor the seating of Communist China's delegates. while the U. S. opposes this. Rus- sia has refused to co-operate with any.section yvlierte n Nationiliiliv delegate part c pa es.

Generaiisaimo Chiang Kai-Shell. whose Nationalist Government in .now installed on the island of For- mosa, with its capital at Taipei. resumed the Presidehcy of the Nationalists, ousting Ll Tsung-jen. who has been President for 13 months. p

The Labor Party retained its di- rection of the British Government after the British general elcctlo of February 23. by a six over-all majority only. and has come out on top in three tussels with the Conservatives thus far. President Auriol and Foreign Minister Schu- man made a French State visit to London.

The United States and Canada have agreed on a 50 year treaty regarding Niagara Falls. The old treaty. in effect until the new one was signed, was made in 1909. The new treaty covers an agreement on greater diversion of the Niagara River water for power purposes without spoiling the present beauty of the Falls.

l-lenry Davies Hicks has been ap- pointed Nova Scotia's first Min- ister of Education.

The Cnnadian High ission- er to Britain is Dana WHEN!!-

Canada's representative to the U. S. A. is Ambassador H. H.

Wrong.

Canada's representative to Rus- sia is Charge d'Affaires John B. C. Watkins.

The United Kingdom’: represen- tative to Canada is High Commis- sioner, Sir Alexsnde Clutterbuclr.

Canada’: representative f r o m Russia is Counsellor and Charge d'Affaires at the Embassy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Re- pubiics. Mr. Mikhail V. Degtrai.

The Premier of Saskatchewan is I-Ion. T. C. Douglas, B.A., M.A.

. The United States Secretary of State is Dean Acheson.

Underline the word or expres- sion in each group which has a similar meaning to the word in brackets.

(Colossal)—clumsy. huge, small. ordinary.

(Foster)—Swell up. deny. form. encourage.

(Dire)—terrible. dreary. spread, joyous. .

(Alluring) — wicked. beautiful. false. tempting.

(Vogue)—fashion, variety. greet- ing. guess.

(Sundry)-—-untidy. forgotten vari- ous. faded.

(Compunctlun)-—-wish. conscience. death-rate. total.

.wide-

(Singular) -— musical, dull. un- usual. sacred. (Reprobate) —— picture. volume.

sinner. bachelor. (Sanctioned)—opposed. ratified. suggested. y)—accident. accusation. effect, expedition.

(Detestable) — careful. hateful, dangerous, delightful. . (Sculiion)-——kitchen helper. dis- ease. street cleaner, costume.

(Phantom)——spectre. tornado, dis. aster. misfortune.

Re-write each of the following sentences correctly:

1. I never have and never will do it.

2. The mother promised that the boy should attend more regular.

3. Replace the cork when empty.

4. London has .a number of tu- bercular railways.

5. My friend. who I trust im- Pilcltly. owns the adjoining farm.

6. We saw the young lambs gambling in the fields. _‘

7. She lay the flowers on.the little table.

8. A centimetre is an insect with one hundred legs.

9. Neither they nor him is influ- encing me in this important mat-

‘ed.

1':

ter.

xo. The Gulf Stream Ls compos- ed of warm currarits.

11. Keeping a dog chained up makes them very fierce.

12. Cereals are films which last several weeks.

IMPERIAL CONFERENCE

The Imperial Conference of 1926 laid down the principle that Great Britain and the Dominions are “autonomous communities within the British Empire. equal in status. in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic and external affairs. though united by a common ai-

lcgiance to the Crown. and freely associated as members of the Brit- ish Commonwealth of Nations." After a further conference to iron out some minor details. this defini- tion of the position of Canada (and the other Dominions) within the Empire was made law by the Statute of Westminster in ‘.1931.

