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A “Khak

i Colleges” During Great War

In

Dr. J.A. Clark Describes Interesting Experiences

In Organizing 6‘ Developing

Agricultural Courses

For Canada's Overseas Forces, 1918 - 1919.

i Th organization and develop- ibe em assistance mentaof agricultural instruction us Nathan‘ iaiuners sadly“ m

ior Canada's overseas forces dur- ing the latter period oi the Great War was the subject of an in- teresting address ore the Gyro Club on Monday night by Dr. J. A. Clark, Superintendent oi’ the Dominion Experimental Station here. Dr. Clark was in charge of this work and spoke therefore with first-hand knowledge of his subject. He said:

Dr. John A, Clark

“A great many of the men that Canada sent to assist the Mother Country during the Great Wur of 1914-18 were young men who had not, completed their high school course or were attending our colleges or universities when they joined up and proceeded to England for training. This was particularly true during the last years of the War. These young

men in the military camps of England, with the assistance oi the Chaplain. Y. M. C. A., and

other auxiliary services, organized many educational classes in Eng- land and on the Continent in 1917-18

H. M. Tory, President oi the University oi Alberta, was asked by the military authorities o, make a preliminary report not only on the work that had been accomplished but as to what might be done in an educational way for our young men who were over- seas to fit them for civilian em- ployment following demobilization. Dr. T0ry’s report to the author- ities led to the establishment of Educational Services in the Cana- dian Expeditionary Forces,

Arrival In England

"1" response to a cable from him, I arrived in England in Aug- ust. 1918. to organize and develop the Dept. of Agriculture in the Khaki University of Canada. The Dominion Department of Agrif-‘ul- ture granted me leave oi absence for the duration oi the War.

“Having access to the records. I learned that approximately 100° men had enlisted who had had uzricultural training in our Cana- dian colleges oi a riculture or had taught, agriculture. subjects in our universities. colleges and schools. A general survey of the situation when I arrived in Fhltllflhd. indi- plied that there was a very areal demand on the part vi our 5°1- dierg 1o, instruction in agricul- Lure. This was probably due W their enforced outdoor life and the information that had reached shem in regard to Canada's PIO- posed land settlement scheme Whatever the cause. many 0f mem pumped to make farming their vocation and havins decided that matter. they set about in their characteristic_energetic way to get all available information on the subject.

"Dllrlng the summer of i918. the instruction in Agriculture was carried ori 1818913’ i-hTOl-lgh the cgrfespOlldence department of the Khaki University and many 0i the students were either with the Canadian Forestry COWS 01' h: convalescent hosPlla-ls- Al" '3 time. it was with the Sfeilfist d1!‘ ilculty that suitable books were secured fm- this correspondence work. However the work grew and grew. The time of the staff of1th- Department of Alillcultur‘? ‘l e“ it was being organized, was take-h up vgry largely in oreoarins courses, selecting books. settini; and correcting examination 1WD- ers in connection with (101191- pondence courses. The studen s were deeply interested and the work which they accomplished W“ for and away bewnd expecw" III-

First Khaki Collelel

“The first Khaki 001.1689! when‘ regular courses in agriculture were given, were established 1h 59'0" temlber, 191s at London. Witlcy- BfafnshOtt, seaiord, Bu r t o n. shornclifie and Epsom. At these points, evening classes were ar- ranged where the men could not attend during the day. Aflflmw" stock judging classes were held whenever opportunity offered.

"r cannot speak too hishly o! ==_ .

Iloes Your Food liause You Distress?

The impairment of the stomach ie often of serious consequences, for only by properly digested food is the aystcm nourished and sustained.

Burdock Blood Bitters is s ra- liuhla remedy for etomnch disorders eurh as dyspepsia, indigestion, sour stomach, belching of gas, headaches,

etc.

It helps to stimulate tho secretion oi‘ saliva and gastric juice, the main factor in digestion, neutralizes

lock t n1‘ odllmgdmlumt d tents

no o y ow our uen use their animals in gtock judg- did everv

classes, but also ,- th possible to assist in the work oi the instructors. One eu- e comes to my mind, when

moi

the Wallace Brothers, or Auchin- brain. Scotland (breeders oi in- ternatlonal repute) sent to Glas- gow and had the editor of one oi the Scottish agricultural papers come to their iarrn and give in- struction to a group oi Canadian students visiting the County of Ayr

"I also want to pay tribute to the agricultural instructors who. in the majority of cases. taught classes in addition to their rez- ular military duties previous to Armistice. Those who formulated the plans for the Khaki Univer- sity had in mind the great ed- ucational opportunity that would present itself immediately follow- ing Armistice and to that end. our organization was set up.

