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Bureau WEDNESDAY, NOV. 25, 1959. / + Canadian Proposal

. After centuries of dtsagreement - over fishing limits and the breadth

7 of territorial seas, a olution based _ on a Canadian proposal appears like-

_ ly to win acceptance at Geneva. This, -

if true>will be good news to our - Altantic fishermen. ' The International Conference on the Law of the Sea which adjourned -in the spring of 1958 achieved a remarkable degree of success. Only on the measurement of the territorial sea did the 86 nations present fail to agree. The Canadian delegation, Jed by the Hon. George Drew, High Commissioner ‘to the United King- dom, had introduced a: new concept in international law by proposing that a state be allowed, in addition to'a territorial sea of up ‘to six miles,

~#ix further miles in which it would -

have control over fishing. This Can- ‘adian formula for a 12-mile con- - tiguous fishing zone won a majority of the votes cast but failed to secure the two-thirds majority necessary for adoption. _ With the expectation that the In- ternational Conference will reconvene early next spring, Ottawa has been pursuing intense diplomatic activity. In recent months there have been high-level, secret. meetings with both _ the United Kingdom and the_United

Soe te ee at eae

gold for $150 or more a year. Now a change is being made in the definit-

- ly incidental and whose primary in-

“done very well in. many respects, but

_ that they are unsable for

agricultural products from it were

ion of farming by which the total number of farms counted next year is expected to be reduced by 500,000, with the remaining total around four million farms. a Under the new U.S. system, a farm, for census purposes, will have to meet these minimum require- ments: Ten acres or more with an agricultural yield “sold” for at least $50; or smaller acerage yielding agricultural products “sold” for at least $250 a year. This will still leave thousands of persons living on rural plots for whom “farming” is pure-

terests are those of salaried persons, businessmen and consumers.

This “loss” of farms and far- mers, by census redefinition, provides a good example of the dangers of taking even official government stat- istics too literally at face value. It underlines also the difficulty of im- plementing government programs and allotments geared to farm pop- ulation counts.

Back Door Methods

The Diefenbaker Government has

its good record doesn’t include the monkeying it is doing with our textile tariffs. A fresh example of its back J door methods is its withdrawl of the exemption on samples of foreign - cloth entering Canada.

The samples were exempt because they were considered to be of no commercial value. To the extent making garments, this remains the case. The duty will not change the fact. It will be small, but the money involved is only part of the burden. A much greater discouragement to importat- ion of foreign cloth will be the delay and inconvenience in putting the samples through~customs._ SCS

The duty applies to samples from | all. foreign countries. But, as the

Tee ee ee ee a ee

AT THE UN.

_ By Patrick

This is the home of the Shadow Parliament of the world, where the representatives of 82 nations are striving for peace and pro- gress for a’l mankind. Located in the heart of the world’s most cosmopolitan and ~ privileged community, it houses the hopes of the world’s underprivileged magses, and the frustrations of the “‘One-World” idealists.

U-N. engages the whole-time attention of some 25 of our care-

Globe and Mail points out, it will be particularly offensive to Britain, which supplies a substantial quantity

er diplomats, and the part-time activity of perhaps 15 parliamen- tarians and a few selected priv- ate citizens These are asiisted

to a writer in the-Winnipeg Free

ress, would indicate that this time

e Canadian proposal has a good chance of being accepted.

- This would mean, for example, that Canada could at long last for- bid foreign trawlers from fishing in-- Side our 12 mile limit, in waters which Canada already does not allow its own trawlers to fish. The formula has therefore a direct ‘bearing on our own industry, as well as on the interests of smaller nations generally:

It is quite consistent with th&United .

ations’ principle of the general ap- -Plication of international law to all countries—much more so, indeed, that the American proposal of a six mile territorial sea plus a-six mile fishing zone in which so-called trad- itional rights were granted in per- petuity.