JEAN NICOLET

Ho’ one of Champlaln's _young men. He had spent several winters among the Indians and was chosen in 1534 by Champlain to renew the search for the West- ern Sea. He followed Champlain’: old route by the Ottawa River. Lake Nipissing and French River to Georgian Bay. and than Brule's route along the north shore to Sauit Ste. Marie. There, however, he turned to the left into the Strait of Michilimackinac which

was

i

led him. the first of all white men. into Lake Michigan. Skirting its western shore. he entered Green Bay and followed the Fox River to its source. Indian accounts led him to believe that he was only three days’ journey from the Western Sea. but evidently it was the Mississippi to which they referred. To Nicolet goes the cre- dit of finding the gateway through which later men were to proceed to ‘the exploration of the Mississ- ipp.

' ROYAL

(1) (a) (1) Royal Government was founded in New France be- cause the Company of One Hun- dred Associates had proven a dis- mai failure. They did not carry out their promises to bring to New France artisans. labourers and col- onists in the stipulated numbers. The Company was very active in making profit from fur-trading but in other respects showed little concern in establishing or develop- ing a colony. At last disgusted with the Company’: rule and due to solicitations from the chief of- ficers and settlera.in Canada. the French king revoked the charter of The One Hundred Associates and in its place founded Royal Government in 1663.

(1) (a) (2) The of

officials

Royal Government and their re- spective duties:

(1) The Governor was head of the civil and military matters. He was chosen by the king and was usually of noble birth. -

(2) The Bishop controlled every detail of church and education. He -was nominated by the French King and appointed by the Pope.

(3) The Intendant controlled the administration of justice and regu- lated in detail the life of the col- ony.

(4) The council consisted of Gov- ernor. Bishop and Intendant and (in 1703) of twelve inhabitants. It was an advisory body and none 9! the laws of the Governor or In- tendant were legal until register- ed by it

SEIGNIOBAL TENURE

Seigniorai Tenure is the French. seignlory, had to pay a tax of one-

Canadian system of holding land and is copied from the French system in use during the reign of Louis XIV.

The Scigniories of New France varied from one to one thousand square miles. They were divided into ribbon-shaped farms and ran down to the shores of the St. Lawrence and the Richelieu Rivers.

The Seignior was granted his es- tate by the-King or the lntendant. He was required to vow fealty and homage. Within forty days after taking possession of his estate he must send the King a map and census relating thereto. A new Seignior. ‘who did not inherit his

fifth of the value of his estate to the King.

The Crown reserved five rights in the seigniory as follows:

1. The right to build roads; .2. The‘rlght to build forts; 3. The right to take timber for the royal navy: 4. The right to a royalty on all mines; 5. The right to re- serve the use of the beaches for everyone in the colony.

The habltant was given his farm by the Seignior. He vowed fealty and homage to the Seignior and paid his rent yearly on Michaelmas day in poultry. eggs or grain for his farm and for his frontage on the river. He must work for the

Afternoon

Teas make

-_ - friendly enteftainment

"SAl.AflA’

TEA. V

, other product, with the

selgnior three days a year without pay. He must take his grain to the Soignior's mill to be ground into flour and for this service the Seignior retained one-fourteenth of the flour as a fee. When a new habitant took possession, he paid

the 'Seignior a tax of one-twelfth of the value of the farm.

Friendly relations existed be- tween the Seignlor and the habi- tant. Often the habitant prosper- ed and became more wealthy than the Seignlor.

COCONUT

COPM. the dried meat of the coconut has figured in the romance of world trade since the days of Magellan.

The story of the coconue is the story of the economic progress of the’Phllippine Islands. to which it has contributed more than any possible exception of hemp. Few plants. if any. are as serviceable to primi- tive man as is the coconut. The nut meat is eaten as food; the oil is useful in making edible fats and soaps. and is also used for il- lumination. the tree roots provide a dye. and the trunks. building material; the lmves are employed for thatching roofs; the midrib of the leaf is used for making bas- kets. brooms. and brushes, the fibre from the nut husk is woven into ropes and mats; and the nut shells, in addition to providing fuel. are shaped into cups. ladies. spoons. and other utensils.

