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All NE J R Di ”°'1>’n.f.i'§‘i”..“.‘-“-1. ’.5.?.‘l‘.’1..'f.’.'§:

T0 THE FARMER `

` Farmers and ot'-ers interested are invited to contribute to The Farm, The Dairy, The Turf. and Good roads departments ofthe Guardian either by question, correspondence or otherwise. Answers will be given by experts' to all questions of gener-il interest and ‘space will be given to any articles that will in any way help to. advance Prince Edward ls- iaiid interests.

Contributors are asked to have

their articles at this office early each week, as only a short emergency item can be handled as late as one p. m. Wednesday. All received after that hour cannot appear until the following week.

'.'Ti*lE SCHOOL N . - MID

` nie lions l

A Contributors for this department should- be' addressed to

/ President Teacherfs Association,

‘iiuardisn's School and Home.

P. 0. Box 188 Charlottetown.

' iN THE l<i'rcHEN

To remove fruit stains from the

hands' rub them with the juice of a tomato.

Cauliflowers should be boiled with

the stalk uppermost tb prevent the scum from dlscoloring the flower.

To prevent mould from forming on

top of the liquid in which pickles are kept, put in a few pieces of horse- radish root. '

When making a boiled pudding be

sure to fill the basin quite full. other- wise the water will get ill and the pudding will be heavy.

A cup of moderately strong tea, in

which two or three slices of lemon have been infused, will frequently cure a nervous headache.

When making roly-poly sprinkle a

few breadcrumbs over the paste be- fore the jam is spread. This will prevent the jam boiling out.

The deposit which settles round a

goldfish bowl and is so difficult to remove speedily vanishes if it is rub- bed with it cloth dipped in vinegar.

If your feet are blistcrcd from long

walking rub them before you go to bed with nlcollol mixed with tallow dropped- from a fallow candle into thc-palm of the liniid.

When making applc pic the flavour

is much 'improved, and the apples will licep inigood color, it a few drops of lenlon ,juice are .sfiueezed over the upplesj just before the crust is put ou. - .

Before frying the bacon for break-

fast. cut oil the rind, and dip each rasher in flour, then fry or grill quickly. This prevents the fat from running, and gives the bacon o. het- ter flavor.

When thc top of your silvcr ink-

stand is covered with ink -and you want to clean lt. mix it little chloride of lime into a pasto with water, rub thc silvcr top smartly, and it will be brighter than ever. _

Put, all your potato pcclings H110

an old t.ill, and bake them in thc. oven until they are crisD- Wllca y0\1 lily tbc fire puttbem amongst thc Da- per with a few sticks, alld y0\\ W1" find that the fire will burn up vc-ry quickly. _

An ordinary *pic-chimney in ‘he

centre of a pan of milk prevents its boiling over. -\\-'lien coming to boil- ing point it docs so tlirougll the lit- tle chimney, and there is not thc slightest chance of thc milk boiling over the etovo.

It is not generally known that ,ll

large .bowl of water Dlaccd in thc gas oven, after the joint is removed and the gas turned out .not only cools the kitchen, but is almost at llolllns point for the washing up wlrcu U10 meal is finished,

Hair brushes should not be clean-

cli with hot water and soap. as this softens the bristles. Use soda dis- ,-oiveq in -cgldwator, as tho soda will remove tho grcasc and dirt. Do not dry in the sun or by "le me- im" stand on the handle in tho shade to

dry.

. _ ________________._

. - 'rua DAIRY - §

._ COW RECORDS-

temperamentof a cow of her worth as li is merely a \‘l\\0B¢l°“

of dairy c0WB country, theso taken as fairly

sorting out tho Dm'

milk producers from farmers or from the

scrubs that cumber our

.The

farm-

only the

test. that

the

practi- within in ‘

ii year lneansa loss. Hence the what each cow

cow is

be. and had better be made day by day. ‘hut valuable information may be secured by wcishins and recording the morning's and nigbt's milk of me cow on the 1st. 10th and the 20th day of each month. The multiplying by ten of the total amount so recorded during the lactation period will give a good idea of what the cow has really Wills doing. Tests as to the fat con- tent should be made'fr6m time to time. ’

Blank forms whereon to enter the

milk Dl`0fll1¢e<l by each cow at each milking are supplied free of charge to all applying for them.

