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._ av. ' ~,¢¢ _ ‘ __ _ _ _-J ; 't`~. Q.” ., .___-i _~ : :_ _ . ,_ ,ll ne-i~f~@if,, . . e . . l . i k » . minor D V 1 '- M ` ' -» = D - ‘i ' ‘

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Minnesota _ _M rninalltsils. ...

--..,,__.. _-°_=='=

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i""§`iil'oiliii.v ro K ' ‘ "" " ‘=’ " ' _

w3§~w,.~twm.i”i.'fi’ilfY‘iii,.} - cHARLorr1§TowN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, c~ANADiilisA`TURDA' V 3 Ii `

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__ _. ,_ _*___ __ _ - , _ ._ _ , _ .__, _ _ Y, AUGUST 1,1908.

FHLL fobtnlvsiin the opemtion qi

, Q railroad none is m important

Yhe'_9yU`ten'i` of signals, fl_¥r_ no matter to what state of emciency

In other respects' the iiiilmaii may lie, the lives od the pamcngexs and the safety

il- - ---_ :; rr _ ___-__-_~-__ _ _ _ __ t. 'Y /

~ ~° -_ #_ ,__-,V - i.. qt-_ ._ _. _1

to equipment, to say nothing of the bdlhti dapimd upon the proper operating of ills

,so that, after all, the oxpcnditurc is war- -muted.

For years *the 'question offslgfmig has

hm WIC ,Of perplexity to 'Lhe ofiiciols of

in the country. It has

bean demonstrated, and \vith frightful cin- Dhsab, that the human eloment in the op- eldtlon of signals has been the weakest link; and practically every accident has been duo to the neglect or oversight on the plit' of the men in the signal towers lonttvmd along the roads.

~ R' is tliie that investigations following ' Lzze “'&TI’9a&

accidents have shown conclusively that

the l'§i;rail men have sormctiincs been sub- 'U"¢l¢‘l' \\ f*Y"¢ff\Y\ l-hm llflfl PY¢V‘1ll@d f0¥`l<‘xtcudiug over two blocks. Thin-i it re-

quiiied two opi-nitors to work in conjunc- tion or the sigiialn could not be set for

iltitd in too muah strnin by reason of long lwllm, and the same has been found in the ease of engine drivers; but, never- theless, this -but brings to the fore thot fading that wherever the-re are men plac- gil ln positions of greut responsibility Chefs is it certain percentage of lapses re- lnltinq in oatastrophies.

The great advances tliat have been

made in the methods of applying electric- ity to cvory-day needs have been helpful to railroads, and the lending roads, the Bsltimunrimd Ohio, Pennsylvania, Union Pdoifio _and others, are now equipping their lines with an entirely new system Of Bkllixlllng of an electrical niitum that gives promise of being more than 09 per cent. accurate and may prevent entirely that.most awful of accidcnt¢i~t.lic reor- end collision.

The cost of installing the new system

is pidiligiousf but the cost of accidents, w“id|"t.hc settlement of suits and thc re~ pairing of equipment, is also enormous,

'l-QQ-O§'§..rA9 ,

i ~.- -

fzaak Jihanfaz-}.%2sZ

scvcml yL-aiu trains have been dcspntcliedl one uftcr another at intcrvuli-i, according f-0 u prezirmngcd schedule, nllowinii; #oi many minutes lictwccu siiccrssivo ti'uiu=~,| '1`his is known as thc time interval sys- tem. ily nuoihci- system trains ure run so that one is allowed to pass n given point only when u preceding tmin has posed n certain other point a predeter- mined distance in udvancc. This is the space intlarvol system, or, as commonly. known, the block system.

\Vhen rigidly observed thc block system is absolutely perfect in theory, hut it iii, in the practice-tlint there is the failure. One of the earliest methods of operating the block system was by telegraph, there being operntois ‘at each block signal who were constantly in communication with each other and who noted thc passing of trains hy their stvitions, setting their *sig- nals uccordinigly

Accidents occurring as n result of neg-

ligence on the purt of signal men csuscfl the instiillntion of thc "block nnd block" system hy which the blocks were con-

trolled hy electro-magnets with s_vsti~in»i

infer:/2:0222): ¢7'_¢`z94Z

_7’aJk.rJ.‘[¢`z.f? Go`v'a.rm1n£J.‘?‘Zszn

ii clear triwk.

