IR "RZZL. i. .

H‘ HE GUARDIAN. CHARLOTTETOWN

IMPROVEMENT

THE ED UCA TIONAL HORIZON

PRESENTING NEWS AND VIEWS OF‘ INTEREST TO TEACHERS AND ALL

IN EDUCATION

OTHERS SEEKING

iAzania»;eater-ethaneemphasis-emanate:

In His Sparkling Toyland Come in and see our Display

~ Doll Houses Musical Powder Boxes

Little Golden Book

(WITH RECORD TO MATCH) t Christmas Cards n” ugh" Decorations

Fancy Stationery Gifts for Young and Old

ISLANII BOOK ROOM

142 GREAT GEORGE STREET Stores In ALBERTOII anIIGIIAIILOTTETOWII

s’ ii t’

P. E. I. JERSEY BREEDERS

WILL HOLD THEIR

ANNUAL MEETING

WEDNESDAY, DEC. 22ND., 1.30. AGRICULTURAL BUILDING

TTENTION FARMERS 8i SIIIPPERS

This Plant will be closed Saturday, December 25th, and Monday, December 27th. . Livestock and other produce will be received on the tol- lowing schedule this week: HOGS: Daily up to I0 A.M. Friday, Dec. 24th. CATTLE: Daily up to noon Thursday, Dec. 23rd. LIVE POULTRY: Daily up to 5 P. M. Thursday, Dec. 23rd. DRESSED POULTRY: Daily up to I0 A.M. Friday, Dec. 24th. Your cooperation in carrying out this schedule will be appreciated and will enable our staff to enjoy the long week- end

OANAIIA PAOKERS Limited

Charlottetown Plant

CHICKS I

PLACE YOUR ORDER FOR BABY CHICKS NOW

All indications point to GOOD MARKETS tor EARLY RAISED CHICKS. By booking NOW we can supply you with FEBRUARY hatched CHICKS. _

We also carry a COMPLETE line of Chick FEED and

Poultry EQUIPMENT — COAL, WOOD and OIL BROODERS, FEEDERS, WATERERS, PIPE, etc.

It you desire THE BEST place an order tor your re- quirements with-

I

Dillon 8r Spilleti

Chick. Hatchery Phone I46

Charlottetown, P. E. I.

70 Queen Street

CHRISTMAS GREETINGS

Christmas time again! Once more the Christmas carols are ringing out all over the land. Once more Peace on Earth, Goodwill to Men is the Christmas message to all mankind. Let each of us strive more earnestly to spread abroad the true Christmas Spirit and cver keep before us 'I‘ennyson's words:

‘Ring out the valiant man and fret: larger hancl Ring out the darkni-ss of tllt‘ land Ring in the Christ that is to bc "

It is the duty and privilege of the teacher, as the holiday season approaches, to acquaint the chil-

The heart, the kintllier

tlren w'i'.h the real meaning oi Christmas’ Diiy. Christmas has at least three fundamental incar-

ings, without which we will miss something important. First it means hope. It also means peace. This is the filial ticsirc of every man and nation. l-‘iiially Christ- mas moans rcmcnibmncc.

We Vllsll to convoy our bcsi‘ wishes to all rcacicrs of "Tllc Educational Horizon" along with our wash that this nutty be a

happy hiliday season for all, goes our hope that we may indiifitiuiil-

ly accept responsibility towarci promoting the efiorts of men of good will.

’I‘o our teacher readers. we hope the vacation period will provide you with rcsl, relaxation and. change which are so essential to the bes; work when 0n duly. We wish you all a Merry Chr-st- mas and a very Happy and Pros-

perous New Year, and let us remember this is rt sort-on of friendliness. of good follow llll).

when evcry though’. and cfforl l5 to bring happiness to olllcrs.

"Good will toward men." of us. pzcbably. are aware t it this is the very core of Demo:- racy. Wc tend to t3". .k of do- mocracy as a form of gnrcriiiiiriit. as voting, as freedom, as rights- our rights.

