iiAsz.um's GAzE'£TE. MAY 24.

CIONSTADT.

Of great interest in connexion with fu- ture naval operations is Cronstadt, the‘ great naval arsenal of Russia, and the key to St. Petersburg. ‘ _l‘." Creustah is about thirty-one miles dis-

t hen St; Petersburg; it is built at the S. E. extremity of Cotliii-Ostrof, an Island in that part of the Gulf of Finland called the bay of Cronatadt, about sixteen miles from the mouth of the Neva. 'I‘his island, A of chalk, is seven miles in length, and about one mile in breadth At the entrance of the harbour, on an island op- posite the citadel, lies the castle and for- ress of Cronsehlott, built by Peter the Great. This fortress and the mole bristle with guns, and the harbour itself is up»- proachcble only by channel,. which is forti- fied y a double line of guns; these works constituting Cronstadt, “ the Malta of the Baltic." The passage between this place and Cronstadt is 9,000 paces in width, and has ample depth for the largest vessels. Besides its importance as the great naval station of the Russian fleet, Ci-onstadt is the harbour of St. Petersburg. All vessels proceeding to that port are searched here, is air cargoes sealed, and such as are too large for the shallow waters of the Upper Neva, unload their cargoes at Crone- tailt, and transport them in smaller crafts. Cronstadt, which is built in the form ofaii irregular triangle, is strongly fortified on all sides. It has three harbours lying to the south of the town. The outer or mili- tary harbour, which is entirely surrounded by a massive and strongly fortified mole, is a rectangle, stretching out into the sea, and and is capable of containing, besides small- er vessels, about thirty-five ships ofthe line. It is, now, however, so shallow at low water, that many of the ships are obliged to anchor in the middle of the harbour, which is properly intended for the fitting-out and repairing of vessels. It contains the slips, -the powder magazine, a inanufactory of pitch, tar, &.c. The third, west of inner- molt harbour, which has space for 600 merchant vessels, and runs parallel with the middle harbour, admits only merchant- men, for which there is besides an excellent roadstead, immediately outside of the poit, which is defended also by the citadel, con- structed on a rock in the middle ofthe sea of'Cronstadt. All these harbours are well secured, but in consequence of the fresh- ness of the sea water. no vessel can be pre-‘ served in them above twenty years. They are, besides, detained a greater part of the year by the ice in the bay of Cronstadt, which usually prevents vessels from entering after the end of November, or leaving before the end of April, or sometimes even later. The town is very regularly built; and con tains very fine, straight, well-paved streets, and several public squares. The permu- nent population ofCronstodt, exclusive of the garrison, the pupils ofthe naval school, workmen and sailors, is not considerable; during the summer it amounts to nearly 40,000 individuals, of variovs nations; of these, next to the Russians, the English are most numerous. The inhabitants derive their chief support from the fleet, trade, and shipping.

TIEATY BETWEEN AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA.

The following is a translation of the text of the Treaty concluded between Austria and Prussia:——

“ Penetrated with a conviction of the obli ation which the protocol lately signed in icons, in community with the \Vestern

wers, has imposed on Austria and Prussia, in spite of the ineflicacy of all their previous efforts at mediation, these two Germs powers have for the whole teim ofthe war between Russia and the \'Vestern powers concluded a convention, couched on it simi- lar base with the convention between France and England, and serving as a groundwork for a future peace, as it is laid down in the last Vienna protocol. The diffei-ciice that exists between the two Conventions arises simply from the differences ofthe iiitcrcsts, which in Austria and Prnssizi have been endangered by the European balance of power being threatened by Russia, from those that are endangered in England and France, and either of these countries taken separately. The stipulations ofthe Prusso- Austrian treaty of Alliance, offensive and defensive, are contained in the following three main, points :—

“ 1. Austria and Prussia mutually gua- rantee each other the preservation of their present extent of territory, both within and without the German Confederiition, so that any violation of the territory of the one shall be looked on as equivalent to an in- vaeion of the other.