Farm Problems

Two reports on agriculture, cover- ing activities over most of the North American continent, have been issued during the past, few days, and neither Of them can be said to be over- Optimistic. According to the Domin- ion Department of Agriculture, the industry next year will likely be pinched by a continued rise in operat- ing costs and a levelling off or slight decline in cash income. In a forecast of the U.S. Department of Agricul- ture, farm income in the neighboring republic will deciine 15 per cent this year and perhaps Half that much more in 1960. A : _ Judzing by these~reports, Can- adian farmers will be somewhat bet- ter off than their American counter- parts. But the whole picture is any- thing but bright, and points up the disadvantages under which agricul- ture is laboring at the present time.

In the Washington despatch it is noted that the federal forecast has not created the national concern it would have done a few years ago. In the early thirties the farm popul- ation was one-fourth of the total U.S. population. Today it is less than one- eighth. This sharp shrinkage in size of the farm population, both in numbers and as a percentage of the

“~

whole, reflects technological develop- ©

- ments—the replacement of men by machines and the consequent reduct- ‘jon in unit costs of producing farm products. =: ns

_. Farm figures are deceptive in the United States, however, because heretofore the federal] census bureau has been classifying as a farm “any, plot of three acres or more” that

agricultural products of any kind, ren if none were sold. Any smaller. was counted as a farm if

+-two weeks ago. How does our duty

\ than our Toronto contemporary does. _These textile groups are pressuring

‘admirer of the art of Louis Arm-

, Strong, the jazz man, to deplore the

- ion to President Eisenhower's forth-

“produced” at least $150 worth of ©

of our cloth imports. Canada, has exerted strong pressure upon Britain to remove her dollar controls, and most of those remaining were lifted

on cloth samples tally with our ex- hortations,to the British?

Ottawa’s explanation will probably be that the concession was being abused—as, for example, by sample agents. But this did not require a blanket ‘penalty, striking not only the real offenders but those who used the concession quite legitimately. We don’t like the look of it, any more

the Government all the time, but we expected it to show more backbone in dealing with them.

EDITORAL NOTES

“The only defense against the H-bomb,” says My. MJ. Coldwell, the -CCF leader, “is peace.” That’s the wisest comment we have read on the subject yet.

» zs *

One does not need to be an

prejudice shown against him in ‘the Middle East. The Egyptains claimed that he was top boss of an Israeli spy ring. Now the Lebanese police have explained that Armstrong is banned from. Arab nations not be- cause he is a spy, but because his troupe played Israe) last year and is therefore boycotted by the Arabs.

* * *

A significant complementary act-

coming tour in Asia is Prime Min- ister Harold Macmillan’s extensive visit to Africa in January, 1960. Within # matter of weeks the lead- ers of the United States and Britain will be in the heart of two of the great uncommitted areas of the non- Communist world. It will be surpris- ing if these two efforts do not sub-

stantially strengthen the Western alliance. j

= 7 s

The Liberals are likely to train their heaviest guns on Canada’s de- fense policy when Parliament meets in January. At the last ‘session the main defense debate revolved around one specific item of equipment—the supersonic Arrow interceptor, which the Government cancelled. Next ses- sion’s debate will probably be much broader. Mr. Pearson has called for a special parliamentary committee or royal commission, and says the ad- vent of the intercontinental rocket with hydrogen warhead should push into the discard all previous defense

by a fluctuating squad of clerks and sieonographers. It all costs each one of us 53 cents, the equi- valent of one and one-half packets of. cigarettes, this year.

What does the U.N. mean to Can2da? Does our contribution to its endeavours represent a worthwhile job and a job well done?

STRONG SUPPORTING ROLE It is more than reassuving—it is a cause of pride—to visit here and to learn how effective Can- ada is in this gathering of the nations, and how prominent are our able delegates in the delib- erations of world statesmen. From the founding convention at San Francisco in 1955, up to this present session. of the Gen- eral Assembly of the United Na- tions, Canada has made signifi- cant contributions as a leader of the Middle Powers. Proposals.

.

The Shadow Parliament

Nicholson

macy of a high order have em- anated from our series, of able reprezentatives.