Even this syaicin has proved to bi- un- ntisfuirtory on the lurgc roads on which

fast. passenger service is uiuintnincd,

und now it is l-<-lio\'ed that u real ailito- ini-itic i-iiignul oliiuiuattiug nininst. entirely the huuuin olmnont luis hevu found. (ln the grcut steel higliwaiys lwtivccn New York and Wnshington the l‘i‘nnsyl\'uni:i, llultimore und (lhio and Rciuling roads have equipped their lilies with this new device, which is u most interesting as well ns n.novcl system.

The signals tlieiiisrlves are snmf-what ill`i-rent from the uid type. They :irc light painted wooden arms nttncliril to li framework in whit-li :irc set three glasses of ililforent rnlorf+~\vliitiz green :ind ri-il --which show by night the position of the nrm indicating "l’rocced ou schedule lime," "l‘rocm\il i‘nutioiisly" rind "-\`l0p." lly day thc nrin itself inilicatvs the situ- ntion by its position. Standing at right angle to thc insist it is the “stop” nig-

S li

`nul. At 45 degrees it signifies caution und in a vertical position it nlimvs n clear track. i

The new system supersede-= the old tol

the extent; that it is vii-tuully ii three- block system, for when :i tiuiu passes the ariu goes to the right single, \Vhen the train goes i_nto_ the block heyond, the arm goes to 45 di-gives, nud only gow to the vertical po.~<ition when the train is in the third hlock.

Probably the best feature of this sys-

tem is that unless the road is not only clear. but in practically good cnndition,, the signals will remain nt the “stop” position. For instance, if there is n broken rail, tho electrical circuit is in- terrupted, and this will hnvn its offect. on the signal. Then, too, should n train be run into n siding und one of the cars

depressed, hut othcrivii-ic it pro_|cct.~i l above the track

` i

which is a little lover pivohid on the El ruadbeil und S0 connected wlith. the Nlilllill b that when thi- liittzc-i' is at “clear” it is U

' k

Attiii-hed to the air brake system on

, ;‘1'osv~i the iitlier tracks. 'l`hi.< is a rnthcr

I that it is buttei' to i'un the risk of smuiih-

ing un ciigiiic uuil vars than to permit ai F

be for gn-ziter.

Yi - U

trains run nt high speed, the intxilzrlocking r~_\'stv|u ut croxings is nhi~'olutcly neces- sury; but the average pnsscngcr as he wliisks along sees but little of the con-

‘j!!?!;a£_Zy€m_a#,_]:5H`¢az.£ trolling fonws along the route. It is

dndazaernzwlrsa _ C

ntrieute pathway of twin rails, thot he

hat thi' eiiginoer- in Cliargi: uf the triiiii

, l-has mul

and

mzil, _or stop, until the tmin thnt gets tm: first right. of wily, has passed into tl|i:,in¢xt ,block . =

ii rutlicr-_suildcii stop by leaving the rails, 51 for the pa~sihilit.y~ of error ou thu part of _uu<c-iifiinc _driver by setting ri iierniling switch h_\'_ disconiieetinii the iniln about 40|) feet troiu where they vonorgs ol'

L-ruie ulici'iiuti\'u, but. ii, i,~ calculated

ui-c uri-i<li~nl, in which thc iluiuagu would

(lil in the couutr where nsseu or

nly when the triun is approaching a erminal, and where steel ribbons seein- niglv sliih: under und out from the ear nd the tr|.in wends its way nlong u most

eginii to take noticc of the voiit number f_tru<‘ks intc‘rluc1:d, until the wonder is

unws `\vlii‘i‘c he is going. Approaching thc new Union Station at

_Shoulii nii` ii-u'ginei=i" diviregard the “stop” sigunl I-md rush past, he would come to

or, in aildition to the displriyiug ol' mere |Kl\l\lH. the interlocking systciii provides

ft’-Tm-zz Jar

!i‘muhiuations_ Of mnigq tlicm are hug,

‘ hu' ui thi-nc that are innusie at nuy on

imc, but during a day the triuns_i.-u_znixig n and going outtcvcry few ininutqi on' ’_ar‘ious trucks neuassitutslnnngidg-pnhtn nc- tivity on the' PBI1- of the uignalman and-‘ the little anus are constantly ivigwagging. At night the lights take. the plnca of the arms a¢__siginijs' null the winking of the,

