The "Christmas"

V’ . JOHN BALD]-JR

"fume on earth; goodwill to- ” ll iiicii' _

1...» promise of Christmas is dd.-i than Christmas itself.

ltonian Saturnalia coin- cidctl almost exactly with the modclll Christmas season - in ‘PM 5,. well as in

1.~.,.~ suiiell days from Decem- ber 17 until December 23 no wars could be declared. Masters wait- ed upon their slaves.

shops were closed and no pub- uc ... private business could be u-aiisat'lt‘d-

(‘eh-hzaiions were continuous.

The Romans decorated ‘trees with tandles, presents were dis- muuied to children, yule logs wcte burned in homes and in public p S-

The feasts were dedicated to me god Saturn whose name was dentetl from the Latin verb ﬁr(‘|t'. to sow, and who presided OH.‘ ..4rii-iiltui‘e and light.

'1 it.» s1tii'_v was that Saturn l‘.'illl4’ to carth in the form of a

man in a golden age before even Rome was .

it was he who taught the Romans the arts of agriculture “.1 wlllcd the nomads in com- mtinllttw

in that goﬂen age under the rule of the , 1 men were equal, no w were fought, and there was justice for all.

in the end. Saturn ascended into heaven to lit: again with his hrnthcr gods and a temple was erected to him on the site below the Capitol where Rome was eventually built.

Men and —- to judge by the state of Roman religion at the time when the history books he n - gods had subsequently degenerated. But the Romans set aside first a day in each year and later, under Augustus. a full week in which they endeavored to live in a way of which Saturn would have approved.

Front time to time there were disputes about the form the cele- bration should take. reek and Roman religions had merged and some of the Orphic texts demand- ed S8i'l'lilCe5 to Saturn. The form the sacrifices were to take was described by I Greek word which might mean either “lights" r “men

decided that “lights" wrs the bet- ter interpretation.

Hence the candlcs and the yule loils

Since Saturn was also directly the god of agriculture. the candlcs were placed on trees. a custom perpetuated in the em (‘hrtstmtts tree.

- the earlier pagan strands.

Before Christmas

kind of firework — were another offshoot of this custom.

Blazing bonfires were also part of the ceremonies though these seem to erive from the even more ancient feast given to Sol the sun god at the time of the winter solstice. IThe word for this in Latin was Burmalia and a merging of this with Saturn pro- duced the word Saturnaliai.

Small wax dolls were made for the occasion and given to every child. tucked into tiny cribs pack- ed with straw —- very ' e the images of Christ in the manger that are traditional at Christmas

many countries of Western Europe.

Their origin appcars obscure.

but it, too, is probably to be

DO YOU SEE

found in the tradition of the old Sol rites with their promise of the annual re-birth of the world with the return of the sun as the days began to get longer.

| Later, under the dissolute, de-l

praved I-Ziiipcror Caligula. ilic

celebration tended to degencrate_

into a week long orgy which often‘ tended in riots aitd chaos.

The complete paralysis of gov-l

.erninent and business did not. .mattcr too in the days when Rome was hardly more than a city state But in the days .of a far flung empire. it tended‘ to'be disastrous

with drunken rev

For that reason. the early fathers of the Church were reluc- tant to establish Christmas as a feast which might end up the same way. indeed, for more than’ three hundred years they held out against any general rejoicing over the birth Christ.

But the Saturnalia never died and when. eventually, the Church decided to elevate Christmas to the stattts of an official feast the

timing of the Saturnalia was cer- tainly one of the factors which inﬂuenced the choice of a date.

No one —— then or now -- as a’ is very sure about the date of Christ's birth and the elaborate theories concocted by early the- ologians to “prove" one date or another were not particularly convincing.

The opportunity to take over a pagan feast and Christianise it was too g to pass up. The feeling was by the fact that the Church fathers were perfectly well aware of the orig- inal noble spirit of the Saturnalia and hoped that they could revive

a... so

Now the merger is so complete that few people ever bother to sort out the Christian elements in the Christmas celebration from

Saturn lies in

Roman candles — I showy

Where's

I By DAN1l-IL F. LINDSAY.

Kally O'Neil 'alked slowly up tiiefront steps Her mother watched her from behind the cur- tain Being fivr years old hvins a problem had her near tears. She reached up on tip toes door. "Kally, honey. Come in here a " Kally pushed the hood if her snow suit back and went into the living room.

"What do you want, Mommie". Ihe shook her blonde curls free.

“Oh, nothing much," her mo

liter smiled. “1 just want to know Why my little girl looks so sad?" "Wetl. Mom'vi‘.e." she slipped her coat off, "1t's llllt (lfl down the street " "YR. dear, what about her?" Kaliv could stand it no longer. burst into tears and running Wrr laid her head on her moth-

Letter For Larry

"that there isn't any Santa ‘h

andher

The altar of ruins now; but his spirit lives on.