But basically, Democracy is a matter of relationships “good ie- lailnnships with members c-f our tamllies, cur neighbours, our os- sociates. lt rot-o Illf‘ jin- portance and sat-redness of the individual. It is an extension of the concept contained in the Golden Rule. It. calls for actions and concern for the rights. of oth- ers. ,It demands of us, ovary cil- izen. it deep and active sense of personal responsibilities —rc.sponsl- bllities to our homes, our friends

our country, and. to people In the world at large.

Regarding the matter of Public Relations, our C. T. F. office points out that. we must ever keep the needs of education-before the pun- tic. This is our job as teaches in the educational field. Although good buildings are important, ye‘. the teacher remains the most es- senilal factor in the process oi education.

The C.T.I<‘. is surely doing its part. in the field of Public Relat- ions through press releases, public addrcsses, radio programs, films

ozine articles. production and d15- iribtition of source material among cur own members, a monthly news lciier sent to about 700 teachers iii kcy positions and about 100 members of education committees, r-fficcrs and representatives of otlicr organizations.

Your island Federation likewise plan to lzecp l1] a better way our teaching information before the tpublic. lit-ginning in January, we {hope to have a short column in all local newspapers, a weekly I publication, in addition t0 the bi- ‘ monthly Educational Horizon.

l ‘The CT F. office at Oltatva is gradually building a statistical branch, covering such subjects as

salary schedules, contract and tenure, pension schemes. sick leave. sabbatical leave, teacher training, insurance and benefit plans. ntachinery for settling i‘. utcs - arbitration. reference boards labour legislation applic- able to teachers, etc.

The C.'1‘.l'<‘. has been instru-

mental in allocating $50,000 for food and clothing for needy tcachcrs iii Europe. The packages arc tic-w being delivered through Caiictdiazi CARE io teachers whose iirinics and addresses were ob- tained through the W.O.T.P. in co-oporirliisn“ with CARES special cducntoin officer.

Through Uncsco we participated in the international Seminars or sinrrner schools.

A good relationship exists be- lwecn (LEA. and C.T.I-". offices with exchange of information re- garrliiig: our respective projects Both IITOIIDS, as noted above, are r-o-opeixtling in the study of thc LriZerie Roport. Canadian teach- ers are also ire-operating both ' iicnrtlly and provincially in the .. k of the Research Committee on Practical Education.

Space will not permit further fiiFCllfSl0ll of Whats Cooking in the C.T.l='.. but in the next issue c-f the Horizon. we shall conclude

and neighbours, our ccrnmunihv,

the topic under consideration.

TEACHERS’ FEDERATION NEWS

(By i. A. s.

The LaZerte Report: i There has recently come to the;

Williams)

Teachers‘ employment bureau-s; A creator measure of control over

Federation Office a request to information re our Island s. and pensions. This rcqiitst. iitsl come from the chittrman of thel Salary and Pension Committee set up by the Canadian Education Association, Mr. Hanold P. Johns, Director of Education. and Vocal-l tonal Guidance for the Province‘- of British Columbia. Thus, the LaZerte Report Coiriinittce gets into high gear.

What’! Cooking 1n tho C. T. F.:

Our C.T.F. Secretary Treasurer, Mr. George Cioskery, has recant- ly prepared a pamphlet thus named. Mr, Croskery divides his material into three parts: Present- ly cooking; Simmering; and Iii the Lard-er.

In the first class he planes: Federal Aid; Public relations, In- formation service; Teachers’ over-

seas aid program; Uncsco; and Canadian Education Association relationship.

In the second class are: Recip-

lic entrance to our profession.

With regard to Federal Aid to Education. the 1947 convention of iiic G.T.F. approved of such on tho basis of a per pupil capita grant. Tile 1948 convention set Federal Aid as the No. 1 object- ive for the year, 1948-49. The new Board of Directors of the C.T.F.. <1! which your General Secretary is P. E. I representative, constit- utes a standing committee to in- itiate and integrate a campaign seeking to achieve Federal Aid for Education.