A number of our Khaki Colleges were in connection with convale - cent hospitaLs and students cessarily were frequently from one to another also true of our Khaki Colleges in mauy of the military camlps. For that reason. the Department of Agriculture prepared an outline oi an eight weeks Short Course that was carried on simultaneously in our Khaki colleges throughout all areas.

Securing Instructors »

"The biggest job I had as Of- ficer in Charge of agricultural in- struction was w secure men train- ed in teaching agriculture. In this

acidity, tones up the lining mem- branes of the stomach, and restores the natural, healthy process of di eation. ut your stomach right by taking B.B.B. and ace how quickly you wl start to enjoy your meals free from ‘a “ troubea.

n. r. Iflbnrn c», m. ‘lbronh, Ont.

connection, I received very val- ualble assistance from the presi- dents of the agricultural colleges throughout Canada who supplied me with lists oi men who had gone overseas. The presidents oi the Ontario Agricultural College and the Macdonald Agricultural College both came over to En - land and gave me most valuabe asistance not onl in regard to the course oi stu y, but in re- commending suitable instructors. Trained men were asked for and every reasonable method was adopted to secure their services. In this connection, we drew upon men from the Imperial Army and from citizens in Canada who had not previously enlisted. One of my treasured possessions is not only authentic lists of all men who gave instruction in England and on the Continent, but also lists of all men oversea; who were com- petent to give agricultural instruc- tion whether they were ever ask- ed to or not.

Administration

‘The headquarters staff was or- ganized at 3i Bedford Square. London W. C. 1. The duties oi this staff were: (i) preparing courses and outlines of study, (2) locating men qualified to teach agriculture and whenever possible obtaining their services from the active military units; (3) giving most of the agricultural lectures in the London Khaki College and at the nearby Canadian Forestry Corps at Catford Brid e; (4) the preparing and print ng oi 1d Khaki booklets. Series 1; (5) se- lecting material and securing slides and equipment for class work throughout all the areas; (6) supervising the work in me Khaki College at the various camps. Members of the staff would hold conferences with the lIlSTJllC- tors and when necessary would re- main for a month or more giving regular instruction at one pf the 18 Khaki Colleges located in Eng- land during the winter of 1918-IQ.

"Almost everyone oi these men have since held very important positions in agricultural work in Canada. They moved to where they were most needed whether it was to a camp or hospital. The calen- dars of the several agricultural colleges in Canada were used in arranging courses so that the work would conform as nearly as possible in all essentials to the above nmned calendars. The staff prepared and corrected examin- ation papers on the various sub- jects for the correspondence de- partment 1n addition to their reg- ular work in the areas-

Rapid Development

~"'I'he coming oi Armistice re- vealed the great possibilities oi giving agricultural instruction to great numbers who made applica- tion through their officers to Re!

GIFTS FOR

A Complete Stock

nq-n‘

it. From that time on. our men were relieved from most oi their regular military duties and de- voted themselves entirely to the preparing oi lectures and the teaching oi the men not only bv way oi lectures but by practical demonstrations on he farms throughout the British Isles. The movement oi tr from the cannps to their reserves on their way home and oi casualties through the hospitals was con- tinuous. The men were rarely more than a few Weeks in any particular place and for that reason the short course syfiiflm 0'1 teaching which had been inaug- united previous to Armistice was continued in all oi the areas ex- (jg-pl. Ripon where all those who wished to secure university credit for work done were segregated and given work equivalent in first and second year courses in our Cana- dian colleges.

Agricultural Area Classes

"In the larger camps and con- valescen hospitals. the Original arrang ent of two instructors

for classes under 100 and an ad- ditional instructor for every 50 above that number, was adhered to whenever possible. The work of teaching was sub-divided into groups as shown in the calendar and necessary equipment was se- cured. The manufacturers of agri- cultural implcmsnts and cth-ers ivzre verv generous in donating- equipment and prsvidhtiz material for class work. Sncclarstr were secured when possibfe and placed in charge oi the agricultural work in each of the l8 Khaki Colwgzs.

, ~ » §za“)t1.r1~ro'.fl:.~ -.

The only inducement that could

152 QUEEN ST. hi‘ .» v.4 3- .-

Silk Dresses, Angora Bonnets, Chin- chills Carriage Covers, Esmond Blan-

kets’ Sleelllllg Bags, Snow Suits, Fur Mme“. Shawls, Jackets.

of Fresh Merchandise Is 0n Display At

m MISSES IIULMES & BRADLEY

u/EARABLE GIFTS For the GIRLS on your List

swaaraae. rum aura-rs, naaesas, rankas ax! surrs, BLOUBIS.

