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P.lI.Deml'hIelIdLgrleulhsre . 3

TIFICIAL lNSEhlINA'l'ION.. Artificial insemination is you!!! ........;ii for most of us to rsmnsgg we hopog and fears which a ma its birth. Now. flttdlll 7051'! - wec.nnocuythsteithelt.lIl09- timists or the P85311515" 5'" 7"w' ed their case. The technical W01? isms have not proved inaurxnount-f able. It is generally accepted that several thousand cows can be b to one bull durins I year and "III the conception rah obtained ll comparable with that obtained by natural service. The service. til"?- pogg, hag proved to be cheap -"Id reliable and there is little doulg am the poorer herds of this an other countries. the herds bellow the average of their respect V0 breeds. are benefiting both in UPC sud production through member- ship in artificial insemination aa- soclations. The short term benefit! and perhaps the MP9 0' 09'9" not yet realised. have been suffic- lent to enroll over half of the cattle of Denmark and about one-third of the cattle in England and Wiles in an insemination program. The proportion of the cattle P0!!!-lltilltlll -enrolled in Canada and the United States is smaller but it is rising constantly. No one can predict with

accuracy what the ultimate pro-

portion will be and there is little point in guessing. But it is at least s probability, granting that pro- gress in the next ten years will be slower than in the past ten, that the majority of our diary cattle are going to be bred artif- lrslly. It follows that the stand- arda of the industry. for better or for worse will be in.a large meas- ura. those which are adhered to by organized artificial insemination. In other words. the kind of dairy cattle we have here twenty-five years from now. What they 100k like and their production potential. and to a large extent. the structure of the dairy cattle breeding indus- try, will depend on the policies ad-

,opted and pursued in the next few

years by the artificial breeding as- sociations To help frame the situation more

prgclsely, it might be of vgiu. teens for other interested parties. In

discuss briefly a few of the more important points on which organis- ed insemination has been sub)cct to criticism. either here or else- where. and which must. therefore. be considered in establishing breed-

ing policy.

First. there has too often been a tendency in our thinking to over- emphasize the importance oi breed- ing in overall cattle improvement. It. is still true that the quickest gains in terms of profit to the dalrymen can be made through im- provements in feeding. manage- ment and disease control. Most of our cattle now do not produce to their genetic level and raising that level will often prove disappoint- ing without a umespooding im- provement in environmental fac- tors. Responsibility for improve- ment of these environmental fac- tors has not rested on the insem- ination associations and perhaps this is as it should be. Nevertheless, despite its several aspects. cattle improvement is the common objec- tive srid I would like to throw out the suggestion that insemination as- sociations might profitably explore ways and means of supporting ax- tansion activities dealing with as- pects of dairy production other than breeding. if only to ensure the success of their own program.

Another point on which insens- lnatlon has been criticised con- cerns the asibilitles of the wide. spread an rapid dissemination of undesirable or even lethal inherit- ed characteristics. This problem has been emphasised in this coun- try and U. S. A. by the part in- scrrilnation has undoubtedly play- ed in spreading the "red Factor" in Holstein cattle. A much more serious but similarly transmitted factor for paralysis in Red Dan- ish cattle is causing great con- corn in Denmark. Numerous other undesirable characteristics could he cited as potential disasters. By planning a program -to uncover such reeessives before they are widely spread. insemination assoc- iations can be the means of their elimination, but the efforts must he made.

The most serious uitfclsrn heard of organised artificial insemination is that it offers little if anything in the way of genetic improve- ments is the herd which is already up to or above the average for its breed. There is some evidence to this claim. At the Cans- hri gs centre in England the first group of bulls sired daughters which barely maintained the med- iocre production of their dams. other figures from England on the production of A. 1. daughters are unimnresslvs. In Denmark. while the -verascproducuon of the nat- ional bard is high. it was high be- fore A. I. became a flrxcitor and wo a pear- to be slight. In this country, and

5- -5- "lures or other data to prove the t are key” mg we have lltls rsasoats house. that our situation differs mu-hag from that prevailing in Great ni-1 sin or Denmark. Certainly we 3”. had our disappointme and song of them have been costly. .

This is one problem in-which there seems to be a large- ofagreementinr ardtoasoljr tion. it is gensr agrasd an when a complex inherited char- acteristic such' as milk is present ADJ group of anfralls

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DOLCIN

red iudgsd. It is probably true to say

at or above the breed average, it can only be lrnproved with cer- tainly by the use of sires which have shown through their progeny that they are themselves above the breed average genetically for that characteristic. While there is ag- reement on that general statement. there are wide differences of opin- ion on how such sires should be

that in our present stats of know- ledge there is on "best method" which is generally applicable. In each country different approaches to the problem prevail. the differ- ences being dictated partly by in- dividual conviction and partly vary- ing conditions. We.'in this country. will have to develop our own met- hod of evaluating our bulls. taking what ideas we can from the exper- ience of others and adapting them to our own conditions. Bull proving is essentially obtaining information and using it; we must use the sources of information available or which can be made available and develop our own techniques for using it. ANIMAL HEALTH SERVICES...

