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-.NOV¥iii@R 23 -_uns ___ 1 rr-1E_cHARLo'r'rE'rowN GUARDIAN

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V 1 SPECIAL TO C_HA_RLOTTETOWNi GUARDIAN . i

.»___.'__ ._.. #_ ,-_ fi ---~ -

C°“f"¢t 5¢€l_li1 in Spirit of Aggression and Lust for Conqumt - i _ Carried On with Brutality Unknown for a~TbousaA' nd -,_ ` j __1’cars, Ends in Abject Submimlon. ‘

- he steel ver is over.,-o. conflict which *ill lhlklll U15 world for more than four years has ended lri the triumph or democ- racy and civilisation over autocracy and barbarian. its results will be of local- ouiabls benefit to mankind. lf the states- men of to-day. can guard against en; recurrence of any slrr.l.la.r catsclysm and UNI" ll-IUM Dues among the nations lt will 'oo worth all it has cost in . `°sd and treasure. 0110 “RMK Yet visualise tbo affects of

the victory of right over might. 'i‘ho peace settlements-will take a long time and many of the Droblems presented. especially in tho East. are very oomplex. It is too early to look forward to what may be aooom- plished. and tho task of looking backward svor\the campaigns of tho last four years is by no moans easy. For years historians will be engaged tn wordy battles over the oonfllctntln _tho field and therefore only the brlefellt'visw,` limited to facts and fig- urse. can be'glven now. ~ Looking broadly at the military opera- tions one may 'classify them as western. tr Franco- Belgian; doutbern, or Italian: -eastern. or Russlan:` the -Balkan. Asiatic. African and naval cambl-ilfls, The entry of the United States in the war on all fronts was a major influence in the final .ieoision and this country will undoubtedly have a large share in framing the condi- tions of peace. The western front from lbs beginning has been the vital field of the struggle. although the original' im-

pulse to war arose in the east, ln a Balkan question, lrowing out of Pan-German alti- sitirfn ln the direction of the Orient.

'V " _ The Western Front.

instigated by Germany. Austria, on July I, |914, declared vvnr on Serbia. thereby lssuturatlng the moat tragic drums of suntan history. Declarations followed last lhroucliout Auzist. Luxemburg-was over. run by the Germans'ln it day and Bol- fium invaded. the Hans meeting their first resistance from the forts of Liege. which held up their advance several days. After the last fort fell the Germans moved aero. Bslzlum ln an 'irresistible flood. rooupying Brussels an August 20. and burning iituvaln on August 25. .~Britisli troops, hurriedly landed. tried- ‘» owpuoe them. but were brushed aside. end the Gormansldrove straight for Paris. Then. on September O, followed the battle sf the Marne. and the Germans were Hind back to the Alone. 'Bien there was a race for the sea. Bm- l&,_tr-pops moving north. trying to out- llusk tho Guineas, was kept pace with |5011. until finally tho allied front was eelaoitohea from um North sea to swiuer. land. The British on November 14 occupied Ybrss, against which suooosslvs waves! of drmaas dashed in vain for four years. Evil: the attack of April 22, lll6. in which Iss warusod for the ftrst time. failed

to hive the Brtish our. During the rest of the year 1915 the western nations stood still, watching the ¢'roat'Rssola.n campaign, but in 1316 the British extended their ilnas on the Somme sad on July 1 a joint Anglo-French at- tack was begun, in which 70.000 Germans wirs to-lon prisoner. The British extended lt. north toward the Anere, capturing Thilpval on September 20 and Beaumont- Hamol in November. and forcing the Ger- npns so retreat aloag their whois line from Ari-as to it. Quentin, whlls the Flslich in the south drove them out of the Noyou silent. The battle ef the Somme was ooo of the turning points of the war. The situatiouthen remained quiescen‘ until February 5,1911. when tho Germans began “I retreat between the Somnie a|ld| lh¢Anoro. The British followed them up t'aptl_1t‘l& Bapsumo on March I7 and Psroune the next day. on April 9 the Canadians took Vimy Rldln- ' ‘Pho British _on Juno 7 launched an of~ fenslve in Flanders anlnst _the belghtsi southeast of Yprea. 'fhoy DIS" UP 011° liloasiues-Wyuchaete _ridse and drove r wdgo Iowasd Roulers into the heart o lbs Gorman positions ln Belgium, threaten- ing hath' the submarine bases on the North loo coast a-nd tho German oc-chili' tion of Lille. Passchondaele. four mils.- frova Routers. was captured on .\’ov¢~mher I.

` Verlun.

Bofors the battle of rho ielomme in .lul_» 111|, which was intended ilu part sl loan to sollsvs the situation at Verso... the on I man Grown Prince began a drwe on tha fl-troll on February 21. which culminate. en June li and lasted into lwcembsr. h *Mol lime the Frinch had regained evsr llportaiit point and the Germans had lost Mi-f a fnlilion men, so that \'erdun cam' to be known as "the Allies; slaughle house." _ ___ Fort Douaumont fell on rr-l»runr_v .t Ibn. Vaua on June 8 and h_v .iunr H thi qqgmng _nad gained 'i‘l\la\lmont am ll'lsury. which was thsllnearesr linlnt the- evor got to Vordun. Then the reactlo' began, Op August 8 the French ret-a' :used Flobfy and hy- (ic:olu-r 2| had r. .gud “lftliaumnnt and iloilaum-im for \Dl VNlI¢. taking 6,1110 |i|'iu41|~.e-i'.~. _Ll- Nevosnber 2 ii\e_i;..rm»in»- -\-ef'-inlrsi if-if

Voux. ' _ - ‘ - On Aprillil, 1917, the Fri-nc_n hessn nl-

aflglvo over a .twe_nty-five mile front between loissons and Rhelms. Auberiw was-taken and a brldgehend.sauth of lh Akleat the junction of the Vests. wlilcl _ tso Gena s had held svefslnre the ha_ill~ - ge 5 wa;-no, was obliterated. tori een , epppsite. ull-'on April 1°- -"fl ll"

