=i‘_;. gi,-ls! 2 - '_

THE C E

- GUARDI

Y IOUNDED 1891

_ ,e . » , _ - - __, . _._, ' v .' , ' _‘=1'»1_~_ : _ 1- ~ - -- ~ ' - -"

-J4%9'4l'°‘i¢‘»ly.ufuuu,.u u-} cHA11Lo'1°rl=;'rowN, PRINCE EDWARD_1eLAND, c/mens, SATURDAY, MARCH 28,1908. {,z.l,t,t'.?¥.lf'x.?l'Jit%i'»~tl’6'v‘f‘s% '

4 l .

Dovflled' '#0 (he Literatu rf

Prinoe Edward Island, Q 3

. - ,

1

T , lli.rtory i Succeeding “The Prince Edward

‘srn~;;;§;=

ga? E af Se

Nl' cry from the simple steam the Clermont, the first vessel to

polled by any power other than sail s new American turbine steamcrs Harvard, Governor Cobb and Cre- of wihich have been built within the r or so and mark .another evolu-

e development of the applica- eam to do the work for inun-

.Whst do you suppose Robert, Fulton

would my or think were he to luwc 1-.he lprivilsgs' of seeing the vast strides that ‘hsva bosn made in the building and equip-.

lggng since his steamer 'plied thc I Dom 'the Hudson River? It is more tum likely be would bo stu-puml, ‘fb say thoihset.

Dsllitioqtlie volt strides in the build-

ing of gtsnt engines of every description for the on with steam in the reciprocating dial, tbl problem of thermodynamic en- ergy cmvpreion, without excemive loss, is little nearer solution than it was in the de s of Watt and Neweomen.

T 1193.1: ~

/X;=P¢fPoW2s.-fred I

_by llnbrinc engine builders, the reciprocat- gus engine, with all its improvements and lnf~l‘easecl efficiency, is not so mugh of gg advance over the engine prddngod by

James Watt. This pioneer in engine _

building had the idea of converting heat by. energy by allowing stenm`to expand behind .1 piston against o resistance oorl- rospunding to the pressure. In this re- spect he formulated o ru-le that has been applied by every inventor and while the theory giving the ddenl efliciency of the process of conversicrn of 'heat power il that steam should be expanded from maximum to minimum pressure and--temperature. _

and further, this expansion should bo uvlibstic. As is well known, however, thfl cannot be obtained in practical operation for the losses in the ordinary engine are largely due to the initial condensation re- sulting from the alternate heating and the tote! loss of -from 40 to 50 per cent. cooling of the cylinder walls; looses due of the stcam used. to clearances in the oylindeln and #valve These _figures apply to -the better class chambers, and to the heat rejected in the of engines," for with old machines the loss exhaust. In addition there is leakage, is much greater. Besides this that-mulloss

is a matter of feet, and one that is

conduction, radiation and incomplete ex- there is considerable friction to be over-._

1 Y > /-EI~i7Zz2_»za"

very bf-st cngines mar c:m‘~ue mode, while there is of course much individuality among engines, some are more economical than others by reason of their type or whcre they arc used, thc p'cl'centngs of friction will, vary from 6 to 16, yet 10 per

_ mean”

ized as work on the piston amounting

.. .. -. 34

say 50 pcr cent, of those avaliable in tht; Width, over all .. .. .. ...I8 0

steam supplied, the total effective powo

delivered on the shaft would bc about 45

per cent of that available in the steam

, z Folk-lore and I1ltere.»¢fn ul “\ [I lnlaml Magazin” Issued Every

_ I ¥ ` .S'at1|rday Blaming. S , V

' I I F ` ,

1

-v

full sppreciadnmqf the standard of ccllenee and "‘e"llioiency of the modern

pnstpentury or mole?

hundred years the devélopmeatlrf the

lieved to be the Hehmpowcr PW faults named above. ectrlcity, too, l

C. A. Parsons, of England, “nd MV- G

application of an old, old th00l’Y Mid, produce what promises to be the com:

attached directly to shafts for the turni

turbine is that it is not nearly so tall

thus it might be said to buns dow'

onstratez- ` `

TURBINE.

minute. ' '

