AUQU§I_9.-__124_1.

Mel

>1

KERGUELEN ISLAND (l)

this time he had no 1g w get food: all he had to do I“ u, pick up a few stones and W“ a iew penguins over. Then cooked ilte buds (after a 9n) over fires built with dry m“ of grass. He did not disturb m gals, for he d'd not wish to w; my until the weather was cold "wall w freeze their flesh. He wold, he knew. get oil from their “ha, but then, he had nothing bold u. when he finished his

r he began to look for drift- md, but only a few little pieces M ‘hr-he ashore in the bay where “mas landed, so he had to give use idea of s driftwood fire. m; he thought oi another plan mm h‘.s comfort in the cold Iughq- and after mother week's my h, had his "cave" (as he mils m two feet deep in pellflulm’ gathers. ll/Bfi’

puriflf

day was getting colder, and “night s sharp frost would set in: “was time to get after the seals. my were not fur seals; there was liiile warmth in their skins; but grey would be useful "to block the mrway into the "cave .Cuiver kill- sd five or six of these animals and found that the younger ones had more fur than the older, arid pro- himself s. seslskin cost on u” strength 0i’ this. A! 110 was Cili- gh; up the seals next morning and igmgnting that he had nothing with which to boil down their blub- hcr, an idea. struck him: he might us the biubber as candles by stick- ing wicks into it. He therefore set g work and stripped all ilie blub- ber from the seals, afterwards cut- bng ii into six-inch sqirarcs." Then lie wok s piece of a fresh skin. bent it up all round and fastened ii, thus making an open pan for are of the squares to fit into, then isld it on the rocks to dry. How to ‘make the wick bothered him: he could not spare any of his clothes! acre again memory came to his rill; in the North of Ireland (where ire was born) lie had seen fie workmen "rotting" the flax to pro- cure the fibre. So he hunted up the toughest grass he could find, made s bundle of it and laid it in a pool fora week, then took it out and bruis- ed it between two fist stones. As the pulp fell apart. the fibre revealed itself, long and tough. when it was dry he tried the experiment that l'-’l'y night: he made six wicks. Pill them in one of the cakes of blub- ber and ligated them. They burnt famously and gave out a lot of hut. with a thankful heart he put slot more grass in to soak or "ret", and turned hls attention to the seals aznin with such success that rhtn whter set in in earnest he iud enough seal meat to last for months, and two or three hundred- Wflfhis of squares of blubber, "I made" (he says) “several bowls lllil Dlatcs out of the seals’ skins. and l-ad fashioned myself in a lfllfhiy rough way some suits of Willis sealskins. with a hood that covered sll my head and face ex- mjust my mouth and eyes." he very first he had eaten ilffmifffbbflses at every meal. He sou not cook them because he llf flOY-lllflg to boil water in: may bwterehtrsiher bitter to ca: -" ll knew he must es lften food with his seal-meat if he were to keep healthy. These plants were the unique Kergirelen Island slgluaeslzvhlch. out of the whole ewor ,growoni onthetis- lllld: but he did no know that. m3 ilrobably. did the most learn- ill Mfanlsls of his day. so the mt fnffzlizflrlshtguslt hiievlas totally ignor- oca on. ‘ifflofls the little driftwood on me Eh ‘fir; ftrgund s couple of broken - ese he fastened, with ifolnle sincwaq uywo sharp, strong l ""1 ti! made very fair lifters." 3y the end of May the ground "I ilflbly covered with snow and "a cold was bitter. What troubled m“ "Blilwfly most of all. however. Isa where he was to store his stock “i "ill-on meat and blubber. He fixed wildmanimals and knew ‘ey WOlI scent it out-. how- lgr 1:. Finally he "it fwe or s. ‘curse: ‘wiiitsii; is: zmfllilvlilar for any animal to ‘ofi- file cave or hole was about m.‘ feet up. Making a rope of "on lin he fastened it to a projec- h, on the top of the cliff and let “email down-an easy matter for m salor of those days. The little m: w" iflflillblc. so he carried all stock tolthe top. and climb‘ rg