(issue retired to the crest of the Alam- h is, _sssrhioh runs the Ch_sn\l1\_¢~_

pggt 4 Craonne was taken aol gag noe gon s newioffennlve lu vu", gn' gg,-m_;n| w¢r_o_finaliy pushed N* ,. mg mngmm _bank of the Alietic ami-. Here they rfmellwd “""' "“ drive to.tae liaroe was basil"-_ . 1_5. nr* gn pgrh' gldos woribsfs_blllsed some the sreear pert of ll" l"'-°'-__§"§ In December rumors began ip float I ll of- a ge&_t offensive that |-llndsiiblgl would .lahneh which would defeat ts MIB, push the British into the sea an .so eo. op, with uermsnypmi 'iff °‘l'

noise las two continents. _'rise ruI""l‘l “gy ug" gg .mare persistent find dates

out mentioned. only in he l>°“°" ‘”""'ii.»'sm

ll

lhe

out action. until some seen observer? br- llil to doubt that anattac-lr wer wi" "W

5 normal Drives is |91"-

im te rest

Ill!!-lid!! miles. Vlmy .Bidge, in cha nortluot once ulevsated its wldonlnl. bn! the Germans pushed forward on the south. natal they reached a depth of forty-

seven miles. from the yiclnity`of_§_a. Foro to within six snllos gf Amiga, funk tiftpen days. during which time there was considerable nervous tension abroad.

At once military mon rooogniadd the ob-

.ieot of 1-l_lad_onhurs's manoeuvre. It was to captors Amions, oil tho British and French oommuuiutlous there and push on to Abbeville, at tho beginning of the wide estuary of the Somme. . This would divide ‘|10 MUN. and. while making a barrier ls!-last the French in the south. the Get--_ mans could concentrate in the north. drive tho British to the coast and capture the Channel ports. Then. with the North Sea for a barrier. they _could turn south. flush the French armies and captors Paris at their labors. dictatingpssoa Like many another ambitious scheme of conquest. ll failed within sight of the goal.

Rather drestfsllea. but still determined the Germans recognised that their drive had not been wide enourh to compass the vital poiata of the British front and began in April a new offensive in the north to rnmedy this omission. striking west of Lille from the canal sf La Bosses in the neighborhood of Ypros. ;

So they halted for a month to think ii*

over. and in May decided that, after all. the Channel ports were sour grapes and Paris was the preferable objective. Thi.- acdounted for the Alsne-Bdarns drive.; which in many respects was their most; powerful offensive, although its extent was mach less than tint of the Somme.

In a day they swept up from the Aiiette_

Valley, over- the Chemin des Dames on the 3 hellhts north of the Alone, and crossed th» i river in a rush. Next they took Solaiom. and reached the Voale with the point of' their thrust at Piomes. On they went tc- tbe Marne, extending their front on thr., river from Chateau-Thierry to Verneullf and almost overwhelming Ftheims in their ‘ aidvance. But iftheims and Epernay bold buttnssed by thr great forest of the moun» r tain of Rheims. while the forest of \‘lllers-. Cottereta barred their path to Puu-is on bhf well. and the drive came to a standstill I Again they fell short of their objective. _ | But If only they could unite the Somm salient with that of the Marne 'by ii: straight line from Montdldier to Chateau- Thlerry they would have it magnificent bass for a. move on the French capital. Su they tried this during June. comin! south along both aides of the Oiso from Noyon,; bot were checltmateii at the Matz ani’ the forest uf the Algle within two days, and althosgis there was dosultory fighting as far south as Anlheuil they were never

nearer to Oomplegne than six miles.

'l‘he_v tried onoe more early in the morn, ing after the French national holiday attempting a drive along a front fron- Chateau-Thlsrry to Maaalges, thirty mliei east of Rhelmo. and failed most dtnally sho offensive -bolus' stoPP\’A| sa the thlrrl ay.

Marshal Fseh lfrllrea lack.

Tban Marshal Foch on July 1| develope(

his magnificent strategy. On the llns ess of Bhelms. which had been scaroell moved, General Gouraud restored the ori! lnal positions. Southwest of Rbeimf. where the Germans had gained a couplt

of miles. ltallax, i-‘reach and fBrltish‘ pushed them ba _ On the south of th-I

iiarne, which tho iliuns had crossed; nearly reaching Conde. French and Amer- -_

lcaas drove them back. On the west.)

PRINCIPAL D

1 i' ii ‘ - 1914 ' '

. e Juno 26-Ardeluko Francis Isrdlasnd. heb- to tho Austrian throne, murdered at Sarajevo. _

July 5-K.s.iso_s"s :sown oouacil at

Potsdam resolves upon wsr.

July 23-Austria sands ui&iatum to

Serbia. . _ _ Jill' 2|-Austria declares war on Serbia. July 31-Russia rnobiiines her armies. August 1-Germany declares war on

Russia and invades Luxemburg and Belgium.

August I-Germany dedarss war on Franco. _ Allkust 4-Great Britain declares was

on Germany.

August so-Gonnans ooowy Brussels. Alllillt U-Japanese bombard '|‘a|n¢\|\u. August B-Germans burn Louvain.

hfezptemlser i-Russians capture Lun-

r . September 5-Great Britain. France and Russia slKn Agreement to make no

separate ponies. Japan and Italy adhsrhil a er. September 6-il-Battle of the Marne,

in which the French turned back the Lids of invasion and-forced -tho Germans to retreat to the Alsne. September 1.1.-Atmtralians capture New Goins and Bismarck archipelago. _ Ssptisnber 16-Russians under Rennen-

kampf retreat from East Prussia.

September 22'-British cruisers Ahouklr.

I-Iogue and Greasy sunk by submarines in North Sea.

Octobr 9-Germans occupy Antwerp. October 14-Allies occupy Ypres, iiali

Germans on the Yser.

November 1-British cruisers Htm-

mouth and Good Hops sunk in action ot! the Chillan roasL.

November 5-Great Britain idoollll

war on Turkey and annexes Cyllrus.

.\'ovember 'I-Japanese captiirs Taill-

tall.

!\'ovember 10-German cruiser Eindsn

cnuxlit and destroyed at' Cocos Island by British. 1

December 3-Austrians capture _Bel-

grade. .

December 8-British naval victory off

the Falkland islands-South ACl"hca.n re- bellion collapses.

December it-Serbian: recapturs Bel-

grade. '

December 17-Egypt declared a British

Lirotsctorste, '

December 24-First Gorman air raid on

England.

1915.

Junuary til-British naval victory in

North Sea off Dagger Bank.

February 18-Gorman submarine block-

ade of Great Britain bczun.

February 19-Anglo-French squadron

begins attack on Dnrdnnelles.

March 1-British order in council lil-

sued to prevent commodities of any klnli

reaching or leaving Germany.