In starting out to build up a good

dairy herd, it is necessary to know ex. U-filly every cow lil tho herd. 'l‘o know ‘about how much" a cow can do is of very little vnluc. Exact know. ledge oi’ the power cf ,each cow as a milk and butter producer is absolute- ly necessary ii’ the host results are aimed at. 'Many farmers who have been keep- ing. lie notes the great iffel-ence in port very strongly in favor of this line of work. As soon as the farmer sets to work to know what his cows are doing by keeping a record, he finds himself much more closely in touob with his business. Ile secs nf on(-.9 (1.9 cilect of bettcr carc and better fed- lng. H notes the great difference in returns between the beat and the worst cows in the herd. and cannot help bilt determine to get rid of the poor ones and replace them with good ones Even the poor cows nro improved, bo- causc better feeding is almost ce;-(nm to be tried. And quite certainly poor feeding is responsible for many of our unprofitablc dairy cows and evcn many unprofitable dairy herds.

As an example of the interesting in-

formation that can be collected thro- ugh the keeping oi' such records, the following record made by one of the Ayrshires at the Central Experimental Farm is worth reading.

A DISEASE OF CALVE8.

Every- year large numbers of calves

are lost through some kind of com- plaint associated with diarrhoea. There is an inflammation of the stom- ach and intestines affecting older icalves known to the veterinary experts as gastro-cnteritic catarrh, the main symptom of which is diarrhoea. and which, in the great majorlt.y of cases, is the so-called tliarriioea of calves, as distinguished from what is known as white scour.

Calves suffering from this complaint

will refuse to seek the mother, to take the udder or drink the milk. alid have generally a very tire'd appearance. Fever may bo present, and diarrhoea appears, becoming the most prominent symptom, and is often the first to make its zippcarancc.

When standing thc animals cxllibit

a curved back, with feet planted un- derneath the abdomen; tho abdomen is tucked up :ind the flanks sunk in. though tlloy are sometimes dlsteilded. If tho diarrlloert,-continues.for some days, rapid emaciation and exhaustion set iii, the calves become quite apa- thetics, their bodies feel cold, and chronic diarrhoea may result, or the animal ends with death.

The causes are many and varied. lt

may result from nn unsuitable quali- tity of milk fed to the young animal. or it may hap"peu that certain plants eaten by the mother act as laxatives to the sucking calves. Other things to be taken into consideration are the possibilities of disoasoi-i oi' cows’ ud- der nffcctiilg the calf. ln hand reared calves diarrllocs. has been noted where some additional i'oodstnil`s has been added to the milk.

Wlicrc calves are noi allowed i.o

have the colostruin. that is. thc lnllk givcn by the cows during the first fow days after calving. thc trou- ble may be expected. Pututlng the calves into cold. dark places is also a contributing calls-lo. (lertain worms ill t.llc small intestines will also cause the trouble. One or more of these things will upset thc digestion ot' the calf, acids and poisons foriil. and ilie diarrhoea. follows as it necessary cf- fect. . ,it is often difficult. to ilud out pre- ciscly what cailses the discaso, which accounts for the large mortality amongst calves lu this country partic- ularly. hut, in it decree, in all coun- tries. Troatnieut may be divided in- to threo classes--preventive, dietic and curative. Tho first. thing to be done is to endeavor t.o remove the cause, and if this is done satisfactorily it will often cud ill overcoming the discasc.

Separation of tho sick frolu the an-

imals tliat arc well is tho first thing to do, followed immediately by the thorough dislnfectlon and cleansing of all premises whore they have been or are likely to bo.

lf the naval cord is disinfected after

tying with a 0.4 per cent. watery sol- uution of alcoholic iodine and collod- ion it will prevent diarrhoea resulting fronl naval infection. Another good plan is to rub the naval string of the can Wm, ,. pi,-(-9 of copper sulphate or bluestonc.

DIETIC TREATMENT.

Where the cause of tho trouble can-

not be definitely recognized. the lim thing to do is to change the food and pasture of both cows and calves. The suckling calves should have utceisst to their mothers at more frequent n o)r- vajg, and tho quantity of lullk must' so regulated. The substitution ofa o ter mother for n sick calf is S0l`l1@tlme5' recommended.

CURATIVE TREATMENT.