. "ll Ind down the rope stored it

m‘ l" except enough for a a consumption. flow there was nothing to be bill fo stay in the cave tiil ‘L However cold ft was out- h ‘and he again assures u; it h‘hh'l>iiter"—it was warm enougn den. At the very coldest mm °llill¢ winter he kept two l" R0108. but most of the “mail? was enough. At night he “m. lurrow down among the pen- M, '_ "there. and pull a sealsktn h ' "if". and no matter how it N 2mm illllllfie. he was warm hi; m" daytime he "frrasled" y ‘h: Over the lamp and overv- "m nun the weather permitted he m, If "if not a stock of "sab- ‘nod :0 his den he always kept dk i l‘! pf blubber end seveml hmtfv" W-oks. Only once in his c‘ ‘$110M he refer to a draw- “ ch will doubtless have oe. v" m "f! Riders as it did to me. m! live to smell powerful strong tum” l" llyl- "and many s ‘i first. u turned a... ‘g fie;

_.¢_.;-1___-___ ---p-e¢en--c-

- NEWSY NOTES -

Iv souoou

as a, youngster on trig n g . bllf I sot wcustomed innit ".33."; ht. I learned that the gr“; ma‘ was to keep the wick short."

His adventures with the bears 1111M be held over till next weep 1 was inclined to doubt his narrative l‘ "Ill Mint. es I thought that been were not to be found m. 'K*Wi1°1¢11'I lllld" ls it was some- times called. But since Polar Bears l-fe to be found in the Arctic resfoas of_bot.h hemispheres, there was nothing to stay them from arriving es Culver did. via. on an 100N11- NI’ "I! rest. tbs animals 1M Plants have no affinity with i-holeofafrfomuraevesrrccoy Illflf: “(only the compositor substit- llififl Inf’ for "no"l) but singular to soy. they rather resemble those of South America. The seals have been sisnost extsrminated in the blind"! "are that have passed since Culver wlntered there, but {hg cabbage-a perennial-still flour-

ANIWPLANT

I lsn indebted to Dr. w.1. Holman, of Toronto University, for a very pleasant afternoon's outing, and lire Ofiportunity also to see and record e "new" plant; that is, one which has not already been listed as occurring on the Island. Dr. Holman called and drove me out first to Rustico, where the scenery

to their new homes;

was just entrancing; then to a section of roadway between May- field Road and Rusticovilie. Here the roadside was covered with a dense growth of Wild Msrjoram or Cngsndy, Origannm‘ vulnre L.) This plant is up two feet high, and ls perennial from nearly horizontal rootstocks. mach stem terminates irf a. dense cluster of small pinkish lsblate flowers, interspersed with small purplish bracts. As the clus- ters are often five centimetres brood, in the mass they are both r.- lcuo and handsome. The aquareish stems are more or less red, generally down one side. The leaves are ovate and may be cren- ste (scalloped) or entire: all the parts are aromatic. The Marjoram has in the first instance come from Europe, perhaps from England, where it is used for flavoring soups, stews and stuffing. Sir J. D. Hooker characterizes it as aromatic, bitter and balsamic; and says than its flowers are dimorphic. Both of the American Manuela of Botany (Gray's, and Brittonu), give the locality of the Marjoram as from Ontario to Pennsylvania, but in the light of Dr. Holman‘: discovery i-lll-f must be revised.

Only two new plants have been added to our lists this year, a token that the Island has been well searched already.