Daddy?

bed. Claus

“Well. now" her mother leaned down and gently bit the tip of ear. "who'd ever believe a tale like that?"

"You don't believe her?"

"Of course not." she smiled down into t worried blue eyes "We know ere’: a Santa Claus.‘

"B-but she said Daddy was

him." “Oh pooh. Sit down there on the floor and I'll help you get

X. Saturnalia became synonymous] lp

lthe names in the squares. lint“ ‘daaqs

‘asnou ‘[.tt5) zumou tin“ ‘deg

l\'ame the objects sccn in the picture, and write igm

WHAT WE SEE f

u. The Prince and the Show-

29. A Streetcar Named Desire =and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. zstsony 30. Rose Tattoo.

' 'aa.i_L ‘nous ‘?i0(1 ‘.\'og ”“'°ll'‘|“S . 31. St. James’: Theatre. it was

husband that eteniiig after Kally had been put in bed "niir daugli tier has quite a problem"

“Women always i a v e prob- lems " he smiled over his news-

lpaper. "What is it this time?"

“Site knovts about Santa"

‘,"l‘hat's too had." he pursed his s. “but what can we do"" "Get someone to pit! ll('i' io_\s

under the tree wliilt she watches.‘

“Sure," he laid the paper down, “why couldn't I do it?"

"She heard that you are Santa.‘

He chuckled. "She isn't the on- ly woman in the family who thinks that."

“How about Bob Perkin.<'."' she ignored his attempt at humor. "He‘s the right build."

“0kay." he greed, “1’1l range it in the morning."

“Kally," her mother shook her gently, "Santa is downstairs."

“He is?" she sat up rubbing her eyes. “HE 19?!"

"Okay." she slipped out of bed and into her slippers. in the iy morning light she looked a tiny blond ell.

“Put on your robe."

She got it and took her mo- t.her's hand. They crept down the stairs. Mommie held her back while she made sure Santa was not smoking a cigar. He was plac- ing gifts around the tree. She mo- tioned lier to ‘.. '(. Kally peeked around the corner ‘with big eyes. Then her head darted back.

"Where's daddy?" she asked in a stage whisper.

I I'-

ear- like

They heard footsteps on the th

stairs. Daddy rept down. Kally peeked around the corner again. Santa was just coming out with

an army barracks bag over his a

shoulder The three of them ran and hid behind the staircase. As soon as the front door slammed xally was up the steps like a

ot. "Hey Sweetheart." Dalidy call- ed after her, “he left the toys in the living room" He stopped as he heard his wife's laughter." “What's the matter with her?" he glared at her suspiciously “Doesn't she like the little like?" "I'm afraid. clear, that you"ll a e 5 e_ r understand the feminine

“What do you mean. . . where's she going?" _ "To get her coat."

’ ‘proposed to pull this theatre down

and build a block of offices on - the site. Vivien Leigh protested iml. Ncliru of litdta; Nkruma of‘... the House of Lords,

ana. ..

J). Ann r M Her.

2. A hundredth part of a Yen, 33. The ‘:“mh:)d_ H is laugh‘ at

3. 'a' Uu_it_ed Nations Edu<’a- the Actors‘ Studio in New York. tional Scientific and Cultural Or 34_ otherwise known as the lizamzation. lb’ General Agree Todd-A0 process. this is a meth- 'ment on Tariffs and Trade. ‘Cl od of ftlniing and projecting nin- :Ifllt'l‘ll8ll0ﬂ3A Cl\'ll AVlﬂl.lOl‘l 0]“ [ion pig-[ure3_ Film 65 mm_ “ide ganllallml» is us , and the images are pro-

~i. June 25th, 19.30. on a 65 ft. wide screen.

5_ No IL Dowmnx Su.H,,_ having a curvature 13 ft. deep. 7_ He Is ieadmg the New zea_ It was developed by the Al"nt‘I‘l- land contingent in the British °“,"_Op"c“l "°mp‘,‘"y ““d°,r ‘he Trans-Antarctic expedition. °n3““l ’P°"5°“m9 °( Mlchael

8. President Eisenhower and .Albcrt Schweitzer.

9. Radio messages were picked up from Jupiter. They indicated the presence of tremendouai storms rather like eart y thunder storms but thousands of times as strong. '

10. Thor Hayardahl. the Nor- wcgian scientist famed as leader of the Kon Tiki expedition, dis- covered that the Easter Island- ers had a very simple system for

Tod .