" 2. Austria and Prussia bind themselves mutually to aid and assist each other, if necessary, even aggressively, as soon as either of them considers German interests to be endangered and the other coincides in that view. Definite conjectures, in which glib aid and conjecture must be afforded, are provided for in aseparate memorandum, y-QI|' , however, an integral part of the

convention. To give full weight to this treaty suitable military measures, shall be taken at stated intervals. The period, the extent, and the nature of these military '“°"9“"°9. are reserved for special arrange- ments.

“ 3. All the members of the German .conf'ederstion ate invited to join in this alliance for protecting the commoninterests of Germany, and to support it in conformity with the obligations imposed on them bv the constitution ofthe Bond.” '

THE HOPES OI-‘ POLAND.

Pi-iiice_Czurtoryaki has adi-sued a letter to Lord Dudley Stuart, in which he snys—-

“ The re-establishment of Poland, inde- pendent and iiufliciently strong, is indispen- sable as a social and military barrier, and an essential element of the equilibrium of Europe VVitliout the guarantee afforded by this work of reparation we can scarcely look forward to it general disarmament as the termination, however distant, of the present crisis; and yet this guarantee will not prevent Russia, Austria, and Prussia from preserving their place in the first riiiik ofgrcat powers, such as they have possessed under Catherine lI., Maria The- resa, aiid Frederick II.

“ But the restoration of Poland is, above all, important in order to reinstate the prin- ciples of public law and the general concert of Europe, the bases of which will be but little secure as long as they are tinted with injustice and a cruel enthralinent of several distinct nationalities.

“ A sincere return to those sacred prin- ciples which have been wantonly violated with regard to Poland would unquestiona- bly provc the most efficacious means for opposing the spirit of revolutioii, and obvia- ting the danger of convulsions with which Europe is incessantly menaccd. Such a return is alone capable of inspiring the no- tions with that true iespect which they owe to their sovereigns. and which since the close of the last century, the epoch ofthe partition ol'Po|and, has unfortunately been not it little ciifccbled.

interests of conservatism tit heart (not merely those of Europe, but of the whole world at large), cannot assume with full effect a dignified attitude in the presence of the people as defenders of good order, mo- rality, and justice untill they have at least commenced this indispensable work ofre- partition.”

A.\lERlCA.\' Vi:ssi:i.s IN THE Ihi.1-ir.—In answer to a statement that three American vessels in the Baltic were likely to be seiz- ed by the British cruiscrs, it is asserted that the only American vessels known to be there at present are the ships Strelna and Flying Cliilders, and the barquc Sherwood, all at Elsineui-. April 9th, and bound to Cronstadt. None ofthem liavr, pmliably, anything on board contraband ofwar, al- though the British cruisers may try to pre- vent their porcecding to Cronstadt.

(‘Ii-rt-zit oi A l’oi.is-ii l.i:oiou T0 xiii; Bnirisii Govi:tiN.\ii:N-r.—A proposal has been made on the pint of the Poles to form a Polish Legion, which being supplied with the munitions of war, shall light side by side with the English and French troops against the common cneniy. An address to that effzct was sent to the Right tion. the Earl of Aberdeen. First Lord ofthe Treasury for his approval ; the reply was the proposition is referred for the cousideriition ofthe Secretary for War.

Talking of Muscovy——Nicholas, it is reported, is offended at being ealled"C1.ai"; he admits that he is Czar “ of Muscovy,” as Victoria is Lady of the Isle of man; but he is also I-Emperor of‘Al| the Russians, &c. So much the worse for ‘ It would be far I-etterif he were only

of so/nr of the Russians,” if any People ask for “ the object of the war” ; why not let it have for object the restoration of Nicholas as “ (.‘1..'ir of Muscovy," pure and simple’

Week later from Europe.

l<‘iirther news per steamer Atlantic at New York.