This being the uso, the bout units uul- Feet In-i

ta ,

Length, over all ' ` ......16 .2

x- Height .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......l2 0

Center to center, main beer- i

ll su. - --

not ‘been much lulprovexnsnt durln nh

Power, mechamml and personal, llss Lenggh' avg, ,L1 #een sought in all new abd f°r I-he ami, \\_/ultlt, over ull .. . .. "

eipwvefins shrine he “*i1_£32li T513 C4-mor to center, end beuringsee _ stwntion that libs-§r'°».¢=<%§»v§~~, \v.ugbt .. . . . . .._ ,..usa

C 1

been taken up and developed to n remllf able degree, but it has remained for M

u

d sl vemel . _

piggeggsrpgsgghgnaemm,.i$vm,bin,, eu. additional bunker room. gine,-wherein one has the d_ire_ct appliut; _ Y

tion of steam to “wheels within wheels

fl

n

of the propellors. The 111059 \`¢l1"“`k°»bl° f¢‘*t“" °f ug; followed the use of the turbine, wi

the stunduvl type of marins enslne er;

ex- Exl'sf\'sloN ENG1!~ll¢. W.

climwutins ellslke. f-'es lf- any w°11<l°r flwl ae l-2 luclirsa iuobxel inobxol in scientists have’§9Ull1l'0d ¢llB¢ tlllfe hllf* inch stroke; 120 revolutions per mlnu

J 'G

` ` .. ... .. ...as'

' . .» . ll

Feet

WQQO ~&»-.

Height... ..

““‘ By this them will be seenlhst there-

lff with these two types of engines of A ,Q the same horsepower eonsidemble in fs

tis, of this country, to bring out a new of the turbine, owing to its hking up

"° space in a part of the ship where ev n , .

sg extra foot counts for much, for lt V

The first turbine was s land en - that is to say, it was developed for - --

uscs, and the first inventor was H ~ of Alexandria, several centuries ago. T

d water and gas as s propelling power,

for a number of years it was not dee -

° suitable for vessels, and there was --

the centre of srevlw qi tllasllir- _F°1‘l“~ limo lucoi-est ubuwu in it by naval -- stanee, this table of dimensions will dem- teen I , .

There is no doubt butyrlmfvthe ~ eating engine for high-clue pssmnzlr frei ht stesmers and wanhi hu oo

8 W NB "

120_iM],-, -Hmzo' 350 Nvolutlou ,,_.,- its ond, and that the power of the fut

will bc the turbine. 'Phil engine - ~~ about as close to the theory of the ods it ation of steam to mechanics so many edm- ,tists ever expect to get, though than ll always be men of brains nt work, who ll seek to not only develop the idols -- Messrs. Parsons and Curtis, but to - .--

_wJ2__2_\£9_y¢__m\;_o]1.__i|;\L@_i;pansion,_vg,lQ__o§ _\vl;ic_h__vg`dl__h_e_lp _to_ swell ‘goome _ in _the ordinary ,type of even

_t'he_,cent. is nrobiili_ly.:`a’ifa,irLav_ll_l;aga.

- In view of these defects,_Qnd___vriJlh

. i gs.. ....- .. - . . . .18 6 er lomethi that will eclipse them s _Weiel;fl_.;. ,,_._,_..._ ,._._ .,........l nmslthey have el;Hfpgog_nthltI.

"1, W - 1

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The l/l/on/e7”S C/lreezzfeszt .

Uysreff Fisheries

_,t By B. J. _H

The pioneer of systematic oyster cultlvutlou lu Europe WHS 0"” 5""

'gms gram, who, according.: to Pliny.

' . ter beds at Balzac,

€htsa\;lli‘z:€dBo(id'iin seaside resort. ll' '-1- nlly, :xlmlnde n fortune out 0 1 5