The very first thing to do in fill

cases 'of diarrhoea, after isolaiingutllo beasts, is to cleanse out the intes nols by admlnlsterlniga dose of caatorzo . from one to on and a half ouocosé followed by li mucous lifiulfl- 911°-‘gl barley water. a decoction of |ius‘o . starch and similar thinks- T0 l 99:; may be addod opium (from B0_"'“':k"“l_ s nan in fifteen srainsl- Of ‘~““ neil” magnesia powder (from three-fl\l;1 to one and drachms. D as Various "C

salicylic

thirty

life

it ql.ilf~

ceolin and ll/90|

grainsl lf U19 “lm

in thn slmpo of n litilu niiiul

. mivlil. '

rgingiquiwresiliia hav-

ing been received from the use of ani- Gillcrlclicell Dbllllrymcn, for time'out by hand just enough to prevent oflnl. xi new Frencli antiseptic, which 911011811 is not given the gr0Wll\8 Dill- 'inflammation of and destruction of has been highly recomniend' l by |618 l-0 C0019 £0 Gflmlllclc l\0l'll1Bl 111.8- the udder. This is probably a better French scientists. \\ here wcrlns are lllllly before the extremely Cold weath- method than snowing me oolt to suck, found to be present biuestoue muv be er commences lll the lull. which is for when the colt is once separated gliei. in a doze of seven and iv. hail’ to Uilllllli’ 1150115 the la" °l N01/embel'-‘from .its mother, both usually do bet- flfieen grains. or tnrpentine in a dose The eilicli “me f°\' l‘“t°l\lI\K Wlll ¢l0°_ter if they are not allowed to see each of one tablespoonful mixed with raw Mild- 111|'-|21' HVSFBKG C0l\¢llll0i\S. UDDI! other again until thoroughly weaned. lulsced oil. fW0 factors- in extreme cases it may be well to

fine often heave of people ct their FUEL The bleeds Kelli- rub the udder thoroughly with a mixl

wits’ end to cure this complaint. As Second. The method Of §l‘0Wll\8 ture of 4 ounces of fluid extract of a rule they do not even know the mid. and tlte conditions ot' the ran e. l d 6 es each of alco-

imenis of a treatment. and it is safe to say that if one or other of-these form- ulas wero followed out the results would be as surprising as they would be profitable.

A DISEASE OF CALVES.

Every year large numbers of calves

arc lost through some kind of coni- plaint 'associated with diarrhoea. There is an inflammation of the stomach and intestines affecting older calves known to the veterinary ex- perts as gastro-ontoritic catarrh, the main symptom of which is diarrhoea, and which, in the great majority of cases, is the so~called diarrhoea of calves, as distinguished from what is known as whits sour. -

f'-alvcs auifcrinl; from this complaint

will refuse to seek thc mother, to take the udder or drink the milk, and have generally a very tired appearance. Fever may be present, and diarrhoea appears, becoming the most prominent symptom, and is often the first to its appearailce.

When Standing the animals exhibit

a curved buck. with feet planted un. derneatll the abdomen, the abdomen is tucked un and inn flanks sunk in, though they are sometimes dlstended. If the diarrhoea continues for somo days rapid emaciation and exhaustion set in, the calves become quite apoth- etic, their bodies feel cold,snd chronic diarrhoea may result, or the animal ends with death.

The causes are many and varied. it

may result from an unsuitable quant- ity of milk fed to the young anlmal.or it may happen tllat certain plants eat- en by the mother act as laxatives to tho suckling calves. Other things to be taken into consideration are the possi- bilities of diseases of the cow’s ud- der affecting the calf. ln hand-reared calves diarrhoea has been noted in cases wllero some additional food- stuffs have been added to the n'lilk.

When calves are not allowed to have

thc colostruni, that is, the lnilk given by the cows during the first few days after calving, the trouble may be ex- pected. Putting th valves into cold, damp places is also a contributing cause. Certain worms in the small intestines will uso cause the troube. One or more of these things will up- set the digestion of the calf, acids and poisons form, and the diarrhoea fol- lows as il. necosary effect.

lf. is often diillcult to limi out pro-

cisely what causes the diseasc,whicli accounts for the large mortality amongst calves in this country partl- cularly,.but in it degree, in all coull- tries. Trentlncnt maybe divided-in to three .classes--preventive, dietic, and _curativci ’l‘ho.first thing to bc done_is to'_eudeavor,to remove the cause, and if this is done ‘satisfactor- ily it.will often end in overcoming the disease.