Odessa wits bombarded on the ‘.!4th April —fighting very severe-—lialf the city de- stroycd when accounts left.

'l'be Allied bombarding steamers suffered much.

An attempt to land I8,000 troops failed.

One Austrian and five Russians merchant men were destroyed during the confliigra-

tion.

De_spatches ofthe affair had not reached Eng an . _ .

April ‘)8, N apier’s fleet of? Stockholm.

Ports in the Gulf of Finland and Roth- nia blokade .

Russians making fresh preparations to nttact Silistria.

May I, Greek Insurgents defeated.

Nothing from Asia.

Bremen barque Hespian, for Baltimore lost in the British Channel—I7Fi lives lost.

Tin: I"lsiiItiiiss.——\Ve learn on good authority that the convention of Commissioners from sac of ibe North American Colonies will be held this eutiiiaer at Montreal, and not at New York, as has been stated. We hope the American overn-

insnt have something good to oflbr to the oloiilu

“In fact goverinneiits having the real -

our snid Island, under your government, ed

in return for the valuable fisheries which our" neighbours are so anxious to obtain, but for our part we cannot see that this Proviiies has‘ much to gain sr present by giving up the flslieriea, as we has now plenty of tnisiiiess, prosperous times and evrryiliii-g that could be desired. A few years ago this was not the case. the Province was depressed and anxious to obisiti reciprocity with the United Stairs on any terms. bag as they we" then so very inilifl}-rent about giving any concession to the British Government. for the valuable privileges wanted by them, vie think we are getting iilon,i very well indeed without their assistance, and perhaps lnid better just hold on to our fisheries in the meaiitiine unless they are willing pi nieei the views of the British Govern- ment on fan and equitable terms of isci many in Ro._»i-iir_v ul'Sliips, Coasting Trade, and St. John C‘oim'er. 'l‘iii: U.Vlt).‘\' or THE Psoviscxs.—'l‘lio rumour gains ground from private letters that Lord 2glin‘ii principal object in returning to resume the governiiieiit, is to effect a Ilnion of the North American Colonies; and that having crowned his long and successful career in Canada with that important act, he will be ap- pointed lioveriior l.it?IIt‘I'll.l of India.

Itis expected that the new ships built at Quebec, which nro about to sail for England. will bring £14 or 5 ‘r ton. A few years ago, 117 and £8 were the usual prices.

Four Qubeckers have just returned from An- stralia. ’l‘liey report hard times, hard luck‘ hard usage, but uinazinglylittle Iiard money.

Speaking of the season in Canada, the 'l‘oron- to Globe Stlyd--“ The season is at leostu fort- night later than usual. Ploughing has hardly coiniuencod as yet, the frost at night keeping the hind very wet."

'l‘hc Milwaiikie Sentinel says that there are over 700,000 bushels grain in store, in that

love alone. waiting for the opening of Lake .'a\'ip.tion. 'l‘hi.- quantity on all the lake ports is imiiiciisc.

The cost of all the railways now being con- structed in the Provinces is estimated at £590,- lll)0.UOIl. The money comes chiefly from Eug- lsaud, on Municipal Debentures and Government Stocks.

EA.SZARD’8 GACZET TE.

"“w.a.;.;;;“i:.fii;."“

IIis Excellency biis openly declared we understand, that in dissolving the House of Assembly, he acts upon his own responsibility-, that as the Representa- tive of the Queen, he has dateriiiined to exercise the

Queen‘s Prerogative. We are all, not excepting Sir Alexiindei Bsnservnnn, too apt to be misled by terms, and consequences the most futiil have often resulted from thsinisuse of them. note of Colonies are addressed by the title efQ.ueeu’e ii

When Cover.