NOTES 0N ISLAND PLANTS The Cnsnlsoaitae (l)

We have now reached the last great family of our plant, the Gem- positse, rather loosely termed by one school of botanists. "the thistle family". In American text-books this family is always placed at the end, as if it were the highest ufiievement in the evolution of plant life: the lower forms beina 10"“ towards the beginning of the book. The British botanists had. long be- fore, agreed that the lbanuncnlaceae. with their highly specialized floral organs, should cccuoy the firsf piece in their textbooks, which thereafter worked gradually down- ward to the lower forms at the end of the book; the Compositae beinf about midway. Wh‘ch classification is best in accord with nature the present writer does not pretend to any; but it must be remembered that American scientists of s rom- erstion ego often strained a 0°!" in order to differ from their Enalilh cousins. Happily the ancient Pf°~ judlces are disspoearins-Oll bflih sides.

The composites have attained a kind of community life which ha! resulted in s hfch degree of floral efficiency. A casual observer looks at an aster, and nslders it a. sin- gle flower, whereas in reality ri is made up of e large number of in- dvidual flowers, bound together for a. common Dllfbose. Part of their gueceag in producing seed and gpregdjng rapidly ll due f0 the’ fact that this group of "flofsw matures succusively from the out- er edge of 01c "disc" or "head" to- wu-dg flu ggntre, 111g result is thlt pollen is produced over a long per- iod with a greater certainty of fer- tlfsation and seed Pf°¢ll<m°li~

Then again the are"! mlyx of all ordinary flower is a protection to the tender organs. and also a food- making device. when flowers are crowded into a composite hellf- however, they protect each other and than the cslyces deveioil fllifl devices for csffyifll "if "Po Md! or into irocks and spines (as in Burdock end Beggsrticksl vrlzich also are affec- tive agents in dispcrllflff- The IN"! involuore which acts as a common calyx enclosing the “held.” SUPP-ii" a certain amount of food for the floral organs.

This immense family. contslnina not less than 10.000 sneclel of world-wide distribution is here divided into two well-marked groups. First, those with tubular florets forming the "disc" or canoe and. usuallyJtrsp-ahapcd (ligulstel florets round the edge. A familiar example of this srounfafllflfllaoll- ayedluasn" (Rudbeckis) of the old lrsssn" (Itudbeckie) of the oid meadows, with its blackish disc. and yellow. llsulefc. lay flmi-l- ffl

scene instances (as Burdock and

1 Protestant

(ZHARLOTTETOWN QlJARDI/kl)!

Weekly Live Stock Market lienort

SUMMARY

Little change occurred in the cattle market during the past week. Trim"!- I-l l rule, was fairly sc- tive with a heavier volume of cattle fihllillfld to the United states. The increased movement was princi- Pfllly from western Canada. Cows were strong sellers end bulls were the only class to show weakness, selling lower, notably in the west on unusually heavy runs. Calves were definitely lower especially in eas- tern Canada, vrizile hogs eased elllhtly end lambs were sharply down. s sessomble trend under the influence of increasing

mamas earns MARKETS

Cattle prices were generally un- changed st TORONTO, although some plain killers and stockers were left unsold. weighty steers had a top of $935 and butcher steers and heifers were $8 to $8.95, with a few $9. The market at MONTREAL was fairly steady with cows the strongest sellers at $5.50 i0 87 for 300d quality, with an odd high mark at $7.25. The bulk of the _steers moved out between $9 and

$8.95. with some $9.25 and two tread

at $9.50. There was no change in " the situation in the MARITIMES, where good to choice steers were quoted at $8.50 to $9.50.

WESTERN CATTLE MARKETS

Runs were liberal in western Canada and ncluded a fairly large percentage of grass steers and graa cows. Prices, however, held well except on bulls. WINNIPDG had some top quality butchers steers at $8.75 to $9.50 and sold some short-keep feeders for ship- ment to the south at $7 to $7.50 and a few $7.75. Trading was active at CAUGARY on a heavier run and good butchers steers rated $8.25 to $8.75. Sales were reported at. coun- try points at $9 to $9.25 for mixed weights. EDMONTON was active with the bulk of the good grain steers around $850, with some Unl- versity of Alberta steers topping at $9.25. The high point reached on steers at PRINCE ALBERT and MOOSE JAW was $8.35. SASKA- ‘IOON $8.90. REGINA $8.50 and VANVOUVER $9.