March ii-Russians capture Przcmysi.

April 17-Se%nd battle of Ypres begun.

Gas used by an-nuns for first time. April 28-Allies land in Gallipoli.

May ‘.’»-Russians, defeated in battle nf

tho Dunalec. beliln retirement in Gn-

llcis.. -May 7-The Lusitanla au.nk»by subma--

rlne. -

May E-Italy declares war on_Auptrla.- - June Z-italians cross the lnonzo.

.Iune S-Austin-Germans retake Przcrn-

v . '

` Tune 2!-Auetro-Germans recapture

lienlberx.

July 9-Conquest of German Southwest

Africa completed.

August 4-Germans capture ¥Varsa_w. August 19-The Arabic sunk by subma-

rine. ~

A'~If'~ES IN 'I HE

_“August 29-Italy, declares _war on Tur-

y. ' - Hmtonbor B-lrurks defeated at Ku!- otesiltela. .

October 6-Allies land at dalonlu.

_0cK0llf 11-Buiiarians invade Bettis. OBDIC 12-Nurse Cslinll shot by Gor-

lilhl inlrussels. 1 _ .Octohsr ll-Great Britain declons 'war :rn Bulgaria. November f2-hftle or Coesiwm in Mesopotamia.

December 8-Fan of lionosth- and Ano-

hiagtomtsn conquest of Sssiia oem- p e

1 : 1

1916.

"ifanoary 8-Allies evaanteflsllilull. January ll-Ausis-oéu-:nano capture

Cettinje.

Februar? 10-Rains ooptaus Iran reum. ‘ '\ - ` February ll-The ’Can»orooss .een-

qnted. _

February 21-Battle of Vordull begun. larch 10-Gaeaeaay declares 'war on

PortQal.

April 19-American uldmatun to Ger-

many threatening to break off mlatioiu unless Germany modified her submarine pblltfy. ’

April I9-Genes-ai Townshend at Kut-

et»A.srlara surrenders to Turks.

May 31-Naval battle off Jutland.

.luno_2-Third battle of Ypres begun.

.ligile 5-Lord Kitchener drowned. .Y o 21-Grand Slierif of Meera. pro-

claims Mmsetf Klux of the Hedjoz.

.lane 17-ltnsslsns capture Czernowitz. July I-Battle of the Bomme. July O-German submarine saancitant-

man url;-s at Baltimore. ' 'August -Roumania. enters war on the eldo of the Aides; Italy declares war on Germany-

Septernber 15-British cnprure Cour-

ceileato; first appearance of the ranks.

September 20-Venizelos forms a pro-

visional Greek gpvernmerit at Saionivll.

xavembor lS4French capture hknas-

ill'

1917.

January 31~Germa-ny announces unre-

stricted submarine warfare.

l-‘ebruary 3-l.'n.lted States sevors diplo-

matic relations with Germany.

]-`eiirun.ry 26-British canilaro 131!-eb

Amarn. __

March 11-'-British capture Buzdnd. .liurch li!-Revolution begun in_Russla:

Tsar abdlcutes.

April 6-United Stn-ue declares war on

Pei-many. \

May 5-French gain the Chemin des Dames. - _ .lunc T-British capture hiessines Ridge: .lime 26-ii‘lr.<z. .‘\lues'lcali troops itmd in

i"ra|ica

June 29-Greece enters war against

Gee-rnany. _

July :lo-oceronsky beeonies Russian

Premier. July 2!-Rueeizxne rstrma in (laihula. ' August 1,9-ilinllaass begtin drive ton

lsonso front. -

September 3-Germans co-piilre Ego. October Z5-Italiana driven back from

isonzo line- * November 7-Kerenaky t>vertlo~ow'n.

Rolsheviki seize power in Russia; Brit- ish in Palestine cnptltre Gam November 9-ltrtllami ranch the Piave lln`e. - ' November 20-Genital Brin; attzvvks

with tanks near Cambria.

December ri-.lerusaieni cuntluul by the British. - »

GREAT’ WAR

. ’ i '

Decesnltor I2-Bolsbvikl fbylin bows

negotiatioos wah control Powers.

1918, _

January 8-Preidmt Wilson announces

_fourteen points for semoment of world war. . l March 8-Bolshevlltl skit Brest-Litovslt tnlsty of peace with (kat:-al Powers. stems zl`-our-man ahve on the some

befun to separate British and French anplea . -_

April E-Japanese; Jtmexioosz. Fruch

and British marines f land 'at Vladi- voswk. “

Mull 9-Germans osgln Lys drive for

Channel peru. ,

April 14-General [Pods appointed arn-

nsondea- it dilet of ali u-tiled urmiea

April 2b-'British naval forces raid

Zeebruxse and Qsteao, blocking subma- rine harbors. '

May 1-Germans occupy Se-basbopol and

seize Russian Black Sea fleet..

Jilsy S--Onend again raided and the

Vludiotivu sunk at entrance to harbor.

May 2'!-Gorman drive on the Alone

begun. reaching the adnrne.

June ll-.Arnenmns attack at Chateau-

Thierry.

.luly 1-Amerisns esaure Vaux. .luly lil-Tsar Nichndas reported mur-

dert-ti.

July 18-Foch begin counts' offewve

below the Marne. g August 2-French recapture Soissons.

Au8\lst 4-Allies cross tho Veslo. August -15-Ameliicasi troops reach

Vladivustok. `

_ Ausu-it 26-Brltlsh smash Hlndenburl ine. - August 3.1-Germans retreat from Lys

salient.

September 4-Germans evacuate Lens. September IZ-Amerifmns ‘begin action,

wlbinz out St. llllxiel salient in three days.

September 18-Bulgarian front crumbies

before allied drive from Macedonia.

September 22-British defeat Turks.

capture Nazareth.

September 30-Bulgaria. surrenders. ' October 1-Britlplh take, Damascus. October 17-Belgian; reach Ostend ond

Bruges; Lille taken; British in Dnusl.

Ot-tobrr lil--Belgian coast won. October 20'-i'~‘renv:h reach the Dmiube;

Ccrmruiy nslrs Presiderlt \\'ilson for ar- lulstlce.

October L'l--(`z-fclm-Slorvalts recognized

as n nation and army joins Allies.

October I5-italy begins counter offen-

sive, driving the .-\ustrlnns from the Piave. l '

October 26-Gen(-ral Allenby captures

AleDDO.