Separation of the sick from the arli-

mals that are well is the first thing to

do, followed immediately by the tlior-'W1-ite, of these notes quite ten years ough disinfection and cleansing of all ag., H is not so generally used as

premises where they hav been or are likely to be.

li' tho navel cord is disinfectcd af-

ter tying w*-ith a 0.4 per cent. watery solution of iodine followed by a 0.4 solution of alcoholic iodlnc and collo- dion it will prevent diarrhoea result- ing from navel infection. Another good plan is to rub the navel string of tho cull’ with a piece of coppcr sulp- hate or bhlesionc.

DIETIC TREATMENT

Where the cause of the trouble can-

not be definitely recognized, the first thing to do is to change the food and pasture of both cows and calves. Tile suckling calves lioud have access to their mothers at more frequent in- tervals, olid the quality of lnilk must be regulated. The substitution oi' a foster mother for a sick calf is sonic- illncs recommended.

Curatlve Treatment

The very first thing to do in all cas-

' I rang _ Loo to it that there are no

giaggsdlgaghgfgéngitfut tifglafggfllgézicrevlcea in the mosting house. or nt-

by administering a dose of castor oil, frolu one to one and a half ounces. followed by a mucous liqilld such as

barley water, a decoction of linseed,_ V _ star, and similar things. To these may _

be added opium (from seven and a half to fifteen grains), or chalk or magnssia powder (from three-quac ters to one and a. quarter drachma.)

Various antlspeptics are given. such

as salicylic acid (three to seven and

a half grains): salicylic and familar- best to wean n colt and how do-you acid (fifteen to thirty grains a ilay),'¢iry up the mai-0'.; milky' in camolulle 1011. ure Slleclally P90001- The age at which to wean a colt inolldcd. Other dlslufcctants arclmay vary from qv.. 0|- ,ix m,,m|,,_, 1_0 napthalin (ilfteon to thirty gl‘ula8).‘ei'ghi or ten, according to the condi- salci. tonc and 11 quarter to two dracqtlon under whit-li the mare and coli hms), creolin and lyscl (fifteen to thir-5 me |¢ep¢_ ty grains). If the calf is valuable, stim-| if the mare is bred again D,-ompgiy ulants in thc shane cf raw cess mixed after fouling, or is being worked reg-

wlth a lilttlie alum and brandy are rc-inlay-ly, the ¢-0|( should pmbabjy be oommen e . weaned at six to seven months ofage.

We have beard of good results hav-.lf n ¢-0|; 'ig gmigiii (0 ga( grain ,md

in been received from tha use of anlodol, a new French antlspeptic. which has been highly recommeniled by French scientists. Where worms are found to be present bluestone may be given in a dose of seven and a half to grains, or turpentinc in a dose of one

tablespoonful mixed with raw lin- mm; up to (hai age 1; will unqugg. seed oil. " ltionably do better. The colt makes

One often hears of people at their

wits' end to cure this complaint. As a rule they do' not know even the rudi- mclits of a treatment, and it is safe to say that if one or other of these formulas were followed out the results would be as surprising as they would be profitable. - ' -

POULTRY e

bro

TIMI HATCH

8

Tile light, 'active Mediterranean

breeds are much quicker growers, ma- turing on good range in from four to six months. They can be hatched, therefore, later than the heavier gen- eral purpose breeds which require about. four to six weeks longer to reach maturity. Tho Lnghorils can be safely hatched from tile middle of -April to the dllildle or last. 01' May; while heavier in-eciis like the l’ly- mcutll ltocks. Wynndottcs. it. l. Reds, etc.. will do better if liatched from the last of March to the middle of May. The hatching period as given above may be modified to some ex- tent if it is necessary to batch three times to secure thc required number of chicks.

POULTRY AND PROFIT.

Of the many get-rich-qilick schemes

there is perhaps none more delusive than that of poultry raising on paper, and yet, with the proper facilities and applied intelligence, possibly as hand- some returns can bo had from poultry raising as from any other industry in proportion to the amount of capital invested, and the readiness with which results can be obtained. As a side lino for the farmer, or often as an in- teresting anti profitable occupation for the boys and girls on the farm, poul- try raising offers great opportunities. The value ofthe egg as a food is grad- ually but surely being recognized. with the result that the market for eggs is rapidly increasing. This means that in future good prices for poultry products are sure to be realized.