UNITED STATES MARKET

Buffalo was lower on Canadian cattle during the past week. One load of steers averaging 1309 lb., topped at $11.25. but most sales were from $10.85 down to around $10. Sales of weighty steers made at Buffalo would equal about $8.60 to $9.40 at Toronto and light steers $7.65 to $3.15. Some of these prices were not as good as those obtain- ing at Toronto and others 15c or more better. st. Paul quoted com- mon to medium Canadian steers at $9 to $9.95, very common to good cows $5.50 to $8.25, common to good bulls $7 to $8.50 and good and choice veais $10.50 to $12.50.

Exports to the United states dur- ing the week consisted of 6.013 cattle, beef, 278 dairy. 2.162 calves and 604 hogs. These frogs left the country previous lo the recent

Common Groundseli lite rays are suppressed and the florets all tubu- lar. The second great group nus a‘i the forets lligulate, as in the dande- lion and the sow-thistle. (it ;s noticeable that all members of this group have milky juice.) I am in- clined to believe that this liitifil‘ group has been evolved by (he Creator from the former; since man (who often imitates) has tak- en such plants as the single dal iia and chrysanthemum and by skill- ful selection has changed them into large "double" flowers. Having thus disposed of the Cnmposltle in gen- eral, we shall proceed in the next instalment, to consider our species in detail,

THE ORPHANAGE HAS A SURPLUS

It is gratifying to note that the

Herbert finished up the year i940 with the balance on the right s‘de of the Cashbook. l have just re- ceived the Annual Report for that year, which gives the total pay- ments by cheque as $9,174.50. This not only covers the Maintenance and the Wages but such consider- able items as Insurance and Re- pairs to roof. etc. I remember that when the new building was opened, somewhere about twenty vears ago, i was freely prosphesied that its maintenance would cost anyiiring from $10,000 to $12,000 per your. and that it would be very difficult for the public to finance it. The interested and perfect team-work of the Board of Trustees has suc- cessfully answered the latter state- ment, and the substantially lower cost of maintenance must be cred- ited rfrecty to the close supervision and care of the Superintendents Miss Beers, R. N. The elimination of wute is the unnortant thins ill running any public institution, and during my brief visits to the Orphanage I have noticed with pleasure the careful way in which the Staff attended to lltis point

The Endowment rund is grow- ing satisfactoriiy and is beginning to play some part towards the maintenance of the Institution. Nevertheless that does not mean that the public should relax their support of one of the most con- structive influences on the Islami- tbe rescue of these innocent .:h‘ld- ren from penury or neglect

Orphanage at Mount _

Q

NATURAL RESOURCES IAIJBIED

» CONSEllVATION I

A WIIKLI OOLUIG’ OI‘ PIAUITOAI- OPINIONS OI fill VITAL ISSUES AITICTING Till USE! AND ABUSIB OF

I! Ill- LUDLOW JENKINS

TIMELY sores ON romcs cosrsrcrrso WITH

Silver Fox Farming

fii

MOURNWG DOVE

From the work in Arizona it ap- pears that in favorable localities this dove may be doubled-breaded, but that elsewhere it has only one brood. Because of its flocking habits the species is extremely vulnerable and. quoted from Neffs latest re- port: "Shooting is considered to be the msior cause of early August migration or movement, rather than storms." This opinion was further confirmed by his observa- tions in one or two localities favor- able to the birds, where no snout- ing occurred until August 22 (the 1939 season opened‘ August l.) At these points the population stead- ily increased from about 200 to more-than 2.000 birds. He also stat- ed that, in his opinion, a young white-winged dove that has not been out of its nest for st least 4 or 5 weeks does not afford a sport- ing target. It is interesting to note the following comment in a report from a game-management agent of the Biological Survey who was operating in the vicinity of Yuma, Ariz.. when the 1939 season opened: "On the opening day I checked 33 hunters with a total of 197 white- winged doves, of which I57 were birds and 40 were mature." Although the territory frequent- ed by these birds is normally more or less desertiike, its aridity has been accentuated in recent years by severe drought. 'I'he situation in

order prohibiting the export of hogs and hog products to countries other than the United Kingdom and Bri- tish possessions. Shipment to date this year, with corresponding figures for 1940 in brackets, were: beef cattle 69.545 (64,103); dairy 10,367 (7,629); calves 40.532 (52,764) hogs 34.032 (39).