October 23-Austria asks for separate

p-.-ace, accepting ull of President Wil- oun'u terms; Aliivrlcam long range guns shell Longuyon. -

October £5-Italians drive Austrians out

of Piave line. .

October (i0-/i'|ii‘lisy surrenders. signs

hrinlatiun.

.\'u\-'ember 11-Ainoricans rout Germans

‘ln the A.rKonne.

.\'nvcmber 3-Austria surrenders. signs

armistlce, tdfcetlve three P. AI., Novem- bcr 4; Scrhiuns re-enter Belgrade. .\'nvcmher 4-Allird .shtprorne War Coim- cll iigrceo on tcrm.- nl' nrmlatice to Ger- ir:.'l,n}'. . . .Z\`ovcn\ber 6-Germiu\_\' breaks reintions with Bolshevlki. .v

N0\.'cinbc.* i'-Alilcrltzritlri enter Sedll. 5\'ovi:nibt~r 9-Alriiihougu. i-Iirson and

Stl r-zir-rcs captured by 1-irltlah and Flcnch.

IUIII.

lo retire reached and the

lays .v lflf l IMI

nonllt

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1 3 ' _ .

_ _ _ _ _ ____ _ . _ _A _ __ _ _ n-_a-Q-ai _ _ _ i _' - _tin

Civilization Triumphs Over Bar-barism /After Severcst Trial K 1 _ the Ages, in Which America Grandly Gomes tothe A

European Allies. _ 1 _ ‘.

"1 < Rescue of the

concert with the Clans-Slovaias, now °¢¢_UPlos the greater part of Siberia. On Qctober 21 the Czecbo-Slovaks were rac- ognixed as a nation and their forces Joined the Allies. . One indirect result of tha Cuanho-Slovak movement was the -end of the Rornanoff dyna.\sty by the murder nf the Tsar. The deposed monarch. ut first held in. captiv- ily in Tsarakoe-Selo._was sent tn Toholsk, in Siberia. when lim German invasion ol' ltuiia was rencived. Later the Bdiishe- vlltl transferred him ,to Yekaterinburl: for safe keeping. but when the Czecbo-Slo- vuks threatened thu.: city, teasing ho might full into their hands. the Bolshevik soviet. or government. ofthe Urals thought the best way to solve the problem was to kill him. and the weak. misguided unfortunate man who for nearly a,quar-ter of a cas. tury had bean the head of tba most auto- rratic govsmmenton earth was put to death on July 16! his passing "ny, like that. of the Sultan of Turkey, ln June, be- ing merely a minor incident of the great war. At the other end of Russia on the Arctic shores allied intervention had become rl fuel. It was undertaken to save the sup- plies sent to Russia more than a year ago and uwlectrd durinB the Bolshevik réxfmc. French, British. Belgian. American and

Serbian forceg were landed tit Kola on the Murman eninaula. and occupied four hundred miles of the railroad to Pelrograd

’l‘\|e Bllknn States.

Russia’s collapse forced Roumania out of the war, which she had entered an August 27, 1915 Her thrust into Transylvania in the autumn of that year was-porried by llnckensen and Falkenhayn. The capital was removed to .lassy and Bucharest was occupied by the Germans on December 6. Brnlla. the grain centre near the mouth of the Danube, fell on January 5. 1517. and the Roumanian forces were immobilized, with more than half their country occu- pied by the enemy. Completely surrounded and threatened with extinction as a sepa- rate State. Roumanla was forced to aSree lo a German peace an May 6, ceding the liribrildiu to Bulxuria. Serbia.. after driving the Austrians from

lit-r soil twice, was completely crushed in l5~l.'. by a combination of German, Austrian :ind Bulgarian forces. Nlsh was captured on November 5, Monastlr fell on December '_' und the conquest of Serbia was complete.

ltusliinl; westward, the Austrians occu-

pied Cettinjr. thc Montenegrin capital, on .liinunry 13. 1916, and reached San Giovanni

_dr .\iodun, on the Adriatic const of Al-

bania, by theend of the month. The rem- nants of the Serbian army were assembled at Avlonu. by the Allies and tnken'to Uorfu far reorganization, afterward ro- rlppearltig with thc allied forces on the

Lt-on lighting.

Greece, bound by treaty to old Serbia.

remained idle, although her People were sirdng pro-Ally, because the court. party, ‘llc-aded by King Constantine. the Kalser's Iiruther-in-law, favored the Germans. lllcutllerlos Venizelos, the Greek Premier. invited thi- Allies to aid Serbia, and i-‘roncb and llrlileili forces lnndcd at Szilonlca on October 5, 1915. They begun slowly to retake parts of Serbia. Mnnastlr being captured on November 16. 1916.

King Constantine threw every possible

obstacle in the way of the Allies; and finally was deposed by them on June 12.

,_ ' ""_'" 1917, being forced tn nbdicate in fuvor of

whore tho Germans also had made gains . f _ ;'; ’ ~ _ __ ___ "Y ned his younger son. Mr. Venizelos, wh; _had

. ' Mita l l i tl til l9ili. in ievouton in r.-trogra Kcrenaky t lslonal government at a on-