llant eu. so 1-.uuuu as --<1 *érlzfrx

industry become that on all th t channel was constructed in on ir Llllk the famous oyster beds in Init? n crlnous should be Dl’0Vld0‘l W ‘ ter constant. gnpply of fresh een wax 1- Later on, the fame of the Brits; native oyster BPl”@“‘\ t" Iwme' gmt about A,D_ 73, Agricola sent the as consignment of RUDUUIQHS "Um if shox-gg 01 Kent. Their superior Y over the oysters of the llgc<lltc(;-rm- ean was spesdfll' l'°“"g“i" ' ‘"1 _ an oysters become, nnd have re. mafnes ever sizes.. $1 (l;llll:l';1;““t “Um ' mercl nose 0 0 ` ~ _ An old' _'Norman-breach prgclgaiglé tion dntedmsffar back ns t- sw; made by-the rulers of Cole es er,dtm_ forth that the Colne rlveri oy ba_ fisheries bad' even at that tlinfx ter longed to the town of Coe el-and "time beyond memory- Hqw' 3,” by whom, the n_ctunl cultivntlun 1 tu uuulguratou. bntprv 4°” “O” ,'°t“ ,é though ft.li roost PF0b“bl° "d“;“ nd was instituted to meet the te ;1r_ nf the luxurious Romans forlilu; Duo famed Ruputfnns. without wie com leasturf, any tlmn0\'¢H“°° "'”“‘

older _comp I 0-

It ls scurfous but undoubtod :ogg that every kfnll Of °‘l““"i° `°'°“ “ is found to attain n distinct nul>¢l" forfty in some particular locality or other, ecrt|.l.n',rlvers, or areas ln. tile sea being apparently BP€°l““Y “gf 9 ed to ccrtlfn sDv°l°¢ Wm” f' V there abnormally owins YO UW 9”'

song; QA gems llooal food, or ro pee ua ty of--tho wow- its-1 . wt 1; is exceptionally favorable to car a I1 organisations. , ‘ '

Thur. the P fleet is pre-eminently

nd production of the

gum Q,”|p|¢~?¢y|\‘:ers ha: been

mon knovlodll for ccntur es. 7° . exact. renin for its superiority still remains more _or less a matter 0 ¢°hll!=¥\llPl`. .' '

YDE in 6’/Se Windsor

be found in thc Colne itself,of which the`1’yeiiect is n branch, or any of the nd.gllborlng creeks/ The theory is that the oysters feed upon minute nnllnnlculue that frequent this weed, and thus uttuln abnormal plumpness and succulcuce. On the other hand, though oysters have been cultivated for so long, beds have been lnl exist- ence in Uhlnu for over two thousand yours, comparatively little is rcullY known ns to their life history. It llns not even been definitely estab- llshcd upon what, or 'in whut way, nn oyster nctunlly does feed. ~

Another section of experts holds

that the water and natural surround- ings alone ure responsible for the ex- cellence of the oysters taken from the Pycfiost.

Wllntever be the true reason, the

fact remuinu tllut nn more ideal

be found in thc world than Pyufleet und the Colne.

The fisheries cover a ‘total area. of

dghteen thousand ncrcs of wator.llf» the bottom of which are countless millions of oysters ln nilnstnges of maturity, from the “spat that is only visible llndcr tl ml\HllllYll\R H1095 up to "well flshcd' six-year-olds re- poslng on the fnttcning grounds, flf. and ready for the tables of epicures,

Some iden of the extent and value

of thu property may be gathered from the lcnct that durlnlz the last fourteen vcnrs no less than fifty. night thousand pounds was divided nmong the members of the company

f th Hts.

0u'llh<? flslilarliddj nre worked by about lnur hundred oyster-dredgermenmuch of whom has to serve n seven years' npprentfceshfp to n member of the f-ompnny before he becomes what ' fs locally known as n "Freeman of the Colne" and. as such. entitled to A .\,.,,»o`lu tho urontu lu uaenlou to the wnzes received for the work done for the board on the dredgcrs or elsewhere.

Durinz the fishing season s large fm¢,.of independent dredzers B190 find ramunerative omnlovmtllt dl‘°‘lK" mg fn the oven see beY0l1ll U10 \,,,,m¢1a,-y une, the nrosancei ogha cgi- tlnnous suDDl! 0| 0Y_“¢°l`° “ ° b“ beyond the mouth o the Colne s-

B7 '°°l° l‘“"h°'m°° this mmnmr- ing undoubtedly due to the snot

ity is held-to be dun to the presence

which nnnunlfv drifts ecnwnrd from

situation for un oyster-fishery could!

. Y Y

'come in contact, would soon form

Magazine. J'

long ago have been exhausted hY| over-flshlnz. » _ _ , As before mentioned. little _ls

knnwn at present ofthe real life history of the oyster, though much light has been thrown upon the sub-l ject by, recent investizntions.