As Well as A Boat of Other Giita

Ideal Xmal

BABY

PHONE 921

lfiofferedtothese men w the frd n __ u ol-Ywftllnity to help other igsdlows ggid.sl.lr?fi(lliigaflll.novlnzmxil mm“ less fortunate than themselves. "3. The third group were men in

Th" ED119411 rarely failed and I never met anyone who started giv- ing instruction that said he was Sorry he had done so. Most oi them became very enthusiastic in their work and in many cases actually spent considerable sums oi their own money to Mb their students. Later on the education- al services was able to grant the rank of Acting Sergeant with Sergeaiiths pay and alowances to other ranks when employed teach- ing. The appreciation o: their students. however, meant a. great deal more to these men than rank or pay. Instances were known where our men refused the offer of commisions to go to other lines oi work and I cannot speak too highly of the laborious, painstak- ing and patriotic services that were given without stint iin every Khaki College by as loyal a band of workers as the head of a col- leae department could possibly

have. Area Wort

"While the area, work was sup- divided into many groum. there were three distinct sub-divisions:

"i. The hospital group where the men were only able to study or rid classes that would not interfere with their treatment or overtax their strength. This work was carried on 1n l0 hospitals at Basingstoke, Etpsom, Orpington, Taplow. Bearwood, Cooden, Bux- ton. Liverpool, Etching Hill and Shorncliife.

"2. The Reserve Camp groups. The men in these colleges were able to attend both day and eve- ning classes and many of them remained for three months in a camp to take the agricultural course and their instructors often moved with the camp when it was transferred from one are to an- other In some instances, work almost equal to first year grade was covered in certain subjects in

the London urea. Most of these men were only able to attend night 6185585 End to go on eduactlonal "his on holidays and week ends. These students were from the cf- ilces oi the permanent Canadian staff in London and were able to continue a regular course of lec- tures ior many months and at the London Khaki College many oi the courses and the men who passed successfully the final ex- aminations were given credit by subjects for first year work in Canadian colleges. “Neither time nor expenoe was Sim-red in securing the best equip- ment obtainable for the agricul- tural classes in the Khaki Colleges. Such materal and text books as were suitable were bought in Brig- Tand. 16 Khaki booklets were pub- lished by the Department of Agri- culture Educational Services to meet specific needs. One order for agricultural text. and reference books which was cabled across the Atlantic, amounted to $30000. Agricultural bulletins were obtain- ed from the Provincial and Dom- inion Departnienis of Agriculture by the tens of thousands. Imple- ments and machines were loaned by manufacturers for demonstra- tion purposes. Sets oi Canadian weed seeds, entomological specimens and much other material, were ob- tained irom Canada for college work. Every college had a splendid library and reading room. 100 cop- ies of all the lending agricultural Journals oi Canada were circulat- ed throughout the camps and hos- pitals regularly Lanterns and moving picture outfits, slides and films of operations and demon- strations on Canadian farms, were obtained and used in all the areas.

University at Ripon "As the work progressed, the need

of segregating the agricultural studnts who wished to take imi-

the college work at the following points: Willey, Bramshott, Sea-

Thimble Theatre — Starring POPEYE

Iiline eople

Receive ‘Rewards

. i Dec. awarded to

inmscumgpeo

5-. who was sons, Cecil and ‘rkeodore, ior res-

hard from drowning t N Sydney, N8“ Au a or

rescue oi Kathleen Main from drowning in Mersey River. Aug. a.

Pied Horne. Canso. NA. for res- cue of three persons from drown-

i-ng from the ht, "Es-toy," YB-IIIIWf-h. N-Bfafluly i2. m" Edmund J. McNeil and James B.

J. Macueil oi Iona, NB, for rescue of Daniel Landry from dro at Iona, Aug. 26, 1937. '

An ony Hannlam. Halif ior

at Ripon the Department gathered many of the leading instructors and Save first and second year col- lege work to men qualified for uni- versity work. For a time, ou m]. ma] husbandry work at Ripon was greatly handicapped by foot and mouth quarantine which prevented our men from visiting stock. For- tunately, this was removed and in the spring of 1919. with many of the other Khaki Colleges closed, additional teachers were added to

versity work became evident and

the instructional staff at Ripon and everyone worked enthusiasti- cally to give the students the equivalent of similar work in Can- ada. Men were discouraved from at- tempting advanced work unlem they had the necessary founda- tion. and we found that some of the men who had been in ou Can- adian colleges before enlistment elected to take the work over again and brush up so as to be ready to continue their work when they retumed to Canada. The practical side was always kept to the fore. We not only tried to give me me- ivhat they wanted. but uYhPt would b? 0f the greatest benefit to them in their life work.