or nm nr mu. muu' the wad. 'N' Mi Brimh (row. were rushed to the nernrglg Jariu\:ryre$! Fha? yzx gsnulrtusslana re- from the csopltul ana Lenlat- assumed the r§a.“1?ea1l?lse)¢?l] to Athens, bocame'Premier th. nlignt W.. mm ‘D by "`m°"°‘n-I 'Falun ":T,',,ln ar;r:y;:|z|:‘1¢l;‘m,rx, guarq. newed their offensive ln ilh.il'.ou'lna und Premiership, with Troizlcyas Foreign Min- and Greece joined the Allies. “Q F""°h °°`°p"°"|"" f°'°i”' 0" 'G°"'|;,;°¢\',l;°;,>{l|,v¢ ug; A\||¢¢ gmgesmen met in Galicia nnd begun a drive .1 ii Vnlliynla in ister. These twcproposcd a general peace There was then a united front across mans to begin a disastrous retreat to thr _ ,',,,_\y ami ¢,¢,d,,|' ,U creme asuprgme W,”-'.lune. They captured- L`»u':e.u on June 11 on the basis of "no anne-:ations or ln- .\ir.cedonla. The Italians. after diet;-af_in_§ vesle. their losses aggregating mtoao meh. l "fonacll, to have charge or all military and by the end of the in-no.. had pdvermr; dsmnlriesal ;ne' s_lzneilDan iu__mls_t;or__wlth riff- Austrli_s_rE“»a!;1_athe_rl;i:_ve__3l°l_i1; emi 5_6 or more than one-quarter :Lt all their troops' tffalrs in the wesfi. “This rc_s__uncl_l_. inswhlch all£\;\;i;W:2;=“d_£’:;'_°;‘°‘:m§:“‘__$'p_g`° ;‘__ ,;'.__ce°“R;",a':_ Zrinobfl mleulzdi egway s,,,_ ‘\‘.'_‘;,'u!;nR_,ve_, ,mkmt “D Wm, me F,.e,,¢h "““‘°°- ' ' '*"‘°"°‘ °‘ ‘“°'“ °° “ ' ‘ ° °"“"° ` ` - i r n h i r .i ii i. an an offensive bel alnoo than one series of hammer blown drive named Marshal Foch. one of the July 29. and by Aulllll 13 "IGN Were °'°l- 511°” WON vlhdrewn rom a t e ron s. on ,uly li I Bl’ 25 _ Rl after another have omots tha Gennazls. heroes of the Marne. gonerallssimo of_ all lookins Haiicz and thi-a:oenbi¥_l»:m:1@;5; £1; :_f__il_::_l::-_|§°__W§Z_:”Pi:_2r‘;":g_ _f;l_;u~{;::_f:~f_lh_\i 129-_:_l:_ _§h:_x°;’_:_:_‘d__‘;=d8___'-_:‘:__eD_‘:_‘I_‘;; ___ ‘€';‘_‘f: Klvlnl them ‘ao root. Boissons was noap- the-allied forces. The effect was lmme- Their drive wssdstosilgn vydun; °__TBm_n ____ _ended _md utlsm ln _nupendent re- ;_._n)r cum “Muna Brest. me Aus________e tured on Aurull 2. and tho Americans. eo- diatsly apparent. The result in France ls tyser; oylelltzn 1:: . ;u_19n e _ 8 8 D“_;__(_ w_L__ wh_c__ "___ G um _“do B rP_rel_;__n¥ _owud E__m“__ _md D_______z___ °"°"m“ 'nh m° French’ °"““ th' "old `h°v°' ` ~ can un 6 sp ng” treaty. nf peace on February' ii But the 'fiey continued this movement ln co- Yesle two days later. lltsrthor north the in italy the Au_strl.nns. at Gemianys die. T.. nun.. n°v°h"" Bo_____ev____ had mm et m_m_,;_e-pn to that "launch mm me “med d___v° !________ arm” 'm°°h'¢ th' Hhdenburr “n "6 mum' "1 Jun? 1° Mun ` dn” Mm” me - . - r-nil so the (lermnyns resumed their in- 1-iglnnlca and have entered -Monteneio. for-ood the Gel-mono to begins rotneal. from Piave. rcachlla a small fringe of territory »|~,,n,, ",.,,|,,,_,°,, ,,,,",¢ 0,," R,,,,5,,,_ 0,, "mio" or Ru_______ on Febnmr _S The .Hur me A___e__ had crushed me German the Lys salient. On September 4 the Ger- -in the :western bank. .They were checked “a____,_ 1,, me D_"___ "__,____ed ____ "der of Gcrmu amnéu _v._*u__e__ ___u"Yw__~h_n __ ____-H_su_n°e _n me ‘mm Generu 1_,______cm! -""*“' °"‘°““¢°° 5'3"- lm’“°‘""'°l7 ‘M www" bu* “"0" "N the Tsar for its dissolution. Nlclsrlu was ,_,,,_d,.__,, "mes of ,he ca mu Q-,ug 1.,r¢ing q'|=‘9 rey who had succeeded General

WMI' ml' W" nh' 'I u tm '.t U" "sum bulk' Their enfnmoul loss" 5°. |¢“l"*l°“*’d‘ U15 QW ¢mPl"° W” “"5" ills Bolshovikl "to roaurgn ne otltiona at ‘lurrexifi at Snlonlca began an offensive

Americans at the esstsns end of the line rlously orlllvled Austrian flxhtlnif power _h__°______ PMC; LW" Md P_______,e“_'_ M_____ Br\_m_L__°vak wha” __ “ug” or neva _mm Muoednnh on. September ____ euny norfii of Toni on_SU\¢mber 11 Nllll l_ 1"' ‘tm "°§"n‘:f_,gh§n"(';;‘,0g;:l?,'_-_ b':,'f,?:,":; ltofi’ formed a 'prorvlsiooal government. Wm, ,,|g,,ed 0,, Mgml, 3,' 1 pushing north and inflicting dlsaslroiiil “'"""‘°'""°“' M'-'»°"" U” M' mm' _ mn, ° ° h P, ` ' | . _ Gefmlnl’ ‘Mk l<1VU\l\l° °f f-"5 °\¢““"°" The Bolshevik delegates say use;-'signed th-rests on the Bulgnrs and Austrians in -,,||¢m 5,, php" gg.,-._ Th., g,-._4,,.||y gg. -he Austrians from t e ave reg on. we _ _ d_ _ _ _ _ '_ _“__ _

. . 1 y, | h 1, d l0 \'"ll\° ll P500’ Y VM WK ml "I Y tho treaty without reading it. By at the Serbia. Bulgaria was forced to surrender

ranced east of the lfeuse. than extsndet. -illflllli “U00” ll i ° '-ff""*°fY ¢ *Y ‘1 , , -_ _ _ .

