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_ THE GUARDIAN, CHARLO1'1‘ETOWN, ‘JUNE 15 £899.

AN ESSAY

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physical science. It was he, and not l.a Place who was the author of the theory since csillcd the Nebular Hypothe- ~is. The ether as the underlying sub- ~1ance of heat and light was the subji-ct

oi his inaugural dissertation in 1755.

0 , After niar.yyi=ai's of weary wailing

Kant became professor of logic and

l,¢=»Foundcr of the Critical

Philosophy.

BY L. R. MACDUNALI)

_-és

Kant’s Contribution to Phil-

osophy and the World of Thought.

“His works have exercised such in-

iluence upon European thought, that in tl-eestimation of the best historical jtfdges. they n.ay be placed on a level with the great events of the French Revolution as '.he most imporuan: lac- tors iii determining the chariterisiic features of the nineteenth century cul- ture.” .uch are the words by which the Encyclopre lia Britannica opens the biography of Immanuel Kant. It has occasionally fallen to the lot ot one man to iniluence greatly, perhaps to change entirely the thought or the in- stitutions of his time. But it is never to the man’s genius alone that this is due. It will be found that the age was ready to receive his message. One century earlier or one later his worn would have been a comparative, perhaps. a total failure.

The mystics of the previous cen-

tury l)esCartes and Spinoza. were now forgotten. Pascal and Malebranche were laid aside. Even Leibnitz’s work was obscured and misunderstood. The smpirieist was on a throne. Locks’s argument that all ideas of the mind are the product of experience. either simple sensations or reuections upon sense phenomena, had made the pendulum ot speculative thought swing to the oppo- site extreme. Hume, taking Locke’s own premises, with merciless logic proved causality s simple order ot suoocess in the inner life, s more series odchnnce experiences. and the moral law s feeling in the mind of the sympathetic subject. Voltaire, the apostle of the new, era in France, which by a strange anomaly was called the period of 1l1umiuationism,had taken the physics of Newton and the philosophy Locke and perverted them to suit his own sensual and skeptical purposes. Oondiliac reached the extreme point ot empiricism, when he made the famous statue obtain all the knowledge and feelings which we possess, by the mere opening up of one sense after another. It was time for the pendulum to swing back.

A ma ter mind whose conceptions

were to revolutionize human thought led the way. Criticism was to reveal both to empirictsm and dogmatism the unwarrantahle nature Ot their as- sumpti ~- and hold the brlauce true between them. It was Kant, who ex- ploring the recesses of the humrn mind as with a lighted candle, discovered to man the limitations of his intellectual faculties a-.id the boundary of his knowledge.

This great philosopher. was born at

Konisgberg in 1724 and is believed never to have travelled 'nero than forty miles from his native town. Here he was educated, here he taught and here he died at a good round age in 1804. liecoiling- from the theological studies towhich his parents wished him to devote himse.f. he turned his attention to-languages, Mathematics and Physics. Au objection urged against some men of his class, that they line above the world of fact and experience in the serial region oi abstract thought, can. not in any measure be urged against him. He was interested in all fields of human research. Especially had he a complete and thorough mastery of

metaphysics in the University ot Konig- sberg. Slowly his philosophical medita- tions began to assnnie the form of that svsteni which has made his name im- mortal. His University now sharss his lame. When the citizens of Konigs- br-rg saw the philosopher sup out of l-is door each afternoon at exactly halt part tour and walls up and down the time t;ee :ivenue eight times in suc- ¢-¢5gi0n_ new r more,never less, at every season and in ali weathi-rs, not le-as punctual in all his roii'in»~ of life than the Cathedral clock, if it-ey had any idea ofthe wor.`d-upheaving thoughts <“ ttlivring form and coherence in his iiiiud, tl:.ev might well have bowed _~ it`l i'e'.`ere;lt~:il awe before him. But zo :hem he was a plain, unpretentious p;cte:-.~,or of philosophy and nothing UlO"£`:.

I = lTo'l appeared his °-Crifque of

I’ur»e Reason ` of which all his later wntings are a development. For six _veals this majestic work lay neglected. Few, if any, realized that a new mine of intellectual wealth had been opened up. The Germans were not then the philosophers they now are. The style of the book had little to recommend it. The barbarous terminology in which the author loved to clothe his ideas made it eumbrous and repnl- live. He may be considered one ot the worst writers ot German prose that ever published a book, and this is saying a great deal in his dis- pr-ise. His involved sentences somi- iim s cover a complete page. The author who could refer. to the soul as the ‘-Unconditibned of the Categorical synthesis in a subject,” and to the uni- verse as the -‘Unccnditioned of the hypothetical synthesis of the members in a series,” had ho mean power of in-' venting uncouth and preplexing terms. But at last Germany awoke from her apathy. The philosophei‘s reward was nigh at hat d. Schutz and Reiuhold’s advocacy of the new system suddenly wrn for him tributes from the brighest intellects of his native country .Lectures you the transcendental philosophy in the ‘universitit s, and discussions among the literati were the order ot the day. -Young men flocked to Konisgberg. In twenty-live years the "Critique" trans- formed a people hitherto remarkably barren in philomnhical speculation into the typical metaphysical race ot Europe. . ~. f y

Too _long had vain empiiicism flaun-

tod its pretensions only to end in skep- ticism. Too long had the irrational dogmatism'-'hola past age tried to cou- ' tirm the conclusions of experience hy abstract reasoning. To Kant’s mind there had been little progress in Mei- apbysics for three thousand years. He y will go back of all and institute a criti- `cism of pure reason itseif. When the ac- cepted opinion that the heavenly bodies l meved around the earth as a centre Ifailed to explain the ordinary astrono- mical phenomena, Copernicus con- ceived the bold plan of making every- thing, the earth included. revolve about the sun. When the two conceived opinions that truth was innate, on the one hand and on the other, that it was wholly of sense origin. hoth failed to satisfy requirements, Kant openly au- nounced the claim that our knowledge was neither innate nor experimental but transcendental. It came to us be- cause we made it.” _

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