white, gn-cn n.uil,_rcd ri-mind one of £20 ‘ftalkinig lights." on xi wurship, only to. latter use but two cnlor~~ red and white. l ln the early days of operating uwitchu lfrom stution towers the signnlnian had to move the switches by main stiength. l1'\_tcr,cniiiprcsscil uir was enip|oyod,but this syiteiu was costly to install and inaiutuin as the plants were operated by‘ l‘loutricil.y, and in cold wentlicr the moist-

lin: iu the pipes would freeze and tie lungs up. Finally expr-riineuts wore made

luith electricity and this has been found ilu be satisfactory. The current. is gener ated hy gasoline-driven engines and stored in large batteries in suilicient quantities to lust about 10 days. These types ue iisod to ii great extent. at points where it

is not convenient to get electricity.

3 \\'ith the gre-:it strides that have been made in railway signnh-i it is interesting to note that one of thc earliest systems of block sigiuiliug or truin dispatching was operated in Eiigland long before the iidvunt of thc telegriiph. lt was novel,

the train is ai siuall vulve located so us to he in the path of the lever. lf, then, an engineer attcinpts tn run past ii dun- gcr signal, the lever strikes the vnlvo und, nutoinatienlly, the uir hnukes ari-

npplied ond the train mines tn si stop.

Another branch of the signal service

is that known as the "interlocking," which is used where tracks cross or con- verge at grade. This is n method hy'} which ii n,umhcr of switi-hes and siiuials f

not-toil intcrlockcd---that in their normal

left. so that it is not cleii of the uveiu

ns though thc whuli- tmin were on ihvi main track, It

Another fi-nluri-_ and one just ns iin~;i»ui- truiu without locking up the system ii portant as un_v of the others. is thc;.~'o thot no other "ll_l”°“’°dH “"8m\l8 NUI -15

r gi-onililiou the “stop” Miirnal is displa_\'rd n

track. the electrical circuit is hi-lil _:i~'| ,i

,ii »r iziumit give u clear truck to any ii

device known :is the “aiitoinzitic stopflbc shown, all signals romsinjug at nor- th

_ ,v<~c_@._ , -1. _Jn ._ _ ,_»-- - '"" Y ' "' ‘\'\‘ ,"" ‘*"‘~"' '

uri- opcrntcd. from ii central point hy h mr.-uns of lovers, rind all .-irc so con- om the ni-twm-I; of milg_

o i-visry trnek in ov:-r_\' direction. Thisihy the crossover switches it has been _-'-"i-in is entirely iunnnul, hut the op- fo

VVa.<hiugton one finds ii perfect maize of lof trucks togctlicr with criiwimers that uri- of intricate ilosign, innking it possible to trunsfcr truins from :inyone of thc doz- en or more trucks to nuother. ln order to govern the mnvcmcnts of the incoming nnd outgoing trains, nn well as the move- mi-nls of the ynrd engines that make up i the trninn there is n uiost elaborate inter- ockjng s_vst.'eni\nnd thc mnn in the signal owcr who has control of thc miiny lr-vors ns :i trial( of grout i'<~sponsihility to gov-

Owing to the number of tmcks and the ilmhcr of ¢-unibinaitinusi that can he inndc,

und nrcossary to provide for 42 sep- riite signal nrins. Those are hung from bridge spanning all of the tracks and each is capnhle of being displayed in rec positions there ani possible 126

, . .. , i

lint thomiighly in kceiing with the tlmsp ind conditions. At escli station was creat* ed ii. toll mast on which a large ball couu he raised with lialynxds. When a,__tfnin pulled out nn attendant raised the ball to the top of Lhe mast., Thou he _picked up his field ivlnm mid watched for thp tritin to Nncli _ .;.- .:- ‘ ofdtiou when tl!! attendant thi-r - mo* '--1. led his bull. Thai! the man ni i ~- 1..-i i ..tion lowered his hall and thi- block was then clear for tho following twin.

With the operating of more trains and

nt higher rates of speed came the tele- graph and this led to the development of everything in connection with riiilrouding. The development hor. not yet ceased, new inventions are constantly making their appearance and it iequims much energy nn the part of operating ofiicials to keep

abreast of the times.