Recent experiments have .shown

that flocks with unlimited range, such as they usually have on the farm, have given greater proflts per fowl than flocks that were confined. The poul- try house should be dry, free from draughts. and well ventilated, but need not bo an expensive structure. as was once thought necessary, With better systems of marketing the pro- ducts. and with plenty ol' reliable in- formation regarding the business now within the easy reach of all contem- plating taking it up, there is no rea- son why there should not be a devel- opment in poultry raising in keeping with its importance. Splendid bulle- tins on the subject may be obtained from the Dominion Department of Agriculture and from the various Pro- vincial Departments.

PO_ULTRY POINTERS.

Quite recently it was announced in

a daily paper as a startling fact that a.-poultry keeper wasiin the habit of giving his fowis anionic in~t.he'shape ofquinlne. Those' in the know. how- ever. .are` quite..aiinversant:,with ;the fact that' fow_ls,.-like oiirselves,- oc_¢e_.- sionally need a tonic, and fsonietitnes when- eggs are slow to materialize a tonic works wonders. Quinine as a tonic for fowls was advocated by the

iron, however. A combination of the two, such as the chemist puts up in the ordinary way, answers admirably, but it requires to~be well diluted. About rt teaspoonfill to a piilt of drinking water is abollt tho mark. When a. fowl is at all nnaemic, which can generally he judged by paleness of comb and wat.tles, a few days’ ionic treatment will make all the difference ill tile World.

Should you happen to see one of

your fowls with at frothy illm over oilc of its oyes, have it out of the pen at once and isolate it, for that bird has a "one-eye cold," and if not promptly treated may fall it victim to roup. The treatment in the early stages is sim-, ple, but once let roup get a foothold , there will be ructions. Bathe the eye with lukewarm water in which a few grains oi' permanganate of potash have been dissolved, and repeat until the eye presents a normal appearance. A llftlo roup powder should be added to thc soft food. Very often il cold ol'

:Illia lollild is lost up by exposure to

tempting it cure will hc next useless.

__._.i&_

/ \ , f

BEST AGE TO WEAN COLT8

A reader asks: “At what age is it

hay when young, which may be done af. any time after the colt is a month or six weeks old. the age of weaning is not so importsiit a matter; but of course milk is the best feed for the colt up to eight or ten months of age and if part of its feed is its fnother’s

about half of its total' growth in weight the first year, and it is, there- fore, important that it receive a lib- eral graln ration from the period it will begin to oat until it is at least a year or possibly 18 montths of age. While thc colt is receiving milk al- most any grain food, such as corn, for instance. will be all right: but af- ter it has been weaned it should ro- celve feed richer in protein and min-< eral matter than com. A mixture of five parts each of corn and oats and one part of cottonséed meal is good.

The mare's flow of milk may usu-

ally be dried up by reducing the feed. giving only dry feed. an removfn the colt! With mares that ive s flow of milk theicolt may be al- lowed- to such once a day for a few days. than oncea day for a ,few days.

Belladona an ounc

‘hol and water to assist in drying up 'the milk flow; but usually all that is necesary is to remove the colt, re- iluce the feed of the mare and milk out the udder a few times by hand,i\t intervals of a day or two apart.

FEEDING THE HORSES.

Tllo Agricultural College at ithaca,

New York. publishes ii. bulletin in the Farmers' Reading Course on “l~`oeding the Ilorse." It saysz-

Thc importance of regularity in

everything that pertains to the man~ agement of the horse cannot, easily be overestimated. 'Pills applies par- ticularly to feeding. Wherever feed- ing stuffs are employed in the ration, the horse should be fed regularly and uniformity at all times. The horse anticipates the feeding hour, and be- comes nervous if it is delayed. lie nelglis and coaxes for his food with great regularity. The horse’s diges- tive system and his vital activities be- come accustomed to a certain order which must be followed if one is to be successful.