35. Victor Borge.

36. Jean Seberg.

37. Silk Stockings.

38. Pygmalion; My Fair Lady.

39. Joe Pasternak. Among the stars he discovered: Gloria Swan- so urbin. Mario Lanza. He also persuaded such artistes as Stokowski. Melchior and iturbi to appear on film.

-raising the 30 ton statues. They

‘Ievered them up by piling stones

‘and earth under them. The is-

landers worked in 18 man teams. 11. It is the mythical paradise

of sailors and Vagabond crafts- en.

12. The Mindanao Deep. off the‘ Philippine . ,

13. Edgar Eisenhower. one of, the President's older brothers. is a lawyer.

is. The Eiffel Tower in Paris.i 985 feet high. ranks third — after

e Empire State Building and e Chrysler Building, both New York.

15. The Empire State Building is 1472 feet high. . The Andrea "‘ ‘ coll’

Doria and the

fog south- east of Nantucket. off New York. The Andrea Doria sank.

17. Sir Frank Whittle.

18. Lord Rutherford who direct-, ed the first atom splitting Job but said that the process had no prac- tical application.

19. ta» Dr. Watson. (bi Cleo- patra. ici Sancho Panza.

. I nuel a throughout his life, never varied his afternoon stroll through Kon- ibsberg.

STAGE AND SCREEN 21. Titus Andronicus.

WILL BE YOURS.

dln80

22. (ct 26.

23. Around the Worl ys.

24. liong Kong.

25. The Wayward Bus. 3. Twelve Angry Men. 27. King Lear, in 1955.

U av

Tuesday, Dec. 17. 1957The Guardian Page 9 ,

40. The actor. James Dean. The artist. John Minion.

in Majesty, at Llan- Cathedral. Glamorgan. Toulouse-Lautrec. Gloriana.

Aida. .

George Bernard Shaw. Ulanova.

Joyce Carey.

Grandma Moses.

Peter and the Wolf.

Beer advertising; Television pai for by the viewer with a me ring device;’ A writer And

ship is

after the witch in t e poem 52. William Hogarth. 53. Francoise Sagan.

e§%.§= . lcap during which the dancer brings his heels together.

55. Leftover ‘i‘ime to K’ .

5h. Bolero, by Ravel.

57. The Salinas Valley in Cali- fornia is both Steinbeck's home and the background of most of his stories.

58. Stcphen Lcacock.

59. lat 1200.

60. Monsignor Ronald Knox.

HISTORY AND GEO-GRAPHY

61. tbt 2.500.000

62. The Na‘/.i plan for the in- vasion of Britain in 1940. it was called off after the defeat of the Luftwaffe by in the Battle of Britain.

(.3. In the Antarctic where the world's fourth highest active vol- cano thlount Erebits. 13,000 feet) might criipt on you.

64. George Canning whose term lasted only four months from April 30, 1827 until September 8.

65. John Adams. the second President. was 90 when he died on Independence Day (July 4).

1826. 66. (al England, lb) Switzer-

cl . 68.

land, (cl Scotland, ldi Australia. 67. The land surrounding the Dead Sea. 1290 feet below sea

5 .

' Engels.

° song of the French Revolution by‘ tb o illes. 73. The British; reputedly by Napoleon.

60. Generals Ruben E. Lee and! rge G. Meade.

70. Monaco has 20.000 people in; a half square mile. Nearest rival, is Gibraltar whose population t spread over two square miles, isl ﬁ 000.

.A..E

71. The late Senator Joseph Mc- Carthy. The 'amous "57 names“ were supposed to be ose Communists in the State i)epart- it was with that speech McCarthy launctied his

t". v

In it . that “witch 72. Written by Rouget de Lisle it was first u as a marching‘

..s.c.|.

74. Arthur Henderson and Ans-' tin Chamberlain were the two British Foreign Secretaries. Cor-t dell Hull and George Marshall, the American.

75. The Mississippi. I

76. The Grand Chaco. nearly half a million square miles of wilderness which was also claim

ed by Bolivia. Argentina and Brazil were also involved on the Bolivian side in the war which ended unsettled in 1870. , 77. The liigliest viz-itcrfall. 3213 feet, is Aiigt-l 1‘ ails in \’ciic/iicla 78. Mussolini was a blacksmith t

Stalin. curiously, was a theo- logical student. I 79. hour «not including ring i

land and Russtat: Holland. Ger-p many. Poland, and Lithuania

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I-l.I..A

NAME THREE GAMES

By putting the right letters in place of the «lot!

80. 'l‘ok_vo with a population oil H . . 3,224,009 .5 pusmng the [op W. you_will find eight games \\'h1Cll are played indoors at hard. ~ Ch ristmastime. SPORT

81. tat Cricket. (bi baseball. ‘llmiioft.-l

«mtg 'l’.i1l[E” ‘opnrtltnaisnw

‘J9ddllS ‘ILL "mil '5”!