Already. the follotving groups have paszcd resolutions supporting the principle of Dominion Aid: The Canadian School Trustees’ Association. The Canadian Feder- ailon oi Home and School, The Canadian Congress of Labour, The "Trades and Labour Council, the (£017., and the Progressive Coh- scrvative Convention (Sept, 1948).

Each teacher throughout the Dominion is being asked to make n study of the question. and learn

rocal exchange of pension crcd- its; Intsrprovinciiil Certification (Domini-on Certificate»; Federal Government liaison; and Reserve Building Fund.

Finally. in the larder are: A more effective relationship with the World Organization of the Teaching Profession iW.O."l".P); An improved Information Service with adequate staff to serve the needs; A national professional magazine; A national Bureau of Educational Research; A Canad- ian Council of Education repre- senting practising teachers, ad- miiettre Officials. trustees, etc;

\'.".'i_V such aid is a real necessity. 1 Your Provincial Committee undt-r ‘the chairmanship of Lieut. Col. :W. J. MacDonald, will later be lscndlng out factual material to ‘assist you in your study. Only lb? the support of all provincial organizations can this program be ii success. We must, in this Pro- vince, as well as in all the other Provinces of Canada, be able to report the active acceptance of Federal Aid. by at least three or- ganizations outside the teaching itroicsslon. This report is to be made at our C.'I‘.1='. annual con- vention in August at Ottawa.

A HISTORY OF EDUCATION INIP. E. I.

(Continued)

This committee helped to raise the educational standard by pro- viding a. School Visitor in 1837.

An increase in the number of schools did little to lessen the overcrowding, as an increase in population accompanied it. To cope with an enlarged problem, the membership of the Board of Education was advanced to seven ln 1853. Prince of Wales College. when established in 1860. was placed under the control of the Board. as was also the Normal School in 1861. The powers of the Board were further extended by the Public Schools Act in 1877. which authorized the rearransrfl- ment of school districts and the reduction of a school to the low- est class if there was n shortage nf children between the ages of five and sixteen.

‘The membership of the Board had been increased to nine in

1861, but this proved to be too great a number and was reduc- ed to seven again in 1877.

This Board controlled the edu- cational program of the province, and had sweeping powers over schools, teachers. supervisors. cur- rlcula, and all other matters per- taining to public schools, as well us the administration of Prince of wales College.

Because the Board had such eu- thority, it should have been free from political interference, but such was not always the case.

For many years the majority of the members constituting the Board were members of the Gov- ernment. 1n 1945 the duties the Board of Education were es- sfgned to the Minister of Bdrm- timi and an advisory Council of Education. The non-political Coun- cil of Education was formed at the suggestion of Mr. Lloyd Show. who was called from educational duties at Ottawa to become Di- rector 0f Education.

THE SUPERVISORY SYSTEM

In i887. twelve years after the first Education Act was passed by the Provincial Legislature. John McNeil was appointed the first Superintendent of Education. Hfs

dutiee consisted of visiting the

twenty-eigth schools then in oper- ation, supervising the work of practically untrained teachers, and tinting the general progress of the I00 pupils in attendance. That the appointment of the

lpPiXIllCIIJll and distribution), inag-

of~

first‘

School Visitor (as Mr. McNeil was later called) was made at a time of great educational expansion ls shown by the fact that in 1841 there were eighty-one schools with a. total attendance of 3060 pup- 11s, as compared to the figures for 1837 given above. This ex- pansion continued and necessitat- ‘ed the displacing of the general

superintendency by county sup- erintendents in 1844. In that year Mr. McNelfs area of supervision was reduced to Queens County by the appointment of John Ross as School Visitor oi King's Coun-