Since the grain of the ration is rich

in digestible nutrients, it should stay in the stomach as long as possible. for the digestion of one of the most im- portant oi' the nutrients is more com- plete there. From this it would seein that tho horse should be given water first. oi' all and that should be fol- lowed by hay, the grain being with- held until at least part of the hay has been consumed. There are, however, very serious objections to this prac- tice, as the horse is unsatisfied, is anxious and very nervous till fed his grain and should not be compelled to wait for the grain. A middle ground should be taken by watering first. feeding the grain sprinkled with a small allowance of moistened, chop- ped hay. if possible, and watering again after the ration has been eaten.

The work horse has a hearty up-

pstite. a vigorous digestion and re- sponds as does no other animal to ill- telligent care. He should be fed liberally and frequently, the amount given being regulated by the size of the animal as well as the amount and kirid of work he is required to do. In general the horse should be supplied with something over two pounds of provender daily for each 100 pounds of weight.-Our Dumb Animals.

j Pies

_ un HELPS Hoos. - ,

Dr. Marlon Dorset,c.ne `of'the young-

er. scientists, 1n_r.he .uo<er'niaenn_~nnr- calvof :mlm-ai husbandry,-~is prepar- UIE h0§e to some to their deaths pure and untalnted. 11e’s not espec- ially concerned about their morals. it is tncir material welfare that con- cerns hlm. 1f.'s a, mere business pro- Dosition to aid both the producer and the consumer. nut he's not going to get this pecuniary saving. what real scientist over did reap the ro- wards of his discoveries! it-s tile farmers and you seekers oi decent food who reap the benefits of ur. lJorset's important investigations.

Dr. Dorset has charge of that

branch of the bureau which makes a study of the causes and prevention of animal diseases. I-ie has turned his ntten-tion in particular to hog chol- era.

Though too small to be seen, the

germ is utilized ia 8, very practical and successful way by as method winch Ur. Dorset invented. This metn- od depends upon the fact that, u-neu blood irom a cholera-sick pig is in- jected into the veins of u hog that has recovered from the malady, the latter is not made sick, but its own blood thereby acquires power to P10* tect other pigs against hog cholera

So fatal is the complaint that four

out of tive of the animals attacaed by indie. But the one that recovers is thereafter an "immune," and may be used for producing a “se/rum." The serum is obtained by taklhil BOW? of the blood, -allowing it to settle, and pouring od the watery part from the top. An immunity that is com- plete nnd permanent is obtained by aimultaneo\;sly’iniectlng serum tm the inside of one hind' leg and viru- lent brood from a cho»lera~s'ick pig cn the inside of the other hind leg.,

By this simply means hog cholera

has already been practically wiped out over extensive areas, and before. vary lung it is destined to disappear entirely. That, at least, is the bc- liel of the ili;reau's scientists.

.___.._..-_---

1 -SHEEP .

. » 1 'I

SOME SH EEP P0lNT8.

It often occurs that men who never

have kept sheep, but who wish to he- come interested in that branch of farming, are at a loss to know what kind of sheep would be best adapted to the particular localities in which they live. Because they are thus un- certain they are held back for a long time about making the venture. It is in the hope that I may throw a bit or light on this question that I am writ- ing this article, says . L. Vincent in the inland Farmer.

I have a farm with rolling land and

sloping bills. I-‘or thesstpssturcs have found that the Shrops ires do very well indeed. These sheep get their

mountainous section. where sheep do

than once every two or three days fora tiuis. or the mare may be mulled

legs and face graylsh-black, well cap- ped with wool. They will travel uny- where and eat green stuff that some other kinds of sheep would turn from. I have known rams of. this kind to weigh 225 while the ewes go some 50 pounds less. I do not know of any bet- ter sheep for a country such as 1 have described, or tllat will bear more lambs' during its lifetime that the Shropsbirea.

But in saying this, I know the

friends of the Hampshire, will bring me to account. claiming for their favorites that they are even better than the Shropshires. lt may be be- cause I never had any of the Hamp- shires that l place the Shropshires first. But l have seen tlicse sheep and know they um certainly ilnc, beauti- ful creatures. These, loo, are from one of the South of England counties. and are named after that country. 'Thi- downs or broad ridges of undulating land of Hampshire County, bear excel- lent grass for pasturage. and hund- reds of thousands of these sheep may be found there. Like the Shropshire:-i. the I-iampsliircs have no horns, are black in the face and legs. and grows to a rather larger size than do the Shropshires. and that they bear lambs just as readily. lf I were to exchangi- my Sllropaliires i think l would try the llampsliires.