The laboratory in Sackville is the Maritime Area Laboratory of the Animal Pathology Division. Be sore discussing its facilities and services it miyit be mentioned here that there are two divisions in the federal Department of Agri- culture which deal with animal dis- ease. Both of these now come under Production Service. One is the Health of Animals Division. This is a regulatory division and deals with the control of vavbua dis- eases in the field such as tuber- culosis, Newcastls disease. bog cholera and Bangle disease. This division is also responsible for the inspection of meat products which go into interprovincial or export trade.

The other division is the Ani- mal Pathology Division of which

we form a part. This is essentially a research division dealing with animal diseases. but it also pro- vides laboratory service for the Health of Animals Division as well

addition. our division manu- factures biologics and other pro- ducts. and provides consultative ser- vices for other government depart- ments.

The laboratory of Animal Path- ology fn Sackville on the Mount Allison campus was opened in the fall of 1948 to service the Mari- iinie provinces. After Newfound- land came into confederation that province also became part of the area serviced by our laboratory- The establishment of this labor- atory complctcd a chain of Ani- mal Pathology Division laborator- ies which now stretch right across Canada. The headquarters of our division is at the Animal Diseases Research Institute in Hull. Quebec. which is the main laboratory and

an apparently healthy flock shows a sudden affliction which is char- acterlzed by depression. lick

appetite. and a whitsiah or watery diarrhoea. The first effects is an abrupt decrease in food consump- tion. particularly scratcb grain. Instead of the grain being eaten

(form II III! I IIII3 PYODCNIOII U

ravanously a considerable portion.

of it may be left on the ground un- touched. Mash consumption may decrease but this evidence is less pronounced. Chickens usually stand around inactive with little or no interest in food. Consumption of feed on the next day is almost at a standstill. Effected birds make no attempt to move and can be pick- ed up easily. in the advanced stages the head and feet are cold. the comb and wattles turn blue and the crop is usually filled and hard.

in most cases the acute form of the disease extends over a, period of from one to two weeks and tar- minates in a high percentage of ap- parent recoveries. usually if prompt attention is given to the ailing flock. EH8 production however tends to log for several weeks and a partical molt may ensue. After the acute attack has subsided re- lapse may ocur.

TREATMENT .

During the summer and fall. the

principal Dluecomb season. every person working on the farm partic- ularly those who work on the range should be instructed to check care- fully on feed consumption. When a decrease in feed consumption occurs discontinue scratch grain at once or reduce the total feed offered if the all mash or all pel- let system is used. In case of doubt. it is better to discontinue grain feed for a day until the outbreak is definitely identified titan to give is full feed supply. Two remedies have proved to be effective, molasses and potas- ium chloride. Potassum the ef- fective agent in the molasses is less expensive and can be fed with much less labour than molasses. consequently , t ' chloride is tewumcnded particularly for treatlng large flocks.

Blackstrap molasses may be fed in a wet mash or in the drinking water. Use 25 lbs. of molasses. 50 lbs. of bran an d50 lbs. of groux oats. Growing mash or laying ma may be fed if ground oats and bran are not available. For a small flock use 1 qt. of molasses to 10 lbs. of mash. food the amount of wet mash that the birds will clean up in 2 or 3 hours preferably in the morning. every other day for a week. Molasses in, the drinking water may be used at the rate of 5 percent.

. Potassium chloride may be fed at the rate of one level tablespoon full per gallon of drinking water for a period of one week. If auto- matic fountains are used add pot- asium chloride to the water in the fountain several times a day. It does not effect the galvanized pans.

One of the chief methods of pre- vention is by insuring an ample supply of fresh. clean drinking water through doubling a number of water containers ordinarily used. as soon as the birds are housed or

carries on most of the research and services that can be central- ised. and produces certain biolog- ics or diagnostic agents such as Tuberculin used in testing ani- mals fcr tuberculosis, and Bruc- clls antigens used in testing blood samples for Bang's disease.

Being part of the Animal Path- ology Division our main work in Sackvllie is to carry on research on diseases of animals and poul- try. especially on disease problems w ich may be of particular inter- est in this area.