These have included Prime Minister Mackenzie King, Prime Minister-to-be, John Diefenbaker and C.C.F. leader M.J. Coldwell a San Francisco; more recently, Hon. L.B. “*Mike’’ Pearson, whg won the Nobel Peace Prize for his work at the U.N.; and now Hon. _Howard Green is already winning iniernational acclaim for efiective achievement based en his outstanding qualities as lawyer and politician.

M.P. from Woodstock, Ontario, is the able and popular chairman of the Canadian Delegation when Mr. Gréen is absent; while his fellow M.P.’s Dr. R.P. Vivian and Heath Macquarrie have prov- ed admirable representatives at the working level in committees:

A typical Canadian contribu- tion, capped by a typical and de- served approbation, was Mr. Green’s recent proposal for a global study of the extent of the mortally dangerous atomic ra- diation.

An intent audience listened to Mr. Green's pleas for unborn

generations, as he spoke from the green marble rostrum, high and lonely on the huge dais at one end of the great Assembly H>ll. Behind him sat Peru's Dr. Vic- tor Belaunde, elected president for this session. In the centre of ithe hall sat row upon row of dele-

‘wisdom, knowledge and diplo

For Canada’s rebellious Douk-’ hobors, one door-to the future is opening as another slams shut.

The closed door is Russia’s re- ported refusal to accept the reli- gious sect’s extremists. These members had\asked to return to the homeland abandoned by their fathers and grandfathers some 60 years ago.

The new avenue of hope is seen in the fact that. the Sons of Free- dom, as the Doukhobors’ dissi- dent minority calls itself, have at last agreed .to obey Canadian laws and send their children to school.

Behind the two evefits lies a drama of three centuries of strug- gle in the lives of a people who rank among the most stubborn and dedicated the world has ever known.

‘NAMED -BY OPPONENTS -

' The Dcukhobor movement ‘ori? ginaicd in Tsarist Russia dur- ing the 17th century, says the National Geographic Society. Its° founders rallied a group of serfs and peasants who dared challenge the arbitrary ‘tenets and ritual of the Orthodox Church.. t

As the sect’s influence grew, the name ‘Doukhobor,” which means spirit wrestler or fighter, was first used by the official priesthood as a term of derision for the rebels. The Doukhobors, however, cannily adopted the de-

PUBLIC FORUM

This column te open to \the discus

sion by correspondents of question c.

- interest. The Guardian does not neses

sarily en“orse the opinion of corres pondents.

UNFAIR TO FARMERS

' Sir,—Labor Unions are always clamouring for more pay. Please stop and consider the farmer's side of our unbalanced economy.

I know a friend of mine on the farm who received nine cents per pound less for his beef cattle than those farming in the Mon- treal area. Why should this farm- er be sent home with a loss of so-sion per animal, and how

ng can he last before he oes to Montreal?

Perhaps it is time for a Fed- eral investigation into. price fix- ing.

‘ Tam, Gr, ee.

concents.

-| Spirit.

gates; Canada’s ten seats fully

Doukhabors At Crossroads 3

National Geographic Society

signation as signifying those who fight in behalf of the Divine Though thev eventually called themselves Christians of the Universal Brotherhood, the more picturesque name stuck.

The Doukhobor story is filled with contradictions—persecutions and prosperity, high ideals and bitter controversies. Trouble flar- ed not only with the authorities but within the sect itself.

Doukhobor belief that God speaks directly to the heart of every man, without need of church or government, made conflict in- evitable. From the time of iron- willed Catherine the Great, the group's communal way of life, @s doctrines of equality and uni- versal brotherhood, and <= ve all its resistance to military ser- vice, resulted in often brutally re- pressive measures, including ar- rest, torture, and death. -

Between waves of persecution and struggies for leadership within the sect, the Doukhobors flourished. Their farming ability, frugality, and singleness of pur- pose brought ‘periodic wealth. Though they 'used primitive me- thods, their fields yielded well, whether they tilled the fertile soil around the Black Sea, as in the early days, or worked the barren uplands of the Caucasus to which -_ =o exiled by Nicholas I in L

\ EXODUS FOLLOWED REVIVAL

The great exodus to Canada fol- lowed a series of troubles in which revived religious fervor, factional disputes, and defiance to authority all played a part. The issue that touched off the explosion was the old thorn—mili- tary conscription.