,_ ,. utroylht UNI ml-‘|116 01 U18 Rllsllm Um) i-ti>lshn\lkl recogniaed the independence of ln twelve days and in the armistics which

heh' °D°uu°“' °“ s‘”°m°"m 'un °’ nn md forums 'Austria to eg 'M-» an ’S°°\l"lU” P‘U"l'\‘|97l *"5"* °`|"°“\‘*'~°d M tl e Ukraine 'Poland and Finland. and sie sl ned gave the Allies control of all 3'* "|"*""““d °“ N°'°m5°" 3 |“t"°"d *‘ """““l“°' 'meh W” "°m°d on "°‘°m' the front und the German soldiin-s fra- ‘reed to tl' s ti of i&tl i Ii ll 5* s dmeans of commuhlCa¢l0h were d°f°e\ im *N Germain in -the weedr *“"` 3- ‘° wt' °"”°‘ "°" "“~"~_ lei-nised' with the Russian iroowl- Dil- :gmc coli.-lpainezrfdanfmiipnm .fri i`r:§e":>p::i}ii¢a: path for the Allies to eil .?‘_"‘° “{,f°'§°- °‘°"“f_"f,_“‘ *W* "`°”‘ Mule ll 'mi 011 ef the Wer- ors»nlu!l°n besfm- and every “Chl 'lull Raisin entirely from comminiicatlon with time on the Danube num. 'rue .mice 'z):§:';__t°“ 3'? ‘n 6. ‘°h'Ay”_'_“°___d_y td Hung. pu gh. nn; of mg gpg" Poem,-g lil Rullll ilrleflivlll-l` 1° let lip ih¢i¢l*¢ll\¢fl¢ Europe. and ceded to Turkey put of 'h'an\\- immediately moved forward occupying _ - °° ' . 80l/t‘i'l1m9ill!l- t-nucasin, including Batoum the Black Seo Bulgaria and Serbia and esmhllsitlng s _,Msg rm;-.pq g¢4|,n_ ‘have eng junction ~.o enter the war, and the first lo leave lt. _ , d _ K _ R , M, , __ df W _ _ ' _ _ _ f -»-»-- -M ci-»-». ~- ..-.1..°‘.'.I' °.1I‘.i"..2.~.. .:‘.":l. .......‘;f.» ‘:.‘l..i‘.‘.t‘:l.°.:°:.*:“£:....”2r:3.§x.:r- "‘ ll .' ti' h ff. t \'.d d . ` ' '

:.‘§_°_:_:_ ;_f",fm: ,_ " "” ““ ‘" -peenicuisr. she replied ro Germanye in the heed or me Russian noone, and Ou puny neutral nations. our the noimevut 1." ,,_,,“,,,,,, "_, ,,_,__,,_e_ Hd' I nnliuyon at w,hi<‘h ,that 3°C|*"*"°“ °f h°"l"U°U 0° AUKUII 1. 1914. ful’ :__ "?_““ __“$ lifltvfr _ill-Illnsit Lgrnberii _iuwf-|,m;\r oonil\\U°‘| 'U 1'” °°‘mPl°u‘y with the idea of pening the Dardanelles » - rom ie rec n o amopo . enern nm ng, by Gem, y_ _ """f°”' "mn 9"’ !° I-'\-\¥°i|\b\1\‘g. Thr ey invading East Pi‘\lllll~ '3°“°"“|R°""" Bruelloff. south of ¢he‘DnlesUer. -fo-op-‘ This was a terrlblg blow to; the Aliles,|sr~ as tn aid Russia with supplies and \mericans had the later under bombal'_il~ ;ampf's troops were treacherously led to sraled with hbn. General }€orniloff's fm- vu; mymhg,-, gf Ga,-mu, gm Auger-im, munitions and tap her vast harvesiu for -._.»_;.i__o;__l_<>‘n¢__»_\n¢;__¢;\_?l f°\' "°'“° “F” mister in me rue-prim Lai.. region. army captured Hanes on July ie .nu__1<a- troops were serum the weeterrinri.-1 inuisri the benefit or' me western nations. the ' " *Y "fl b°0\- ____ W". demned mn Tnnnenberz md lucs the next day. »'l\hoy had takon ..6,000 fronts. despite Ge:-rns.ny'o pro |19 no; eo, Allies launched two ill-fated expeditions.

l1re|,\"e urlve in the East. y . d __ _ __ prisoners ln two weekssnd woraln a fair use any soldiers from Russia .skalnst her .-\n Anglo-French fleet bombarded the

p_-,,,,,||,. Wu, ,,,,,¢.,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,d ,my-, lrrllly out tv pier” Ur WWII' 11 l 2 way -to substantial vtetoryl _ .rumor allies in the west. german and forts on both sides of the straits on Febru- (,-0,.,,, |,, ,,,,, ,,-,,,. af," mp .1|,M,"- nf iarshes. Suddelnly allpwnil ching? by _another Austrian prisoners also w o relea.sed,lar_v 19. 1915. Unsupported by infantry. D, ,,,,,,,_ ,uw d,,c,a,,,¢ war on ,,.,,,m,., '~l,,,.,-,," ,,,,,,-,ged 9,, ;¢,,,,,|.,, ,,_,,,,, ,,,,». rem ut on ln etrngra . ive :t ousani many of them remaining in 'Russia and the venture proved a costly failure. The

_\1 g3_ my bp |¢ ,| ||| A | ‘ier south. Grand Duke Nicholas crossed soldiers and sallam from Krofvetadt en- Sibei'.h_fraternl:tlng with thor¢_.llhsdB.us- second attempt was made with a ia e

_Q ,,, ,,,.o,,|_,',|,,,wR|,,,:,,||;:T,,,, 3:31:12( |.¢(1gl|¢l|n frontier and occupied 'l`arno- i»=.r_e_d _tho capital anti domandell n miirc sia|1_:‘o(ldler~s and endsavoringlwallmoans army of British, /Australian and lkiefw ‘_ _ ; n ~ |» _ 4 { d . o1,.whlL-h the Russians were destined to rs( ca Government. to n ii trou le for the Allies. Zealand troops, which landed at'(ialllpoli 1:crt':`dmt)owar:llr'l?:?i'e;te?,:F;:|:::l‘ qtvrvan-?,¢,;!¢ old for nearly three years. Sweeping The Germans. while aiding the disnrgsn- But this had its compsnsai.i0ns._ Among on April 25 at two points. More troops f 0,, A,|,-|,,,_|¢_ G0,-|,|,,_ 0,, 9,, |,,,,,|°_ nwnrd. he captured Leinberg, capital of ization of the country by their intents. re- thu prisoners releusod were a lu a num- were landed on_ August 8 nt Suvlu Bay,

is Austrian rcvlnce on.Septemher 2 shined the offennlvn at tho frtut recap bf- of Czecln>Slovalts who e on the northerniildo of th G i-

he

ld

ionary anarchist. who dreaniod of a com- -ph, monlstid oritnnlaation of all Mankind. To- gether- they worked to _overthrow the democratic government and brought. Rus-

sla to the brink of ruin '

llolllsvilrl

soldiers

vii lea

were

oust

July. and loml

-. ,, ,, ,, ,,, _ , ‘_ ,,,,| 0,, p . - - _ » - ' . la be n e nllipoli n.nln- Ixlurrtpgs-o'oepds‘;1uah¢‘.;¥ o:1’|y.¢3l\|.¢ (ju-3.- 'ossetl the San River on Peptombsr 15 lured Kalura on .mlv__l». and ultncketl forced to fight for Austria, T ro- mln. lt became evident. however, that ,,,,. ,,,°,",,,,|,, mules 0,", had y,,.,-gmfo,-, iii lnvcsl.edl’r1emBl'l three dzsyri later. (ienoral Brusiloff lllianéiocsow, 'Rmmian luuisd their umm. reftlnéd to r._eum to the task of forcing the straits would br-