Representative, or when they choose to give them- selves the title, as Sir Alexander has done; both those who give, and those who assume it, ought to be

aware that it is n more arbitrary compliment, and

honorary distinction, conferred in both cases, wii .

out authority, and investing the person who either assumes it, or upon whom it is conferred with neither the power, priv'i..,-gcs or prerogative ofthe Queen. The Governors sinl I.t. Governors of Colonies, are not the

Representatives but the Servants of the Queen, act-

ing by virtue of Coniniissions, granted for that purpose. and which Commissions are invnviabl

attended with ii code of instructions, defining with great exactitude, the extent of the power delegated to them; and, as these instructions have been added to, curtailed and amended from time to time, so as to leave nothing uncertain, so their provisions define the exact limit of the Governor's authority. Of this

iiiies.— .

Governors of Colonies is put an end to. There is not

that can give rise to the idea ofbeicg her Vicar or Attorney. The words are " We constitute and ap- point you ' ' ' to be our Captain General and Governor in Chief, in and over our Island of Prince Edward." there is no word of licnby giving unto you near and sulliorily to act in we oiirulf would do, if pep-ioiigug present. On the contrary. every exercise of Royal Prerogative, that might be neces- sary to him in the execution of his duty, is specially mentioned and provided for. 'l‘he coiidonstion of criminals. the remission of fines and foifsitures, the collation to Ecclesiastical benefiees, are all conferred with restrictions however particularly specified. Any rnan,tbarsfore,wIic asserts that the Governor of Prince Edward Island, the Queen's Representative, and as such. possessed of the power of exercising the Queen's Prerogative, can never have read or consi- dered the Commission, under which he derives his authority or the Instructions that have been given to him for his guidance. We have been thus particu- In in setting forth the very words of the Governor's Commiuion, and the Iloysl Instructions, in order that our readers may judge for themselves. 'l'bese Instructions, it must be remarked, were given before the introduction of Responsible Government. How it comes that there is nota copy of Lord Elgiu’s in the Island. we are ata loss to account.

We have made enquiry at the proper quarters, and find that if they were ever there, they have been abstracted by some one or other. This is a want which is easily, boivever, gotovsr, by sending to the Captain General, who will at once supply the omis- eiou, ifit is one, or repair the loss by a copy. Of this however, we may be certain, that so far from curtailing the privileges of the people, they ivill on the contrary, enlarge them. and that there will he an added stringency in their favor, and against the Ad- ’ ' of the " In confiriiuitiori of

this. we tidduce the words “ by and with the advice nnd consent ofthe Executive Council." introduced into the Proclamation for dissolving the Canadian Parliament. If the Captain General considers the consent of the Council essential to the validity of his acts, one would really be inclined to surmise that it would be equally necessary to those of his subordi- nates. We have been unable to meet with any work on the Colonies, subsequent to the date of Responsi- ble Gevernment. In Bowyer’s " commentaries on the Constitutional Law of England.” chap. 4, p. 54, “ 'I‘he most important point of disiiimihirity."—says tbs Autlier—-" between these Provincial Constitu- tions and that of the Mother Country is. that the Advisers of the Crown in the Colonies, are not dependent for their tenure of OHICO, upon the yotes of the Representative Assembly. In England, It Miiiis- try defeated in Parliament upona vital question of policy, must retire from office, and are succeeded by tliqt party who are supported by cislly In the House ofcommoiis. the Council, who are the Advisers of the Represen- tative of the Crown, are appointed and bold oflice quite independently of the votes of the Assembly." This, we all know, was the case in Prince Edward Island, during all the prior administrations, up to the advent of Sir Alexander B.-innermsn. The Author goes on to state, “ This was a point much dwelt upon by the late I".iirl of Durham, in his report on the Canadian afliiin, his Lordship urged, not without tl show of reason, that the Government never could be conducted with ease and harmony, excepting by the advice of persons having the confidence of the House of Assembly. "If" said his Lordship, “ Co- lonial Legislatures have frequently stopped the sup- Plies, if they have harrsssed public servants by unjust or harsh impeachments. it was because the removal of an unpopular Adininistraticn could not be effected

there can be no doubt, for the Royal Commission after declaring the appointment of the Governor and Councils, Executive and Legislative, contains the following passage, which we transcribe verbatim.