In 1895, on secret instructions from their banished leader, Peter Verigin, the more radical. Douk- hobors ceremonially burned all their weapons, The great bonfir- es, reddening the’ skies above three Caucasus settlements, an- nounced publicly that henceforth “true” Doukhobors would kill nei- ther man nor beast.

The Russian Government retal- fated swiftly. Rebel leaders were jailed, flogged, and sent into exile, Cossack trocps occupied Doukhobor villages as if they were enemy territory, and behav- ed accordingly.

To relieve the people's deapes- ale plight, the great Russian no vélist, Leo Tolstoy, who had both

RETIRED FARMER

4

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influenced and been influenced by

Walt Neshi Ee eh

- AROUND THE WORLD IN 18 DAYS

- occupied including two of our Parliamentary observers. Arnold Peters from Kirkland Lake’ and Robert Lafreniere from Quebec City.—-

CANADA WINS APPLAUSE

Further seats at the back and sides of the hall, and in the bal- cony, contained -the wives of delegates, journalists,‘ and. sev- eral hundred visitors.’ High on each side of the hall, in two tiers of glass-fronted booths, sat TV cameramen, photographers, rad- io commeniators, and also tie killed linguists who provide the simultaneous translation into English, French, Spanish, Rus- ‘sian and Chinese of each speak- er’'s words, heard through ear- phones available at each of the comfortable and widely-spaced_ seas in- the hall. ' re Mr. Green's, speech was no mere routine. It represented the congratulations of the profes- sionals for a job well done: for the culmination of many days of dogged negotiation, intertae suasion and balanced eomprom- ise behind the scenes, which are the essence of international dip- lomacy. < c

Communist Czecholsolakia was co-sponsor of this Canadian mo- tions. Nations from beth tides of the fron Curtain spoke in favour of it. And as a triumphant finale it won a shut-out .vote, 78 nations supporting it, none opposing. while 4 nations were absent.

This’ unanimous acceptance of the Canadan resolution exem- plifies the worthwhile nature of Canada’s role in the United Na- tions; generating good ideas, and working effectively to win sup-. port for them even from ideol- ogical enemies.

raising campaign._English Qua- kers and other sympathizers join- ed the movement. The Tsarist Government granted permission

migrate to another land.

NEW LIFE IN CANADA

Some 7,500 Doukhobors—-found refuge in Canada in 1898 and 1899 after an unsuccessful at- tept to colonize in Cyprus. Their chief, Peter Verigin, came over later, on his release from Siberia,

The immigrants worked first as daborers, then gradually moved westward to take up homesteads in Saskatchewan and finally in British Columbia.

Though disagreements with au- thorities continued - usually over taxes and school attendance— most of the Doukhobors in time adapted to Canadian life and laws, and became responsible | citizens. vf

The Sons of Freedom, however,

remained.a splinter group that long discredifed all. Thy. not only refused to conform, but met government pressures by staging nudist parades and burning hous- es — usually their own. . The recent change in attitude hinted at by the agreement to allow Freedomite children to at- tend public schools followed dras- tie provincial action. Under strin- gent truancy laws, a number of youngsters were taken from their parents, quartered in the dormitories of a welfare institu- tion, and/ sent to school

Doukhobor mothers apparently called the tune to get their chil- dren back. The women of the clan, according to news reports, rebelled at male leadership and have taken control of the Free domite -council,

Fluoridation

In Kilmarnock

B.D.A. NEWSLETTER

Children in Kilmarnock, Scot-. land where :the water supply is treated with fluoride to prevent dental decay, have better teeth than those in Ayr, states Dr. Bryce Nisbet, Ki!marnock’s Med- ical Officer of Health in his an- nual report for 1958. Since fluori- dation began in April 1956, teams from the Public Health Depart- ment of Edinburgh University have been making annual exa- mination beginning In May pach year of 1,000 children in each of the two towns.