ty and Edward Blanchard of Prince. The Reports of these early

School Visitors showed that the poorer districts were prohibited from gaining the benefits of edu- Ication by the larger tuition ices | Far less than half the huntber ‘of children between the ages of five and sixteen years were nt- icnding school. These conditions rcaused such an agitation on the part of parents, teachers, and visitors, that the government deemed it necessary to pass a Free Education Act in 1852. In iihe same year the general super- lntendency was re-establishcd by Mr. John M. Stark, a famous British educator, who came in this province as inspector at large, in an effort to raise the efficiency ; of teaching methods in the schools. ‘Mr. Stark complimented the pro- yvince upon having instituted a system of free education before ithe Mother Country. (Britain ‘passed a Free Education Act in 1870, or eighteen years after P. E. I.) He did great work in raising the standard of education, not- ably by the opening of a Normal ‘School at Charlottetown in 1856. The system of county School Visitors had been maintained, and |the senior member of the trio, lMr. McNeil, succeeded Mr. Stark as General Superintendent. of Education. As the number of schools and file attendance of pupils increased, the School Visi- tors were required to make semi- annual visit-s. l

Fill in the blanks lowing sentences: .

1. The simple test to find out if a person can or can not. catch diphtheria 1s known as the test.

2. The diphtheria germ produces a poison called _

3. When a ligament is wrench- ed or tnrn the injury is called a ——. . The nerve is the largest nerve 1n the body. 5. —-— is a. chronic cold ln the head 6. Iron is used in the body main- ly in building ---— 7. The col- oured part of the cye is called --—. 8. The blood is prevented from flowing backward in the veins by means of ——. 9. The two upper cavities of the heart are called ~—. 10. Drugs that weak- t-n the nervous system are call- ed ——. l1. The folds or wrinkles of the ccrebrum are called —~-.

in the fol-

l l I

12. Oxygen is carried through the INDEFINITE An indefinite pronoun is one.

that. does not usually refer to al definite antecedent

The indefinite pronouns evarybody. one. no one. body. anybody, nobody, nothing, everyone, anyone, and someone are always singular in nirrnber.

The indefinite pronouns both several, few, some. and many are always plural in number.

The indefinite pronouns none and all may be either singular or plural, according to their use.

If a sentence does not show the gender of an indefinite pronoun. use a. masculine form to refer to it.

each somP-

1. Eat carefully. Make sure your diet has plenty of fruit. hot oat- meal, eggs. green vegetables and milk. 'I‘l~iose build up resistance to cold. 2, Drink at least six glasses

The Company of One Hundred Associates was founded by Iiouls XIII and his minister, Richelieu. Champlain was appointed governor of New France, who with the Superior of the Jesuits and five other inhabitants formed the Council. The Company was prac- tically feudal lord of New France and held sovereign rights. Except for fisheries it had control of all trade. In return for these rights it was to promote colonization and encourage commerce and the fur trade. Two or three hundred settlers were to be sent out at once (1627) and by 1643 four thousand were to have been set- tled in New France. The Comp-

The first Superintendent o1 Education to operate under the Public Schools Act of 1877 was Edward Manning. He instructed the School Inspectors. as they were now called, to grade teach- ers, not on pupils’ attainments but on teaching ability. The three inspectorial districts were retain- ed until curly in the present cen- tury. although an assistant 1r.- spector who could speak French fluently had for many years be- fore been examining the work done 1n bilingual schools.

In 1912 the number of Inspec- tors was increased to six In order to maintain the semi-annual vis- its to an increased number of schools. This increase in the num- ner of schools took place despite n marked decrease in population. thus indicating a lowered pupils- to-teachoi‘ ratio and a greater possibility of teaching efficiency. In 1920 the number of Supervis- ors was increased to nine in order to bring about a more lntenlive program of sti-pervleion and as- szstance.

The work of the early School Visitor, the later School Inspec- tor, and now the School Supervis- or, has been well done. The men who have fillcd these p05lll0ll‘~. acicd ilS the most direct connec- lion bclivccn the teacher and llio DPDartmeni. of Education. Often however, their duties have been too narrtwly interpreted and as a result. the Inspector's visits brought nothing new to the teach- er. only a testing of the old meth- odology.