On the Continent

“Early in January. I919. at the request of Maior E. J Ashton of the Soldiers’ Settlement Board. I proceeded throuah France and Bel- rium to the headnuarters of the "lwadian Corns then at Bonn. Gefmflhy. and in co-oceration with ‘he educational officers oi the Sec- ond Division. assisted them in or- ranizinw agricultural instruction at the different Brigade headquart- “rs. Verv encouraging results were obtained. Conferences were held ‘ailv with arricultural instructors "om the different units. Some of ‘he classes were held in the Uni- versity of Bonn. in some cases. the B weeks‘ short Course out!'ne

I-IMIIUION Ont. 12- (CPh-Pamhment eertiii tea of the Royal dian Humane: Aasoacimv- e to mark heroic ai- ple ircln

hideout. Neil's Harbor-pH. ably misled by his

cue of Jack Halliwell and G. Shea;

. l. Osburne Robert, Milton, NC, for

massed».

wkalzlr ;".;"::..'.:'.'.':.".::.r.'.':::"-.;~- cheer and laughter and childreru’ ‘elicit: voices fill the house-at Chriatmaatlme, ig’; s" sex time too. " §‘.'."f.‘?»§1".‘f..‘.'."."ll?'i2'";.‘.".' wetlzvs." revela. ' The big ‘thrift 30-0 bot I ' ‘eroualy.’ Arid here's Tttmughtt.‘ A. ilvslfiz; makes a delightful and appreciated gift,

Don't just any "ginger ale"—aay “Susuiflfl

.__

Big Bollle

Serves Five

slsted in making arrangements with Brigade and Battalion Educational officers and their instructors to start similar work for the men then at iIuy. ‘This work, though very strenuous, was most success- ful. On one day, 1 recall speaking to four different brigades at wide- ly separated places, travelling 36 miles to reach the four points. The following morning. General Tsa ker sent for me to speak to his Artil- lery Brigade which had just mov- ed in and I had an opportunity to present to a large conference of his officers and men. the work that had been planned. I found the men were keen and not only under- took agricultural educational work but found afterwards that they carried it through. I was able to send them slides to illustrate many of the lectures outlined for the 8 weeks‘ short course,

AGRICULTURAL TOURS

"The visiting of fanns nearby the different colleges by a group of students with their instructor. grew into more extended tours for students during the Easter holi- days and classesin Judging live stock had an opportunity of see- ing the verv best stock in England and Scotland In most cases, the owners acted as the presiding juriue so that the men obtained bo‘h English and Scottish points in iudging cattle, sheep and SWlnE. During some of the agricultural tours, the students visited Experi- mental Stations, Colleges. Univer- sities. Stock shows. Fairs and 11"!"- cultural Auction Sales. Four sfwk

part in an Inter-Domino“ Contest

was forwardrd from London and vised by the Educational officers o! the four Canadian Divisions. "Returning the middle cf Janu- ary. I spent some days at the First Canadian Pll/‘shvivl Pearl- quarters in Huy, Belgium and as-

nlanned for the Royal Show at C-rdiff. Wa‘es. June 24-29. 1019. Arranwmen‘: were made so tlri-t Canadian A-rwulturcl stud-wits were admiited to nttsrirl r'"'v\'nr c"'s.=es in both Fowish and F"o"- ish Universities and a number cf

ludiring teams were trained to tak" l

C-red lfiarinfiiiwesl-"drihu "hm.

"these meTdEii-EfthTmuEle? hpiil‘ ' days, were aole to 10111’ the tours

mentioned. let is largely due to the pgtim

and persistent, effort oi Mr. l-lprml.

gan

"The booklet ‘Choosing a Farm was prepared for and Supplied l, the troops on their way home o; the transports and the author m, received many favourable cum- ments and letters from returned men since taking up his duties s. gain in Canada."

._______._____ SUBSIDIZE M. I‘. MEALS

LONDON-rift" - With an ex. peeled peacetime profit turned mu a wartime loss of about n00 ($445) weekly, the Chancellor of the EX. chequer announced a goverpmem subsidy to the House of Commons Kitchen Committee,

ifirtlications

“In addition to i4 reprints of Ex- tension Bullet-lns (permission hav- ing been obtained through colleges in America) two Tunic Pocket Agri- cultural Bulletins were written and published hv the Department in "refund. These were ‘Farm Ac- counts" anzi “Choosine a Farm.‘ The manuscript for “Farm Ac- counts" was prepw-ed largely by the Officer in Charge oi the Depart- m-ent assisted Liv a cost account- ant. R. S. M. M. I-Iennlgan. This manuscript was sent at to all the Khaki Colleges and constructive suegestions were asked for and se- cured from the different areas that