(cl Lawn Tennis, tdt Yachting.i'S|I0U16'1 Pl"? 5630910 1113113 ‘WI. 3l‘l'.|. ‘ll-3°"! '.“W15°d E l zeuonntos coste, Henri Cochet 'imming. 89. la! Joe Louis, ihi Jack 95. Capt. Matthew Webb.

Dempsey, ‘ct Primo (farnera. o 90. lat Yachting. ibt Rowing. is to) Rugby. 01 In 1908. at Sydney, when

82. Golf —-- an eagle is tw ahots under bogey. a birdie one shot under.

83. Jess Willard, 6 ft. 6% in.

96. Roger Bannister became the first man in the world to run a mile in less than four minutes.

9 . . Don Bradman against England at Leeds in 1930

Jack Johnson beat Tommy Burns

. 1933. W en Carncra defeat-

ed Paulino Uzrudun in Rome. 93. Fanny Blankers-Koen,

84. Tommy Burns. 5 ft. 7% in. 85. Louise Brotigli. 86. India; liockcy.

98. James J. Corbett won the world heavyweight boxing title from John L. Sullivan.

99. tat United States. (b) Can-

ads. 100. Yrled Perry.

87. Egyptian. Pakistani, Dan- Holland. tsh. Irish. 94. Cross-country running, fcnc- 88. Jean Borotra. Rcne La- ing, horse-riding, shooting. and

YES $10.00 DOWN AND YOUR FIRST PAYMENTAWILL COME DUE JAN. 30th, 1958- THINK O FIT, FOR $9.00 PER MONTH IT

LAY - A - WAY TODAY

WE WILL DELIVER XMAS EVE AT NO EXTRA COST

Wur snow pants o :.‘H". °°".t' ' ' why?" . " ° °fl°“’d ”" D‘dd"-"Kwy te1lshthe'iTt.il: gl‘r(iwrt‘htahtesli:er':eta'lrI) ‘"39" ' wet. ‘Because she has just seen "Yes. We Could." Ihe 1150 In Santa in her front room." inspiration. “Better still we can v ~ ~ — *——' OPEN Evgay EVENING wait until tomorrow night and see for ourselves." ’ UNTIL 9:00 P. M. UNTIL .. ,.. _ mv:° °"“‘ 'h° "t "" "' °‘" -’ CHRISTMAS. SHOP EARLY "Sure. You go to bed Just like AND GET _ always. then when he comes 1'11 ville you up." ' “THE BEST BUYS" She got up from the floor all excikd. "You mean we can

peek?" 1 "That's Just what we'll do."

, A

'"_"§Di‘:‘hat girl says" she sob- “George." she turned to her W

” i

\ ,- 1 "’ .r t l 6 2 -I . « ,-V - ‘ _ / I A I l I ./ _“ _ ar 1 \ I w 1 ~. 9. Wu l

of fresh killed TURKEYS. range

CAPON CHICKENS. large . GEESE

DUCKS

BUY ou_Aurv AT

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Place Your Order Early!

. KE R CHRISTMAS MERRIER .

We'll have on sale the very finest grade ,

199.95

SANTA SAYS: t;

MEN! I CANNOT SUGGEST ANL GIFT

TO TAKE THE PLACE OF

AUTOMATIC CLOTHES DRYER

A REALLY AND TRULY EVERYDAY GIFT THAT ANY GOOD WO- MAN WILL BE VERY PROUD TO OWN AND SHOW OFF TO HER FRIENDS. THINK OF IT. FOR ONLY PENNIES A DAY YOU CAN

SAVE HER SO MUCH TIME.

. a-

weiglit I to 22 lbs. !

FOR YOUR OLD W A S H E R WHEN YOU PURCHASE A NEW THOR

HERE ARI‘) THE l"A(‘TS ABOUT THOR DRYERS

'.::':x:;-.“.»»-—‘ j .

." \’\» -IV“, .

---:45.-:\..w“ f~'%\..-.._.,kf

Do I need expensive wiring’?

I0l‘Vl(‘P

Are Dryers ttpensive to operate‘?

De I and an outside vent.‘

an hour and a half.

Do the clothes cane out stiff like they do when I dry indoors? .\o -on the contrary they are softer, flufficr than when dried outside on a warm etimmcr day.

No -if you are llilllﬂ an electric range you have 120-volt For a reasonable installation charge you can on- Jny all the advantages of electric drying

No you can dry an average load for about inc.

No—outside venting is not necessary.

It! long does it take to dry a load of clothes.’ The time required depends upon the amount of moisture in the clothes. An average load takes from ill minutes to

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