.,.,, ,_.,,,,,,d_,,-,,|`.,,,,,,,,",,r.|,,_, 1-|,,, ,\,~|v, ':\rnow was taken on October 8. _ troops ordered to the from hnld m|-i-i- .\\s~tria. and announced themselvrgready. loo costly. nnd tho British troops were -,,,, ,.m,,|,,,,,,| |,, \g|;_ 43",,-gy 03,1,-,m,, un. 'Vlien the itusalan advance was checked lnla.l““" wud 1° d|’b°"d. '\`lMlr defer- in fight for the nllled cause. 0- era' of wll._hdrawn. the evacuation being com- ,,.||,,' ,he |u||,.,,, ,,-|,m|°, on M¢,,,,, ga,-,¢,, _\' heavy Austrian reinforcements from tion involved the retreat of the entlri- tim santa race from the disbanded ftueslan pli-led by January 3, 191|; .n August 24, umm 3.", qg|"q,|¢ 1," U,-, ..‘rn.cow. and the Germans made a diver- prmy. rho _Germaine occupied. 'lurnurwl :f_\Yll_:l 3°lhed I-hem and 14.900 Jo srneyed Turkey had begun war on the Allies by ‘eptemhsr le. end` the italiano were pro. lon in Poland. They had reached the on .luly 22 and,pushed fu_rther_.pto Russia :~ I _: '.l'ln.ns~Slberian Railroad tai Vladi- hombarding Russian Black Sea ports. As ,m,,|, ,,, o¢,,,,,,,. ,,, ,,,,,,, ,,,, ,M ,,, iutsluree or Warsaw. when they Vere de: than ever before.. °.l\l°H'\¥ l°<'°|le- °f<"=S- v°»'_§f' - Where they sought a-spepurintion r- reprisal crest Britain lim.-no cyprus ,Alb-ch ,hm A 'nn dnum, bam, »,,,,.,| and driven back after a ten _days ins thu Pruth and only halting hnfore to t_\e western front to offset the triiaohery on Nm/.,m\.¢r 5_ m4_ ,md ,,,, U,c,m;,e, 17

hottie. ott‘0otobor 24. The-Russians our Chotln. _ _ _ of he -Bnishevllrl. The Czecho-_Novak proclslmod /Egypt a British protoctornte. .iuoil them 'and recaptured lvangorbd. In the l\ortn on September 1 they began troops in Russia number nearly one hun- sho sent /an expedition up from the Per- '..qr_iz and Rndom. The Germans were out tin offensive, crossing the Dsllna us ux- dri-ii emi fifty thousand. _ , _.pm gulf, which occupied Bassorah on if Poland by November 7. and the Russian kull. Here. too. the Ruldan soldiers re- L.“Qh‘0_!,."k. 5-" 9,59,” November 21. Little was then done iirlnlbs reached Pleschen. in Sileela., lst fuse&to_ fight and- the Gernsms entered _ _ ¢,,._,|.,,¢ qrurkey ,mm gh. ,,,,¢,.m,, ,,| |915 miles from Berlin. the nearest that sny Rlira on September 8 and captured Jacob- Those who failed to reach V1adiros\o\= Russians from the Caucasus in me con-

Allles have gotten io. tile German _ltadt on eptsmber 2|. Early in October ,,,|,,e,| nm of ,he -I-m,,,.¢|,,,,,|,_n 3,". quered nearly all of Armenia, and, om".

1 ' they boson naval operations. landinl on mm, md b H ,__ h Bb, ,| In ‘ing Persia, Joined hands with the British

went mapa. in use apic or Rise. <~_ceup,._ ,¢.,, ir 1 "K ' ° _* ;,...._.|..¢ up from Bsmmhf ` ln! llydrll Other llllttds M\d'tlsrea.rsnl_ng “Ml 9"lU"iF 0” 'NUI' 0'" “°°°‘"\'- "\°"‘° ,`l`hs latter expedition. under General an attack 011 P0¢\'0l\'Ii\ ihroslb the Gulf anti-Bolshevik Russians also gatlired at Trxvnohend, proceeding up the-Tigris. de °f F|“'“5- . ‘ 1 ' the Chinese frontier ready to confront the -fflitietl tl;8e'Ti_|_rks a_t Kut-_el-Arizsrn ;irESe;:-

lforeltslv on Bs tsmbsr 1|. reclaimed ' ~ ten ‘er an asa nat t e ru ns o tos- R____. ._ :°____b_____|*’“m“ _ nu: emuucn Ge-rmans if they could receive allied MID- Umm.; mRh,ee,, mn” _,mm Bud-¢_ 0,, |,,",,,,.,,.,,¢ “nd |,,v,“¢ ,hs Am" m ,,»,._g¢ DUN- Bflll-lil. Fllhéh IM JIDI-|1030 ld” November 22. The force. however. was ln

oeaoe v/lah Germany. This. was selaed tacliments_.and some American ma es llilfiernéxel. __A git-ge '1;;irklsl_i)arkmy d;(fei:to‘d_ u b erlin as an ti porionlt' to de- _ to ‘s . rave iem sc o I1 -d tang: ithssla ft-pm the lyme te. lylioholas ::,M;,°,,::',-::°;i,,1“|:',|:;l:v,‘;g“:,:(,,,,en3,::,ld 5 Amurs,lusurroundca them and forced Gen 1.enine. a notorious arlbrchzit. was sont munltlon sont to Russia monrhw bofo s "Nl Ti "Milli 1° lllrreflder 01| April ill-

bmg Q0 Rugggg, by Qu-many; fm- ghypug. 'meh Wo" ,n dm", or ,mnl 50,,” ,'. illlii. fxlrellef expedition was almost it pose of further dlsorgnnlslngt the country. 0,, Bdghgvgkg °,¢ of h|||,," hm, qermq. sight ut en the British army *HH °b\ll°<| in Petrograd no met Lees Teetsky, a vis- ,,,,,,¢,_ . to vleldd

,,_,.,,,,¢’,‘ A rouoldlarzer

WI]

lf!

hd

‘ , é-_-Q-1-* .