The. manner in wlllch they feed.

their method of prupugutioll. el/Bll the sex of .un oyster. still remain mere matters of conjecture. | In the summer the oysters sicken and become unfit for food/ First, comes what is known us the white sickness, during which period the outside edge or frlll develops a white, pulpy swelling, This irfollclwell by the black sickness, in which thc col- our of the pulp turns tu bluck. Thcl ovstor then cunts its "sont," ns the embryo oysters ure termed. The spat, flows generally in »Muy, leaving the oysters thin und weak-

Durinx.: the spotting sensnn the

Colne and the- ndjncent waters are literally ;olivc with oysters. A single drop taken from the rivcr on the end of a match was found, then cxumin- ed 'undef' u microscope, to contain more than u dozen tiny, yet por- fect oysters. Multiply the contents

of one _gap by the number of drops contain in eighteen tlinllsnnll acres of water at an average depth of ten feet, and the nuinber of baby oysters annually born ln Colne can be easily ascertained. That only u,sma1l percentage survive and ranch tho' stun ni maturity is obvious. nuby’ oysters attnchlmz themselves, as they do to an substance with which the

themselves into great clusters if not nttollded to, consequently spcclnl beds of "culsb,:’ or bleached oyster shells, ure prepared for them in the rivr.' In ‘the canly stages baby oysters

nre known as "swimming sput"l the

sxnctggrfod for which they float. or swim fore finally attnchfnz them- salvop to ally object is not definitely iknown. About the middle of March the work of shifting. stocking. and sfnglfllg 'out the brood commences. In order to accomplish this, the dred- gormpn cull thu bnuls brought up by the,net.s. _ From the _older oysters.. pnrnsftic growths are carefully re- moved, so that they may be rclairl either in the Colne itself nr, if of sufficient pee, they are taken to the special fattening. grounds- of the

little oysters will be found nttnched to one empty shell and if permitted

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to mature without being sepuruted,

it is obvious that they would be un-

able to expand uutl retain the sym- .

gtricol shape for which our native - sters are famous, but would, on

the other hand, cuutort and deform une another ns they increased in size, so they must be seperated and re-

pluced singly in the water. .`

Ovsturs ure not considered in prime

condition for the murkct until they have attained the nge of six or seven yeurs Practically each and every one of the millions of oysters lying upon the beds of the Colne Fisheries will be dredged up, cleaned if necessary,

and relnid nt least uuce u year.

It depends very greatly upun the

season as to the period which elup- ses_betwccn the time thc oysters cost their spat und the tilnc ut which l-My are in n suitable condition for the table. The summer of 1906 wns exceptionally favorable, nnd onnpled the oysters to nttnln n prime condi- tion as early as the beginning of September. '

The lirice of the (lulchcstcr nntlvcs

has increased enormously :luring the lust fifty ycnrs; thus we find that during the great exhibition of 1802, Oysters wcse disposed of nt two izulneas per London bushel. This old London bushel contniuerl 22 irullons, tho price of tho oysters working out ut about two shiililurs und slxpeucc Der hundred, or, npproxlmntcly. the price for which it dozen can he nb- tnincd at the present duy.

The enormous value of tim st,-,ck

of oysters lyinlz nt the bottom of thc (‘olnc and Pycflcct nuturnlly neces- sitates exccptlonul precautions for the orescevatlon of the property of th” U0l`Dnrntion. so that in 1890 n soecfal force of oyster police wus established to protect the fi:-illcries from tho raidc ui oyster-pirutes. This novel police force mm. slats of one chief' nml three constnblcs. The increase fn' vnlno and importance, lulwcvor, has neces- sitated the 'increasing of the force to its present number of eight con. stables, three scrgcnnts und nn ln. specter, wllo are to be seen ¢mm|ng day-nnd night upon the waters of um (l0lll0.uither fn the cuttcrsur in the steam launch.