The Inspectors have enlarged their services to include the sup- ervision of teachers’ study groups. rncctinir, local School Boards in the decision of important matters. and visiting permit and beginning lcrichcrs frenuentlv. An added duty inwltt be the encouragement of c: h community to strive for the best 1n all matters pertaining tn the education of its children. This privilege and duty is shitred by all

any was to assist every settler for ‘three years and at the end of

those who seek improvement in education, a nation's greatest as- sci.

HYGIENE

body by the ——. 13. The medulla contains the centres which gov- ern the —- and -—-. 14. The delicate inner coat lining the back of the eye is the —~—. l5. The work oi digesting our foods is done by l6. The liver secrete-s a liquid callcd --—. 17. The starch iikc subslunce stored in the cells of the livcr is ——. 1B. The teeth in the front part of the mouth are called the ——-. l9. —-— is a. hard mineral deposit that forms an the teeth. 20. The tube lead- int: from the throat to the stom- ach is the C’.

It. ls more important to know ivhere you are going than to get there quickly. D0 not mistake ac- tivity for achievement.

The appcarunce and surround- ings of iizanv of our schools more c‘. ' resembles prisons thin pleasant ccntrcs of learning for our children.

PRONOUNS

lJSI-I PREPOSITWONS CORRECTLY

l. Among always implies more than two persons or things. Be- tween applies to only two persons or ihiiiiis.

2. Off moans "away from." From moans "out oi"'nncl indicates a ‘point. of shorting. or n source.

3. Into shows motion or change from the outside to the inside In show. position with respect to snrroiindiiigs.

4. To usually shows motion to- ward a perm. n. place. or thing. At usually indicates simple presence in. on. or by.

5. ‘Beskle means "by the side of" Besides means “in addition to."

RULES TO PREVENT COLDS

of water daily. 3. Dress sensibly Wcar clothes suited to the weath- er. 4. stay out of drafts. 5, Live a normal. healthy life with plenty 0f 011N100: exercise and sleep.

ONE HUNDRED ASSOCIATES

that time w give him cleared land. Two priests were to be provided for each settlement. 1n return

'he company was to receive the monopoly of the fur trade and commerce for fifteen years and the possession of all lands and forts in New m-ancot ‘The work

of Champlain, his exploration and colonization, was the most im- portant iesult. of the Government 0f One Hundred Associates. Dur- lng this time the Jesuit and Re- collect missionaries began their labours but on the whole the gov- ernment by means of the fur company wns a failure. By 1663 the total white population w.“ only 2500 and consequently in that year its charter was cancelled and Royal Government introduced.

Iirookett 8i

Have In stock one Ing Pipeless Furnace.

Phone or I write for

sized House

Storey Ltd.

Charlottetown

Fawcett Wood Burn- Sultable for Medium

further Information

_ DECEMBER 21,

HAPPINESS

COATS DRESSES BLOUSES SKIRTS

E SWEATERS

aa-matsixwuxrrxmiz~lmxmaaa- -

5313:!

I66 Queen St.

I warn Gifts That Bring

COMFORT

SILVER FOX CAPES

Kennedy's Ladies Wear

Quin! ~XRKKIIKI

and CHEER

HOUSECOATS LINGERIE SCARVES GLOVES HOSIERY

Next door to Bus Stop

d - flfiiiifiifiwca \~ xcacitzxex rcmnqqqq-q-‘tu;

THE CHl-NOOK I-N

A welcome tmnthcr phenomenon in the foothills cast of the Rocky Mountains is the famous “Chin- ook" or “snow eater," as the Blackfoot Indians used to call it. It. is the result of mild air sweep- ing inland from the Pacific Ocean and tumbling over the mountains in a rapid descent. At the same time the cold air relinquishes its hold on the foothill district as it drains away to the east. and the change to warmer temperature is usually sudden and marked. Jumps of 50 degrees F. or more in a few hours are not uncommon.