Still another sheep to get from the

south of England is the Soutbdown. As a matter of fact. I suppose all the so-mlled “downs” are offshoots of the southdowns. it is a pretty sheep. w.iih a well-formed body, very trim in ap- pearance, and when well bred up hav- ing coarse, rather light wool. You taken southdowll and cross it. with one of the really heavy breeds and you get ii sheep that can hardly be beaten for meat qualities. The wool is not as desirable, neither are they as prolific as either the Shropshires of the I-iampshires Downs. Ilndeed, the for- mer sheep was found out at the Wis- consin station to bear more lambs in a given space of time than any other sheep, with the exception of a fourth cross of Shropshire rams and Merino ewes.

Tho Shropshires bear closc, oily

beautiful wool. and their tleeces weigh as high as nine pounds at times. An- other highly desirable mfwyp mfwyp other highly desirable quality of all three of these creeds is that they do not seem to be as apt to get sick as some of the other breeds.

Now, there are other breeds which

might be mentioned for farmers situa- ted as many in this part of the coun- try are, with hilly pastures; but I will not stop now to speak of them, lest I confuse the prospective sheep-grower. By getting some of any one of these sheep one could hardly make a mis- take. But it would be well to begin carefully. That is, buy a few sheep and work into a larger flock gradually. lt is well to get experience at first hand. That is the best as a rule.

SPEECH `0N‘~|NCREAS,ED PRODUC-

»‘ - ' T|0N. - -“ `

Prof. W. J. Reid.

Before the Short Course in Agricul-

ture.

Mr. Chairman, and Gentlemen:

In coming before you to present my

allotted part of the subject on increas- ed Agriculturnl Production it is hard- ly necessary for mo to deal at great 1eugl.b with the urgency ot' the situa- tion. Thc gentlemen who have prece- eded me have emphasised this point, and all I wish to do is to add my word of sanction to their remarks.

| Most surely, we are- facing n situ- ation that demands urgency. The Brltlsh empire has been drawn illto the greatest war in the history oi'

|Canada is giving aid in the form of men and supplies. The men going to the front are accepting a responsi- bility that is of vital importance. but they are fully dependent on the men ‘who remain at homo to furnish sup- plies of agricultural produce. lt has been said in full faith that “men fight on their stomachs."

The United Kingdom is largely an

importing country which onipliasises the fact that if there is fl. tlecreaeo of supplies, especially while she is feed- `ing the troops of thc Empire, the rc- sult will be hazardous. The annual 'imports of the United Kingdom in meat supplies arc enormous. ln 1912 they were:

Beef.. .. _ . ._ .£iZl,tl'l4,l!l7 1 Mutton _ . . . . 9.698.783 Pork . . . _ .. 1,101,008 Bacon .. . . 14,555,548

iiam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ .£2.’l'20,il'l9 liides & Skills .. .. 111,690,120

A total of $155,440,120

This means a total of approximately

two hundred and sixty millions or dollars. worth of material of which Canada is responsible for a large part. Taking the years 1910, 1911 and 1912 we find Canadas' trade with the Ilnited Kingdom as follows:

llorses

1910 $88,215 1911 62,147 1912 35,650

Cattle Sheep $9,979,918 $1l.44i 7.942.144 10.661 3,343,625 9.421

it will be noticed that Bacon was

,not included in this list. Figures from ‘the same source concerning the bacon lwere not available. However. we |flnd that during March, 1912. Canada isent 42.492 cwt. of Bacon to thc Unlt- »od Kingdom, 27,643. cwi. in March 1913 \nd 18.512 cwl. in March 1914, with this we find 8.128 cwt of Hams being sent from Canada in March 1913 'and 7,148 cwt. in March 1914. it will be noticed that a marked decline is evident in all branches of this trade. .This is accounted for by the growing

name fromacouniry lil England. over (home trade of Canada. To make up mm bl on the border of Wales, a rugged. ,for this decline the United Kingdom 'gon ’* °

‘ increased ber imports from elsewhere

i 'THE FARM

the world and, among her colonies.‘

Canada. ln ther agricultural , as wll Cangda will be ex&eot0d~ 1 increase ber supplies and us WB' find necessity for immediate inc _

‘ed action. With a B’r0wlnl"l!blil0f; fr

l

sumption and a broader foreigii' _ ,_ ket our present production commence to flli the denlsnd._

At present the Live Stock of Pnl.

island is valued as follows; V `

Horses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . $4,170

Cattle .. . 2.238 Sheep... . . 34

Swine..