‘Under primitive conditions. the production of coconuts. copra. and coconut oil was confined to groves of wild palms. These uncultivat- ed trees still constitute a consid- erable source of supply when the market price is sufficiently attract- ive to the natives. The coco palm. however. is now cultivated like any other staple agricultural product, and. large plantations are to be found throughout the tropics.

In domestic cultivation. it is cus- tomary to set out the trees in rows. about 30 feet apart. giving room for about 48 to the acre. Crops of aibacs. or manila hemp. and other quickly growing plants. are usually grown between the rows. During the fifth or sixth year. the trees begin to bear. and after the seventh y ar the planter can reap an annua harvest of 1.5

or more nuts from each tree. The trees reach maturity at the age of ten years, when about 70 nuts per tree are collected annually. in rare instances. as many as 500 nuts have been harvested in one year from a single tree. and trees have been known to continue to pro- duce after reaching an age of 150 years.

The natives cut open the nuts with a machete. The broken nut meats are then placed in the sun to dry. Sometimes the broken pieces are placed on drying racks under which coconut husks are burned to speed the drying pro- cess. The resulting smoke-coloured ¢0l1ra is called "smoke-dried" to- disiinizulsh it from that which has been sun dried. The fire-drying method is used in regions where excessive rain makes natural dry- ing impossible. Mechanical driers ‘"8 9mD10i’ed on some of the larg- er planta-lions. but the practice has not become prevalent.

The natives have various ways of disposing of their crops. In some districts they sell their copra direct to the dealers at trading stations Operated by the exporters. Chinese merchants in the small towns also require much of the local copra stocks. usually giving merchandise in exchange. quentiy made into “raft.s". and are floated down the rivers to market.

Some years ago it was the prac- “CE 10 Ship almost all of the copra overseas for crushing and conver- sion into coconut oil. but a few mills have been established in the Philippines. in India, and in the Dutch East Indies. These local mills have become important fac- tors in the copra market. exert- ing a balancing influence on the market price of copra and oil.

THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF INSECTS

Probably only a minority of in- sects are distinctly detrimental to man. Yet these obnoxious forms are so prominent and well known that popular opinion is apt to condemn all insects thereby. The

necosity of tant warfare is continually being stressed. and the cost of combating in-

sect: has become obvious in the tax rate itself. To cope with ani- mals so numerous and active as insects calls for accurate knowl- edge of the habits and life histor- les of these six-footed rivals of

man.

As to their harmful activities. in- sects—- .

1. Destroy grain, vegetables. and fruit. 2. Injura shade trees (tus- sock. gypsy, and leopard moths). 3. Convey many kinds of disease germs to snime‘- and man (He!!- flies, mo:quitoc.. , 4. Are agent! in the transmission of plant dis- eases by carrying spores and in-.

fected material (hoppers and aph- ids). 5. Destroy building: and wood (beetles. ants. white ants). 6. Annoy and injure man by bite: and stings (wasps. mosquitoes. gnats). 7. Affect food (beatles. cockroaches). 8. Destroy clothing and fabric: (clothes moths. car- pet beetles). 9. Are parasites on domestic animals and man (bot- flies. fleas. lies).

on the other hand. we owe to insects many useful ]::DCCII¢I and products such as: .

1. Pollinatlon of flower: (bees. butterflies. moths. certain types of files). 2. Furnishing of silk (silk moth cocoon). - 3. Furnishing of honey and wax (boss). 4. Furnish- ing of shellac (lac insect). I. Pur- nishing of red dye (cochinoal in- sect). 6. Furnishing of material for ink (Gall insects). 1. Action as scavengers (maggots. beetles). 8 Killing of injurious insects (lady-bugs, lchneumon flies).

WASPS AND ICIINEUMON FLIES

Wasps, both solitary and social. and hornets are interesting to us. not only because of personal ox- periences we may have.had with their stings, but because they are probably the original papermakors of the world. Their nests are made from a sort of pulp obtained from strips of wood vigorously and mixed with secretions from the mouth. Probably no members

of the Hymenopte II are more

valuable to us than the tiny Ich- neumon files which manage to lay their eggs under the skin of living caterpillars’ and thus kill them.