. . . --p

Macedonian front. where they have since

armies under General Ailonby, which of

pled Palestine. broke up` _tile armies, captuied tons of tho , m

war. -_ '» First the Turks were cleared out of* Sinai peninsula '.i‘hen a railroad w hull! across the desert and ¢ plpo O laid to supply the troops with water. The Turks were driven from Ei Alieb. tho E\;yptinn village. on December Z1, Ml. 'rrfen the tiriush captured asia. on Jsei» uary 9. llili. , ' ' '_ 'they took risernhopa early to Novo#

ber. .xniiiner column along the |une.1.n nuusit 1-apturod Gaia Dil WIN- ber '1. Aukalon was taken on Novqnldi ll. and Jaffa. the port of .let-usalerp. eo November ill. Jerusalem- foil ol her 8, after being in the Uolldlliotrgf Mohammriians for 130 Years. wlt\.'l.w_l hrleflnterludes. ` _ . "-"‘ ` Jcrlohn was captured on Fobrua#"_'l_

ami on Mart-.ll I7 I-is Salt. §hil‘Q,°llvo`=lla northeast of Jerusalem, was oosilpi . English, however, withdraw ll- N the east of the Jordan. until th" fo _ up their successes this year,

Nazareth on September tl. Darnamos _ October i. and Aleppo on October _ ron'-ing 'Purlrey to surrender four'“1l later. , _

Jaonn's Part. f ‘

.lnpan entered_ the war as ll al!! H arent Britain and to prevent German ear- gresslon in the Far East. Sho bombsrdsd muigteu. the colony which Germany nols from China, on August 5, 191|. and oo- cupied it on November 7. Then she ceeded to a methodical conquest of German islands in the South Padflo.

handing them over to the Australians 0_1! November 18. The Australians capulrd the Solomon Islands. New Guinea sd' the Bismarck archipelago, and tio NCI Zealanders occupied German Samoa Japan last spring, in co-operation will the Allies. began a campaign to rid Blurb of the Bolshevlkl and has cleared the country as far no irkutsk. linking ll with the Czecho-Slovaks chore. " (iermnny’s colonies in Africa also Vofl attacked, Togolsnd falling to the British find French within n week of tho deo- laratlon of war. Windhoek. the capital of German Southwest Africa. was bootl- pled by General Baths. on May il. UQ and the conquest of the colony was oosnr plcted by the middle of July. The Col- cronns held out until February 1|, 191|. southeast Africa. larser than th- whois Get-man Empire. was invaded on 8.19115 bcr W. 1914. A territorial forcl. lllllldl by native troops. held out ln the vast.h- iorlor. They were gradually hemmod _il by Belglnns from the Conch. Portuguul from the south and British from the MIG. By December 1. 1917. the colony was outh- pletely cleared, only a small German foeoo remaining. which fled into Porttllillli Bust Africa. where they were surrounded.-

, NIVII BIHIQI Iii. "

Gi-cat Britain showed her suprsmaay_-#_ the sen immediately after the deolarstlol of war, forcing the German navy to fC’

to cover behind iieligoland Bight and tim Kiel Cnnnl and compelling Soni in.-rvhani \'1-ern-is to seek neutral harbon nil over xiii: world. The only Gorblh '_' to., w...- im: in which uve oermso cruis-

ers defeat:-d a Bgtisb :1ua:l'\_:“’il lil South Pacific on ovem 1' 1* mg the Good Hope aria tae roannda 'i`hz-.se cruisers, under ‘Rear AQBIIII VK Spec. in tum were defeated and slit dB the Falkland Islands on -Deolnbor I. 1. The cruiser Emden. after spectacular ral in the Pacific, was finally olulllt Milf' stroved at Cocos island on November 1 1911. Tino chief naval exploit of the wal'._1sl'* ever. was che battle of Jutland. whiohiosb place on lfay 31 and June 1. 191.0. 0!!-9! const of Denmark. It was the first phd ohh fleet action of the war. and the hondl were asserted by each aids to P0 Ul0_|.3 Thr--s German butt* ships, six arllilsfl and five destroyers were sunk. Tho 81181 lust six cruisers and eight destroyers. Ns br-.nie ships were sunk on the British lilw and the Germans withdrew to their home ports. There have been several Gsrldl raids of light cruisers with oceasi@\ bnmbardments of English coast wi# among the exploits of the German nav! and two or three Channel ateantboats hah been captured. Among the latter was the Brussels. whose master. Captain Charly Frystt. for having attempted to raln_J German submarine. was shot, an not wb aroused almost os itreat indignation ao did the murder of Edith Cavell, an EIIHBI nurse. who ws.s.shot by order of a Gof- m:in court martial in Brussels c.. f`».~'..obb1 I2. léilh. 1 The last German fipht. in w\ai& lrlflh vessels were engaged was that at tho Q- trance to the Dsrdnnellos last Jsitilhry In which the former German cruiser Brain wsu smut and the Goeben driven aahosw. A brilliant naval exploit was that eat"|K out by two ltaliimforflcers. commsillh

amp and Milam.. who on Joao it mme the harbor of Pala ln two small to o .bimis and sank one Austrian drsadaought and damaged a second. Aliolhif l nriviil feat was the blocking of ZoobrUUd and ilstend harbor by the British on All '..‘!. German mines sank a few British Vol- sola. among them the armored ornl@ lianinshlre. ln which Lord Kitchener and hi.-. staff perished while en roulo to Russia un .lllnv lillli. ' .`

tiurninn submarines. lmwn\_,Ȣr, uugg

thi* lirt-utesl destrut-tloll. only a small Dall of ulilch was lomtlmate. most of ind; vit-urns belnansiilral or nan-costbaialt vi-.asf-ls. Among -their le||iti_ to ` were the cruisers Aboukir, 3; ` 1 Cressy, sunk in tho North Bea on_ _' " brf' 22. |914. ‘ ` 7

lfrlizhtfultti-i\,p In or-r~on\|m|\lmnnt of

si-a. l"rei|uently

0n- made by

20. |1017.

turning to four were

ITIGPQ