- Nisbet commented | that

ae 4 * -* ‘Sa

for Doukhobors who wished to /

;

Causes Studied

»

NOTES BY

We can’t always tell ahead of time which children will be men- tally retarded. They are born to average and even brilliant par- ents as well as dull parents. All racial, religious, social end ec- onomic groups are affected.

MANY CAUSES KNOWN Yet we do know more than 90

! causes which prevent the brain

from developing fully. We sus- pect many others.

Overexposure to x-rays, certain illnesses, infections and gland- ular disorders during pregancy

tarded,

Among other causes -are -ex- tradordinarily prolonged dabor, pelvic pressure, hemorrhage and lack of oxygen for the baby.

In some of these cases, we can

HAZARDS LESSENED

Caesarean section, for exam- ple, lessens the hazards of brain damage due to prolonged labor. Special diets can overcome in- stances of chemical inbalance which can injure the’brain of the baby.

Right now research is under way to break down the causes of retardation more precisely and to develop means of eliminating and overcoming-more. of them.

NEED PROPER AID—— With the proper aid, 25 out of every 30 retarded children can

| Teadjng;-writing—and f infull

employed in unskilled. and semi- skilled work. :

The National Association for Retarded Children, Inc:, 99 Uni- versity Place, New York 3, N.Y.;

help them. They need money to carry on the work.”

QUESTION AND ANSWER

Mrs. K.: Will you please tell me what causes canker sores and what one can do for them?

Answer: Canker sores may be due to a number of conditions such as ‘allergy, gastrointestinal disturbances, virus infections and some vitamin deficiencies. If the cause can be discovered) fur- ther sores may be prevented.

In treatment,they may be cauterized with silver nitrate, kept clean with\a peroxide mouth wah and healed. with some antibotic lozenges.

OUR YESTERDAYS

(From the Guardian Files)

TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AGO (Nov. 25, 1934)

Mr. R. M. Legate of Borden was recently appointed to the position of manager of the Camp bellton, N.B., electric light de- partment at a special meeting of the town council. He will succeed Hiram Farrer. Mr. Legate is at present connected with the Can- adian National Railways at Borden.

Two tug boats, the Coalopolis of Haftifax and the Bonsecours of Montreal, which were towing the dredge Fundy, belonging to J..P. Porter and Son, Halifax, from Halifax to Three Rivers, Quebec, came into Summerside Harbour on Saturday evening for shelter from the raging storm. They remained until Monday to refuel.

TEN YEARS AGO _ (Nov, 25, 1949)

The first ‘Shiprgents of~ snow- mobiles from the Island to the Magdalens is being made from Buntain and Bell’s wharf this fall. The shipments are being made by Mr. Dan Mullen of Mount Stewart. Two vehicles have al- ready been purchased by parties in the Islands.

A drive to raise funds for the erection of a library building in Tignish is now underway. For several months Tignish has been without a library due to the fact

health workers was that the teeth of the Kilmarnock children were much better than those in the “control” town.

“Of course,” he . “this has only been going on for three years and the only people who can show the maximum benefit are those up to 3 years of age. It does some good to older age groups too but not so much as in early childhood when tooth substance is being laid down. When the milk teéth last longer, the’ jaw gets a chance to develop so that when the second teeth come through there is no over- crowding or malformation.” Dr. Nisbet said it would. be another two years before a really good statistical analysis would be. avail- able. He hoped that the figures from this year’s examination would show the same trend.

He emphasisetl that no doctor or specialist had had occasion to approach him ahout any condi- tion of health which could be at- tributed to the addition of fluor-

“pe i M5

may result in a child’s being re- .

.| most concerned — the desperate-

be educated in the basic skills of.

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As President Eisenhower pass- ed his 69th birthday on October 14,-he neared the time at which

was the oldest in office. His sec- ond term exvired only a few days before his 70th birthday. James Buchanan was within a few weeks of that mark when he left the White House. Ike’s term will not be completed until almost three months after-his 70th birthday.— Portland Oregonian

Perhaps one reason why there is so much delay in the provision of hospital beds is that those

ly ill — are not in a position to campaign for them. Healthy peo-

ple, unless they are extraordin- arily gifted with. imagination, find it difficult to comprehend the agony of one who is serious- ly ill and cannot get hospital treat- ment. Well men can fiddle around with_committee meetings, sur- veys and arguments about defini-

vince themselves that there is plenty of time to take the mea- sured approach to the provision of hospital beds. But it is amaz- ing how swiftly a serious pain can alter this attitude —Vancouv-

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tions of chronic illness, and con- }'

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bex of chocolates rather it a liquor store we are to think the crime will have its own fit gunishment.—Hamilton Spectator .