HERE is n beauty, s magic fasci-

_ about Paris. In no other

. physical charms and vari-

e of intcmsis blend in such

perfect harmony. The cult of the Fieiicli is beauty and this linda i-xpmaiiicn in the

French in ilftl., Th' “civic beauty is ai, nstunil desc ophieut “born t_lll’0\1Ei\ <’°“l“l nes. Ncgcity has been built only to bl, remodeled and built again as often #_

R ' ,W_ _‘ Pell .

p_.u.|._ _ , » ,_ _ ;pii|gli___0f|Q\e cneditpof having

The principal island in tliii-Heine “"“"

. . ' u.

m::.“:i:°-r. ,-stent* other islands. in the river hid ,W 50-!-'

hnbiliotl'\ad tho river was soon ¢pll\\\lll".l§:“’:I 9‘n‘°5‘,ll*$m

by my in-iagsi. ,one of the iimdwm-, mi ind on mai, itmciive ii i.hs,1=bni_ Nwf. bum in on reign of Ii~_ury__ll1,-i lt 'Wu in those days thot the bridge WM. Ir-mt gaily thranged. A well-l¢\1“*'“ '“l‘ Ile nsyl: "After watching three dllysi-‘l A mnn luis not creased the bridge lm mm* lllve loft Pnris." ' Even more splendid wui the pllwe built for St. Louis on tha “Pot “'l‘°"° that Palace of Justice now stands. All that.

lvnminl of the castle is the famous doulilvi chnpsl. The tourist lookin! l" “d““l1` tion of the broad boulevard; mil ll\¢6f“n` vent open aqiinres of Paris has htt-ls idol '.~:` the labor 1~.r..i money spent in reinodcl- ing and nibaikling to make the ¢‘-IW “lf ~iofv° mi bmiiiiii. nnmii-ea. of $2, -».,.-~. ii-_uidinp nr. umlcinnil In

luindsoine ciois, t _c iirss might be mimi. l¥lilitli€$t.i1;»i’iilrii`li»\-c bien spent in iidoming -lu - squn¢c»~with foun- tains and stutues, iunny of thc loueluyit and most dangerous parts have been chon- _ged into splendid parks. Tlioiigli

_bf t.he French Ki '_ _ni ptcd with the liummg

'i°oyl_l rks, such names as iid g n lluuiu ri, pn;

nttgpctivc _und l\i.iutiful. All ;”;'i*T:it*i#“:°::;;;“:z;*:-l’:.*.2ff::f bniplsyiinla, he

I \ t 0. . _

'Bolo du gogzgnc.

pt-ror Nnpoleon undertook niuc'i to the inner Paris

bounds us to the great town

beyond the boulevard. lL1l‘0|\

hed his post from 1853 to ing that time he cii-nted avenues hy the huuclreds.

grcnt nunihcin of l0l¥°

squares, piirki- and plrasuiri erected public liuildillkl 1" Paris. Devotees of other Europcon Ghi- tnll have tried io force ii w_mi»'\"\"§"\ lf, twmn the Champa l'3l9'\‘P"*,"‘ l"‘"“‘ "“ Untor di-n Linden in B¢\‘lU1» ,bmi l“'ll’_' ever splendid the litter street im ll "MV not be wmpamd 'nh the Parisian boule- vard, with its broad nvenuu, ilk". IW

open and

...t _

:lens and ninuiuona.

The Chninps Elysees is the most `Ilirei‘t|lvonue dnteii

and most interesting route tu the Dole. It is uioin of ii pmmenndo thnn nt public giinlf-n. The part br-tween the Place ilv lu i'i.nrn|-<l-- rind the Rumi Point is nlmni-t p»\rLlE!.i- in its dimensions, nnd in as pop nlnr with thc F-irinians an nn' gnrflvn. There nrc n numbor‘olfuhion1ihli~ rtvstaur- ants whore Piiricilnn and miriam foreign-

cxenlniivif Tliis famous

to tim ri-imp olfdliziis

X_IV Then t __ 1--ii ~~.o_\!u-r vi' ‘N i “' lQynr;h,_incliu]lvl`Al'dii\ llatri-,_the lloule- i'l\hl di-if (npii:‘ii\¢‘n nufl St. lllii-l::u~l, ~\= li i<.r~ of nm<l»-in _'i-~-L il~ -.- i~ r -'~~' .~< m1.»,-ui; .»-.i ,-_ it ~i--,loin-n. lt in l--. |,o;ii.i»| ih.m ti.-in) of the' Old streets, rut for itn length and many hind- somo structures it hu no rival. In oullr

crs come' ind

to make this grand nv(-nun hundreds of :mall streets had to be tom up and thou- sands of'poor dwelhugn hodtzi be coa- dcinned.