And we do heieby_require iind command you to

do and execute all things in due manner that shall belong unto your said ceinmand, and the trust we have re '

ed in you, "according to the several powers and authorities granted or appointed you by this present Coniniission ; an the Instructions lierewitli given to you, or by such further powers, instructions and authorities as shall at an time hereafter be granted to or appointed you un or our Sign Manual and Signet, or by our Order in our Privy Council. or by as through one ofour Principal Secretaries of State, and according to such reason- able Laws and Statutes as are now in force, or shall hereafter be made and agreed upon by you, with the advise and consent of our Council and Assembly of

in such manner and from as hereinafter is express ."

And the Code of Instructions which accompanies the Coniinission, after providing for the several coiitingeiicies that have occurred or may occur during ihsiidminiiitriiiioii of the Government, con- tains a clause to‘ guard against any circunistiinces unforeseen or unprovided for.

If any thing shall happen which ms be of advantage or security to our sland of Prince ward, under your Government, which isnot herein or b your Comniissicn provided for, we do hereby allow unto you, with the advice and consent of our as’ Executive Council, to take order for the present therein. giving unto us. through one of our principal Secretaries of State, I eedy notice thereof, that en may receive our sntis action, if we shall approve the same: Provided always, that you do not, by colour of any power or authority hereby given, commence or declare War, wiihoutour knowledge and parti- cular coiiiniand therein.

From .1 careful consideration bctli ofthe Coininission

of the l.ieut .(iovsrnor, or the Code of Instructions therein referred to, but one inference can be drawn, and it is this, that the Administrators o/‘llie Govern-

ment ofL'oIoni'n, irltolerer may be their task, are

Minister: or Serraats of flu Queen, n-i'lIt lisiileil jurisdiction, out of which they stay not legally trawl. All fancied analogies between the power

“I come from one adverse to that form of

in the Colonies, by those milder indications of a want of confidence, which have always sufficed to attain the end in the Mother Country. He urged that the Gevsvnor should be instructed to secure the co-opers- tion of the Assembly in his policy, by entrusting to sncli men as could command a majority; that it should be insds necessary for the ofiicial acts of the Governor to be countersigned by some public fune- tieniiry; and that changes of Administration ought to take place in the Colonies,on the same principles on which they occur at home. This was Lord Dur- ham's opinion, of what ought to be the course adopted by the Mother Country, with respect to the Colonies.

Dr. Bovyer the author above quoted, is violently opposed to the introduction of Responsible Govern- ment, and repudiatas the idea as tending to destroy " the unity of the government and policy of the em-

ite." “ The Governors of Colonies" says he " would no longer be servants of the Crown for any practical purposes because as they could do nothing without! the advice of their Council and as they would be tumble to appoint advisers ertepfing ac- rarding to the mm of Mt Jueuibly. they must no- cessarily be irresponsible" page 55. 'I‘liis is pre- cisely what we have always contended for. Dr. Bovyer‘s opinion is entitled to greater weight and his

’ adminicns are of more importance in as much as they

one word either in the Commission or Instructions;

the miijority.espe- I t the etoin '

conceded since his book was written, not only to Canada, but all the North American Provinces. nalsgous to the claim of Sir Alexander Banner- insn to exercise the Royal prerogative at his plea- sure, was that of the House of Assembly——ona and all—ie the privileges of the House of Commons. It is within the recollection of incst of us, that Mr. Nelson was in I825, committed te the common jail of Charlottetown. for an alleged coiitsiiipt of tlie House of Assembly, in having as the Agent of Mr. Vaes, commenced an action against the lligh Blieritf for the escape of one Michael Burke ll debtor, con- fined in jail, at the suit of Mr. Vase; nor was he

allowed to come out until be had made slbiniepion‘

and paid his fees. The Attorney General Johnston rid the present Chief Jestiee of this Island. were