_When the frecmen nm nf, wo,-k_

there are from flftv to one hundred sailing and unc stenm dr_e¢1gerg_ Th, boats commence operations at ap. pointed places, and at n signal from the flag-boat, "Cease dredging" each mukes the bust of its way townrds the pncklng~shed, and an exciting race ensues, the captains of the sail: ing dredgere manoeuvring to secure the best possible position, each en. denvorlnz to be first to unlond her cntch. Arriving off ths pmeklng shed,

P ofleet

of a strfctlylpcnl water-weed that th" mmm,” 0' "stem in th” “van

ul? only fnfthe Pyellwt- C\“‘l0“*" 17 oughg this weed la not even to

otherwise the outside grounds would

the nystcrs, which ‘have been pre

l iomé ‘M many all Wm” or thmyvlously packed ln ‘wicker bsskctsmra

Lord Rosebery

In Edinlulrgll recently, Lord Rose-

bory took the principal pnrf, in pm interesting ceremony, of wlllch the -Edinburgh branch of the Victorin League were the promoters. This was the prcscututiun of Union Jacks to 53 scholars reprcscntillg Bouril, Episcopal, Immun Catholic, und nor- <mul and- duy illihlstriul schools in hlrlillllnruil.

Lord lloscbury, who wus received

with loud cheering, begun his nd- Idress by explaining to the children lwlmt the Union Junk, which ho un- |furlc<l, represented. “How do we come to hnve St. A|ull'cw's cross in Sc<»tInml'I"llc pmceedc<l then to nsk "In old duys,” hc said, "thc coun- tries of Europe ull liked to have it snlnt undcr wllnso spccinl protection they placed tllcmsclvcs, null some- where llct\vcen 700 und 800, len;-n_e<1 pcuple tell us, Scutluud chose Ht. Alldrcw. Why they cllnsc St. Andrew ll cuunnt tell you. He was n fisher- vlnuu, und, pcrllups, -thu grcuf: fishing lndustry of Scotland :nude them want ll. fluhcrnlull us their saint. Anyhnw they tnok St. Andrew, mul I rnthcr think thut lfllssiu took St, Andrew ‘too-wc ullnll never Colne to blnwg with ltussiu on thltt point-und some. iwhcrc in the south of Itluy, where |l_le luis gut moored by some ‘myster- rlous process, I have seen the tomb |oi' St. Andrew. Now that you know 'nil the mcchunnun of the fht|.:, what lines that ling stand fur 'I (lf course it stands for the United Kinglloni and the British Empire. llut if the lll|_tcd Killtfilmu wns like some king- doms, nnil if the llritisll Empire was like some empires, we should not tnkc thc trouhlc tu give you thut flng to-

tnkcn ashore in bouts. Those not required for imulcdlntc packing are thrown into one ofthe numerous 'oyster-ponds by which the pncking 'shed is surrounded, tllero to await the nrrivnl of orders. Inside the shed the packers count .and place the oysters in barrels of various sizes. In order that the public who purchase these oysters from the Colno- Fishery Ilonrd may have 0 lguamntoo that tho oysters are :Mul- `ine and fn _n perfectly lliflll-lllv' ll0l\dl" tion, n certificate to this effect is cn- closcrl in each barrel, and tllH'l>l\l'l'\‘lH

` _ (Continued on page 3-)

arc- brnndcd with thc borouxll arm#

liberty, und Ullristnnity thut we hon-

Whercver wc stopped on that juurue

Tells an Assemblage of Boys and Girls. -

llny. It is bccnusc, as we think, it rt thing simply toghsng up and look stnnils for justice, good government, ut, und to treat ns n symbol of jus-

tice und good government and all

ur thnt ting. It has- spread nll over|thut I have been saying; to watch UH" Wurlfl- 'Ulu Ulltl-‘lil Elllllirc is al lunguidly from un easy ciluir und greater ldmpire nt this lnnlncut, until-my that is n very interesting object f.lll)ll\lI€ :nltllc wurldfon the scllool llouse; it waves very I _ thru U2 -ll ms ever'nlculy in the wind, but lt has very teen lreiun o ln the world before.-little to do with you nnd me Why,

You muy travel all thc way, us I it, img v r tm g 1, 'gh

‘ c e y ng 0 1 x wi you

fmm L"“‘l0"nl-0 -'\ll5tl'l1lll1» Iluuil mu. You boys muy have to I \ '

‘W Y"“ ""1 U’ me “UW "lHllY\Ilgllf. for lt some lluy. Home of you

tllollsund miles lt is-it is either 13,- muy \,¢¢,,m,, s,,1,|;e,~5' but even gf you 000 or l5,000~llut it is the longest ¢1(m'¢_ Hume of you may ,join the lollrrwy I Hlllmosv you can take in‘uow 'rorrltorlnl Army-when you un- til” Wllflll fl`Ulll “llc fwlllt t0 1\u0th0l`» 'llcrstund what it is. But, whether