BAN FLIGHTS

CARACAS, Venezuela (AP)— The Venezuelan air force Monday night banned all flights over Caracas after an abortive anti- ‘ government leaflet raid by two Cubans who couldn't find Vene- > zuela. The action does not affect: commercial airlines since the air- port is well outside the city.

MAXIMS

The rung of a ladder was never meant to rest upon, but : hold a man’s foot long enough enable him to put the

rs

er Province

People who have a fondness for

plays a major role in helping | these youngsters; Now you can |

, the miniature hold a special pace in their geographical affections for the tiny countries of Eurove. They will-be p'eased to learn that like their bigger countervarts, these survivals have banded to- | gether in an international organi- zation

Recently representatives of the Republic of Andorra and San Marino, and the hereditary prin- .cipalities of Monaco and Liech- tenstein, held a conference.

In the lobby of Liechtenstein’s only motel ‘whose picture window was curtained to hide a distract- ingly beautiful view of the Rhine) the Little Four co-opted the Va- j tican City and the Grand Duchy ' of Luxembourg into their ranks. Then they sett'ed down to discuss tourism which,, with postage stamps, is the mainstay of the revenue of most of thé little coun- tries. .

Agreement was not easily reached on the inclusion of Lux- embourg, whose 899 square miles outweigh, in territory and pupu- lation, the other five put together. But a publisher of a small-coun- tries guidebe-k carried the day against Liechtenstein’s principal vencor of souvenirs, Baron Ed- uard Alexander von Falz-Fein, and the Grand Duchy was ad- mitted.

Plans were discussed for a small-countries tour and a pos- sibility. of. additional membership emerged with an invitation to the Dame of Sark ‘one of the Chan- nel Islands) to attend next year’s session.

By that time, if a tiny but quasi-sovereign isle in the Eng- lish Channel is eligible, other po- tential members might apn!v. The Isle of Man, Gibraltar, Corsica,

The Age Old Story

, — 3s

Ye were ‘not redeemed’ with

corruptible thirgs as silver and

fold, but with the precious blood ot Christ.

that the lease on the building had expired and the owners requir- ed the building for other purpos- es. A lot of land has been se- cured and building will begin as soon as possible.

he

SO RIGHT FOR

HIM... + + » FROM YOU

B.V.D. AND FORSYTH DRESS SHIRTS

Harvey Woods and by Ford

DRESS SOCKS

Abbey Currie and Park Lane

TIES

HOOLEY'S MEN’ WEAR

Charlottetown and Montague

somewhat higher. ;

am ——Europe’s itt esx

Baltimore Sun

= a Malta—who knows where the list™ * would end? Next October all eyes wil be upon Andorra as dele- gates of the miniature countries gather to continue their deliber- ations, in the heart of the Pyrg ._.. nees, as guests of an ancient re- public which has discarded uni- versal suffrage as impractical.

The Little Six. or Seven, or howe ever many, is a welcome addi- tion to the list of international organizations.

NORTHERN FARMER

“Go down south for the winter, Dad” they'd said —

“The place can do without you for a while! ...

And here he was, long empty days ahead,

Remembering, tid sound and time and mile ;

Became confusion. Now his wistful eyes

See not inviting surf nor sum warm sand, ‘

But bare black branches fret- ting frost-blue skies

Where deep white winter silences the land.

Still closer, near a friendly cedar bough,

A chimney spills out scrolls of welcoming:

(They'd just -be sitting down te supper , now,

Envying him ‘his suhny wait till:

spring.) These alien skies that woo his heart in vain May soothe old hes, but not this strange new pain. —Ruth E. In the Toronto Daily Star

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