One pllce where this branch lab- oratory setup is particularly val- uable is in carrying our cross- country survcys- in this connect- ion our setup Permits us to handle

even though they may be handled at different code of the country. In this way the results can be more closely correlated. with the vul- iant factors between laboratories reduced to a minimum. Several such surveys have already been completed and include surveys on such diseases as infectious bron- chitis in chickens. swine ..., slpelas. swine brucellosis and trichinosis in rats and swine. In P. E1. there are five "vets" Iubsldlz A by the Provincial Dep- artment of Agriculture. over these is the Director Dr. G. C. Fisher Wll0 "03 only oversees the ca rying out of the Act respecting Ilisfp ancs to Veterinarian but also is in charge of the Provncial Labor- atory. In this laboratory diagnosag are made of diseased animals and poultry brought in for such pur- Doses and advice is given leadln to improvements in health condl ions at the arm. Dr. Fisher is also available to head up investigation- sl work and control efforts with regard to any outbreak of an in- fectious disease. BLUECOMB DISEASE This condition in poultry has been reported from many laces in lCIl;8dl. United States had Eng- an . It has been found chiefly in ad- ult foul in high production. The majority of cases occur between the ages of 5 and 7 months. that is during the early production- The symptoms in a typical acute

chewing wakes up your

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all samples in the same manner -

noun: a sum 00. mp.

smile while it helps to keep your mouth fresh and clean!

when they come into production.

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HOLLYWOOD BOMBSHELI.

BRIGITTE BARDOI

Msdsmolsslls Bombshell is what the critics are calling this ssucv new star from Paris. London acclaimed her. Warner Brothers of Hollywood "V. pm I tbr-I-vsor contract on sight. Th! Itorv with color pictures Is In The Standard this week. Get The Standard - on spin "OW. Cnmbltts with magazine, '2-om naval and 10 pages of comics. Only fen unm

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If IIONTII 1'0 PAY We will rate Your old This as news Paysn't.

i FIBESTONE

IR! 61'. GEORGI 81'.

in the case of many phylhmitisich lip!-" . W . characteristics. There” appears to In conclusion. would you bel ed ' Oct 12' 1955

be no difference either in intelli- Wllllni 10 5”” I c0M1d9”bl' remember) a leading magulm --gsncs er personality bstwssl sum of money on your ability held such a contest. Photographs their careers up b blondes and b. ettes. bstwsasi sort out the "good character! of criminals, ta! defectives. shown) pu-son. ma read;-s qua people who are tall or short. from the "bad" ones in apicturs drug addicts were mixed with asked to tel! which was which. round-headed or long-headed have contest of that kind? I warn you photographs of business axecu- Alas. what dreadful sniataku were round or narrow eyes. or thin or that some years ago (as you may tives and college professors and made in identification!

Ruliamah Sclieinlelcl Frank We And Our Neighbors

evidence to the contrary.

Now. confidentially. haven't you sometimes been shocked to find a pictured face. frank-eyed, firm chinned. pleasant in every way. confronting you in a newspaper or magazine as that of man (or woman) guilty of a horrible crime? This is shocking but not surprising.

In 1940 "one of the greatest of anthropologists. the late Dr. Alex l-lrdllclra" (The New You and Heredity by Arrirsm Scheinfeld) measured carefully 1000 juvenile delingquents and came to the con- clusion "there were no physical criteria for distinguishing the trio- tential' criminal or the 'crlminai

CAN YOU JUDGE CHARACTER? it is pathetic to note the qualit- ies peopls often mistakenly ride themselves on when they ave real cause for pride in other dir- ections. The mother of a large family of fine young men and 'women took that achievement as a matter of course but did be- lieve with considerable satisfac- tion that she "knew whom to trust and whom not to trust" almost on first sight! It developed. in the course of our conversation growing out of my last week's column on facial features and personality, that she was still certan that small eyes -close together indic- ated "a mean little nature” and that "one of those sharp thin type noses" betokened the same. Andy in his booklet. ”Race and Pay- that a receding chin showed a lchology" a Unesco IUnlted Nat- "weakness somewhere you may ions Educational. Scientific and be sure." Cultural Organization) publication, I tried to pin the lady down Otto Klineberg. Professor of Pay- to specific instances but she said chology. Columbia University. she just had that feeling and -re says. "There has so far been no fused to have much to do "with scientifically acceptable demonst- that sort of a person." So. as ration of a relationship between so often happens she had never anatomical features and traits of put her "feeling" to the test. Nor personality. To mention one ax- had she (or so many of us!) noted ample. an investigation we; made the times when individuals with into the degree of wrrespondenoe "wide-set, honest eyes" or other or correlation between the height features acceptable to her bad of the forehead on the one hand. proved anything but trust-worthy. and scores in an intelligence test For those who are still open to on the other. The popular view argument I repeat that there is was not substantiated. The stu- no scientific proof of an inborn dents with high foreheads did not connection between single facial turn out to be more intelligent - characteristics and personality than those whose foreheads were traits. But there is quite a bit of low. A similar result was obtainedl

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