_ Y you ure soldiers or not, you muy be

we “l"‘l’l’°‘l "mler th” Url*-lsll llllfi ln\':t<ledA(lnd grunt tllut it be not so (cheers). We went from llundon to fund ¢|,,,,, "vm-y nm 0| y0u_ whether Gllrrnltur. Here was the_ Ilnion'_.,,,|,1|cr,, ,,,. not' woum pave m (10 "“"k- We WNW fml" Glllrllllllf.'suuletlling to defend your country -'l“`0“l=l\ l-llc Huw Uuual. lullfllim: in /tml thu girls, tool I-do not ask logypt.. There wus n llrltlsli ling. umm to flght any more than I ash We went on by Uolulnlm island uf umm U, v,,w_ }_;|,¢_ dgpnm-| "P0" |¢_ Ceylon. Thcrc was the llritfsll flag. if -¢,h;g¢m||,t|-y were gnvmlnq they And then we cndcll our long journey would mm thug may wnum have to nt the wcstcrnmust port in Austm- ,,|,5e|- “good dem gn hnnnli 0| the lla, und tllerc wus the Ilritlsh ling, "nz, ,md what I want them to rc. Allll BU W0 llllew. Wll0t0V0l` W0 NNW memher is that the suflering would *hw flair llvuu:-even in Plcynt which bu wurtb rt, without ngbtlng, wltb- hnll hccu nllsgnvcrcncxl for countless out 9tm,m||ng you can all 55|-ve tha

§'=':1*‘;§\‘°*TW°_ ‘<“"W Um* We Hllvvlll nur by being Quuu oltlscns and good

D . . ' ~

ler y, pmiiee, gooil govcrnnlcl-t cltlzenesses, by allowing nothing fn

and equul dealing hctwccn mnn une`y,,,,|- c,,n||uc¢ go dmpm-nge th,

"'““~ lnntlnn to which you belong. You i "That is what the fini: mcnns t0i01\l\V0t0§ YOU CDH PHY YOU? *£1051 ull tho worm <»ul.um¢~.. 'rbcre ure fow‘vou can serve on ell sorts G! local people who hntc (lrcnt llrltnln solassembllss; you can in a frmlred much us nut tn know flint that fl!\lZiWflY5 Dl`0l¥\0f~B lilo C\lmlll0D N205- ‘stamls for what I say it <loesl'I‘hcrc is no boy, there is no girl in 'tllroufchout thc world; but for us~ithis hull so small l-\l'. lzy ll,-l or hor lym, ,,|,i|,|r,,n,' ,mn nu uf Us-it stands iconduct cun .give credit und lustre ro lfur u great llenl more. Whnt do you ,that flog- lfcel nliout that flag? In the flrstl Lost, lt represents to you n great plncc wc know tins; thot unllcr nohonor and great privilege. It re- clrcumstnnccs wntevcr must its un-`lmlnds you that you are citizens of ity cvcr bc disturbed. It must never ,no menu City. but dtllone of the cease to be the Union Jnck. I fiarelgreatest Empire, al I havo snfd, say Scotland has been n very troub-'that the world has ever seen. You |lesume neighbor to Englnnnl some- know what nn inspiration fs, though times, and England has bcon rather that is a longer word than I wanted

'nrbitrnr to Scotland sometimes

to use lt ls somethin that seems

. I

'and lrcllind hns been n little trouble- to come from above, higher and bst- somo to both sometimes. But we ter than you usually nts. And I vm-o qnltc clcnr on this, that. as a want you, when you ses this dug ifnmlly, whore brothers anal sisters waving on your schools. to lst ft bo

,nre npt to quarrel rt llttlc without an inspiration to you. If any of you disturbing their cssentlnl unity, at any time should bp tempted, ll that unify must ‘bc preserved. we are all tempted, to do lumethinl

"There is another point we must mean or base, or vile, or eownrdlh,

remember about this flag. It is not look nt that flag and fo\‘\\A\‘. - _

~,_» 4 -.z-if l

ill

- _ =~ v>-reef-.v.e’.’

.A _..;.-_w ,_, _

.. _.4-.-..._..~._.~. ___. ..._ - v-=.~.».¢=-.~ -_,,-es-,_.. T.-..q.._¢~.-eu.-use

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