I .

axes

This totals ' aimed!

seven and ti Qlllf- ior millions of dollars and wc find-thit during 1914 thc following Live Stock and products were sold, in or from tho province: '

l.|vo animals sold . . . ... .$1,514,607 Slaughtorcd & sold from

farm:-1.... . . . ... 859,625

Live Stock Products.. 2.769.596

Making a total of over five millions.

or seventy per cent. of the total stock valuation.

This is a high record for the past

year and shows the possibilities of the Province as n Llvo Stock Producer. the high prices realized for most of our produce during the past year is responsible for the excellent showing. However. the present demand for the sumo produce at equally high prices will undoubtedly last, for a number of years to come. And wc are expecting that prices will go higher.

l wish to rcvisw it nulnber of _the

classes of Live Stock for the purpose ol' noting the provincial standing for

each one and the possibilities 3; making improvement. The _vast ne of tho lnlperlul Army for cavalry and trtillery horses is well known. The life of n horse in active service _jis given by an authority, as ten days and this shows the need for an almost un- limited supply. »

Tl; Canadian supply of suitable

horses seems to be limited. Imperial llorse~buyers have visited variolil parts of the Dominion and while they have purchased a large number. it has not satisfied the majority of our Can- adian horsemen. One Toronto news- paper says that 30 to 50 per cent of the horses inspected have been turn- ed down for various reasons. Our own experience with these buyers has been of a aiigflar nature. The buyers made it plain before comnlencingitn buy that they wanted a horse standi it 15% to 16% hands weighing from 1&0 to 1400 lbs. They were to be sound, trappy and spirited in action and showing good quality in feet and legs. It is needless to say that many good horses did not fill the requirements. The reason is plain. We have been filling it demand for it light to medium _draft borne cr 1400 to 1500 lbs in weight and we find that such a horse is the most’ useful for working our soll. While we are disappointed that we cannot supply all trades it is wi e to cater to the- most reliable alldithls will he the trade we have been fillillg. Regardless of whero'the»horaes- for the war are hougbtjt will 'affect tile horse market generally by raisiiig prices 'when we hope it' will'be our turn to make reliable sales.

With regard to improvement it is a

gradual process. The general type of draft horses in the province is becom- ing more and more regular but yet there is room for work. The Stallion Enrollment of the province shows the following horses in 1913.

25 pure-bred and 19 grade Clydes-

dllles.

4 pure-bred and 1 grade Percheron.

1 pure-bred nlid 3 grado Shires. 24 registered and 48 grade Stand-

ard-hrods.

In 1914 wo havo a decrease of forty- flvc, which is largely among the grad- es. This is showing a preference for the purebred horses which is hope- ful for n more uniform class of horses. We have been in studying the care and feeding of horses so it is not neceiilary for me to mention tilat part.

One of the principal demands of an

active army is for beef and 1 have given you the enormous amount need- ed annually by the Unifnrl Kincflovn, nearly one hundred million dollars value and at present the demand ‘is much greater. Butchers who have been in the habit of supplying 'tho camps at Valcartier are now being asked to supply Salisbury Plains. When we begin to search for a supply to' fill this demand we find that-it is not to be had in thc same proportionii as it was it few years ago. Our trade with the United States has grown and our home consumption is steadily growing while our trade with the United Kingdom has decreased in `a marked way. increased prices It home have taken a large part of our surplus stock and some breeders have even sacrificed part of their breeding herds. The same condition of alairs ls being met witll in the United Stated. During the last five years there has been a decrease of over 10,000,000 animals in thc annual output of the llnitcd States herds. The solution is being sought in adjusting beefraisilig to mixed farming methods. We are ll- ready at that stage of the business in this part of Canada and as the system becomes universal it. will be to olr bs- nefit. Such a system will gradually promote a general supply at prices that will be as high lf not higher than they arc at present. With this new development the general purpose Beef berd will be more generally used. The move has been in that direction for the past few years and Dual-purpose Shorthorns have been selling at -dx-