Hut. Nnpnleon was the first to make his

mpiinl hciintifui. lle hui his architects ilrnw plans for thi- mbiiildlng of the city; the boulevnrds were to extend from A common ~csntn, like spokes of n wheel.

lihi- ln-iiilty of the city and to out Im I i

.~i|u.'ircs, adorned with statues and foun, iniu.~\. 'l`hix~'c squares were to i-nlmnce

points if sifnly nhou_ld it lic i\l.tlir'l<l‘1l ii-out without or witlun. lt was his oh; forts which secured the hoiiiitifiil l'l.iii' di- in t,'om_~onlo und the (lliampii l~lly.~v\".' :is it is known to-day.

licyiuiil thi- intrinsic 'beauty of tht'

i-tri-i-ls there is u piclairciniuencss awak- i»m'»d hy thc nuizo of victorian and auw- liioliilini, thmnging crowds moving to wards and- riontpd lwfom nsstnunntn. "l"ron\ all sides," as Zola says, “¢0m§H yi sound and clinking of glussi-s and si\» ri-or on tho dinner tabllls._6PNld in tlw iiiiiht of nil. The uir is Bott uni warm, iilli-<1 witih the perfume fl }.I|._vcna oi.-

traii-s und n penetrnting,rfb_¢ of nburlntho, _ ningltsl with the sncci. irngrsnce of the flower stalls" _ The bridges, fountains _and stntum that adorn the city contri-’ hut:-t'mucli` to 'thc bciuty of the utreeh. 'l`ho isliinds are joined by n splendid net- -work of bridses. Evpoclally nttricthm is the Pont St. Michael. It is .thl

'I5 southern side. In the Place »Sti;Ml¢l]pl,,

lnnul scale. Undfr the

which pours down intn_ __ , _g iiisiisi is in iingou »v°lfthii)a*. into the lowsrmoot ciltem 'fliif

l7l’ll".il

ci nl bridge joining the island to tim

in n fumo\in_.fonntnin~dMi'3'no_d; plpqii,

In the middle once stood s figure ot

Louis .\l\'._ hut in._ita stead has been plum-l ii voliuuu to commemorate thu victories of the l"rvr\f‘h Army in Gob nniny. It is in imitation of tho Pillar d Trnjiin, in Rome, and was built of stony covered with loaves of bronze. whcnc in public squares are statues, ene¢\iv<l tnitho memory of mm heroes and vi`ctori&. In the Avenue du l’0bser`vnoolh, bolt way,.,bst=ws»n Obs* vatory and the Luxunbouxg Gardena, lb certainly the lmndsompt .fountain in 5,0 world. The eight pf-mein( nan bonus which gnsni the twiitiin hmm with

life and lotion. The fountain kdcm o group of Oenli, npruon - llclur quarters of the globo UWPUWI the world. ln the Place ds Clfchy U K beautiful dtntno éroeliod to the milf of Manish Manny. Tho_ mollliflli mm in. mf-ini aifqnaiu ii- N "“°" ":::s° 'rr' "‘“‘ ‘° “P '*'°

A won so gr. _ -ri., mm, :Naomi www-:ir en.uh.nii»nnm» contribute in il ,.|....,;,.¢_¢ii. diy. A v-fyimniu

` 3 tho plloce 0( the I@W ‘

,p ¢, , ___ _ _ _

°‘..: :s""i”:.° lags it °“':.'..m:.‘. if-.““..;."f.:'..é,_i'*i°‘.'1“§ r e r um 0111!, 3 ~ ' ' ag: the mek rin. 9 gp, onic order. 'Illia d. m

@clmhdm.

mm# lows' ll “Hilti

, l i

He inaisml on havin; plenty of large

iiigaiiiinic vu as-ima by Jiri* gl* I .

,;¢g§ ig bggg- md cpiuntvm