Exports of beef cattle from July 1st to 31st. under the third quarter- ly quota, were 19,340 (6,767).

CALVES REACT DOWNWARD

Previous gains recorded in the ml! market were pretty well wiped out, especially in eastern markets. Toronto opened firm but closeci 50 cents lower. Top veais were gon- eraily $12, wifn a few $12.50, while Montreal was steady to~ss much as$1 lower with veala up to a general $11 and a h'gh of $11.50. Winnipeg held steady with top calves at $9.50 to $10 and Calgary and Regina had a top of $9, Edmonton, Prince Albert, and Moose Jaw $8.50, and Saskatoon $9.25.

HOG MARKET STEADY TO EASIER

Hogs opened l0 cents higher at Toronto st $15 for grade B-l dress- ed but by the close were $14.75, a nct loss of i5 cents. Montreal held the previous level of $15.25. with odd sales at $15.50. and Winnipeg was weaker closing at $13.75. Calgary continued to pay $13.25 to $13.35 and Edmonton was $13 to $13.15, with some coast shipments $19.40. Other western markets held yearly. Prince Albertpaying $13.60 to $13 B5 Moose Jaw $13.55, Regina $13.70. Saskatoon $13.60 to $13.75 and Van- couver $14.15 to $14.40.

LAMB PRICES SHARPLY LOWER.

A seasonable decline took place in the lamb market during the pfist week. At Toronto the total decline amounted to $1.50 and good ewes and wethers closed st $12.50. Mon- treal was down $1 with good lambs mostly $12 and odd tops $12.50. wh‘ie Winnipeg was sharply lower closing at $11. Calgary dropped 75 cents to $1, good lambs finishing at $10.25 to $10.50 and Edmonton was also easier with most of the good to choice lambs $10 to $10.50 and a few $10.75. The close at Prince Al- bert was $10 to $10.50 for good lambs, Moose Jaw $10 to $10.50. Regina generally $10, Saskatoon $10M and Vancouver $12.50.

a

1939 was most uneatisfacwr" , \\'l‘.l'i the natural wild foods of the white- wing nearly a complete failure over much of the bird's range and fruiting or seed-lug only in favored and isolated localities. According to Neff, “In some areas the oak trees were completely defoliated excepting on the canyon floors, Even the mesqlrte bean crop was lDs-rse and erratic. Cattle and deer died for leek of food and water in some localities." He conclude; that in 1939 "the whitewing in Arizona was in s serious condition, with greatly depreciated population, with the success of fie 1939 nesting sea- son generally in doubt, and with shooting, continuing to be heavy on every smslrl flight within reach."

Conclusions are not yet possible regarding the status of the east- ern whltc-winged dove in southern Texas. but a. recent report from Saunders indicates that tho actual production of young by s pair of adults is disappointingly small. It B-Dpfiflrs that this species is unus-

several natural enemies that, if general throughout the breeding range, can effectively reduce the crop for sporting purposes. In the light of our present knowledge it is obvious that the future oi the white-winged dove, as a. game brrd with an open season, may be con- sidered doubtful.

Bond-tailed Pigeon

It is only on (he Pacific coast that the band-tailed pigeon is found in sufficient numbers in be important as game. It is, however, locally plentiful in the southern Rocky Mountain region. The spec- ies breeds north into British Colum- bia and in that Province there is some evidence that it is decreasing On the other hand. reports show that bsndtails are st least holding their own. or are even increasing in Oregon and California, and similar reports have been received from Arizona and New Mexico,