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Charluttetuwii. P. l‘), lslantl. Saturday. August 95. I855.
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lthe North Pole and tlliincsc 'l':irtary,
SIBERIA.
Tut: Asiatic possessions of Riissiii, eticlosed be. tween the llrul Mountains. the North Pacific Ucean_ _ , _ _ _ are generally called Siberia. 'l‘he region is divided, for .idiniuis- trative purposes. intotwo parts—Wt-sterii and Exist- ern Siberia—each with several counties or depart- tnetits, under the control of a special t}ovei-not-.(;9- neral. Siberia is watered by some huge rivcrs—the lrtysli, the Oby, the Geniiisay, and the l.etia—all issuing from the Altai Mouiitaiiis, and debouchiug in the Polar Ocean. They are navigable nearly through the whole extent; but bein frozen seven or eight months diiritig the year, an traversing re- gious conipriratively uninhabitable, no great nse is derived from facilities which they would otherwise offer.
'l‘lie population scattered over Siberia amounts to over 3,000,001), nearly six-seventlis of whom are Russian——thc natives being of Mongolian, I-‘iniiish,
‘suvumissa. WEDNESDAY & SATURDAY.
I
New Series. no. 269.
iii l_h2-5, and that in Poland in I830, many were sent to Siberia for life. 'l‘heir destiiintiun was princi- pally to the Altai Mountains. But tio hard labou- was imposed upon them. They count or are inscribed as prisoners; most of them. however, being sup- ported by their relatives at home, they look for mcaiis ot gaining additional wealth to the cities. As a general rule traiisportatioii to l-fastaerii Siberia is considered a somewhat more severe punishment than to Western Siberia.
Wives and children following the exiles, lose elk their status and privileges enjoy in Russia. Thu bulk ofthe Russian population in Siberia, by which the rudiments of civilization have been intoduced, consists of ‘merchants trading thither. They an established in boroughs and cities, or in agricultu-
of’ internal police. There are also many Cossacks with some Mongolian tribes, who have immigratd from China, and who preserve their customs ant maniiers—some becoming Christians, others air.
and Kamschatkan descent, the latter called Yakonts by the Russians. Averse, almost all, to agriculture, they are nomadic hunters or fishermen. The pen. quest of Siberia was made in the sixteenth century, by a band of Cossacksof the Volga and their motley adjiivants, under the lead of a certain Yeroniak, and these equestrian tribes became its first European and Russian Settlers. In the course of the seventeenth century, the Czars began to transport thither con- victs and criminals. The first colonists of this cha-
'l‘liese are called Buryats by the Russians. The di- senters and descendants of convicts form the rest of the population. The Russians, as we have said, are traders, merchants, mechanics, operatives, miners and agriculturists, But if natives intend to
to select the best lands.
. Tue d.stin:tio:i of the social organization of Silo- ria is. that no kind of serfdom exists, or can be in- troduced there. Otherwise, too, the inhabitants
ractcr were the various dissenters from the Russian Orthodox Church. Whole villages or communities were thus transported, receiving in different pars of Siberia vast tracts of land. These colonists formed communities in the same way as they were organized in the mother country, having equal pri- vileges of self-administration with the crown-pea- sants, on paying a small tribute to the Treasury
Their return to European Russia is strongly prohi- bited; biit they enjoy liberty of worship, according to their doctrines and usages. When the riches of the Altai Mountains were first discovered, trans- portation thither to the mines took the place of ca- pital punishment; this punishment having been abolished in 1740, under the Empress Elizabeth.‘ Disgraced favorites, official defaulters, and, finally,
political offenders were sent thither for life, or for
the term of their punishment, Among the first in
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Five endred Sketches arid Skeleton
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F int llooltzln Spanish, in Id
the eighteenth century were Menschikoff and Biron —botli of whom had ruled the empire and the Field Marshal Munich, and several others.
At present, transportation to Siberia is a penalty administered for all kinds of crirucs and offences. ’ According to the Russian penal code, these coiidciii- nations are variously graduated. The punishnieiit is hard labor for life, or for :1 certain number of; years; after which the fcloti becomes (1 coloiiist, rc- ’ ceiviug land, a house and some cattle, and being attached to some rural commuiiity, and enjoying, the rights of this class of iiihabitaius. Smaller’ offences are punished with transportation for 11 lesser number of years, with the privilege of returning to Russia. Scrfs condemned for any offence whatever never return into bondage; and thus Siberia be- comes. to them at least, a land of emancipation.
Political ofl'cti«lers are distributed over Siberia ac- cording to the (.l(‘ClSl0lI of the sovereign, and of the courts-martial ly which they are coiideiniicd. Such offenders are gciicrally formed itito battalions, fortn- iiig the corps of the Siberian army. If the verdict does not define the exact iiuinbcr of years of their service, they reniaiii iii the army 20 or 25 years. and then resign to becoiuc colonists and uicnibcrs of snmgcmnnnniiiy. Such fl convict very seldom, and that only through some extraordinary cxccptioii, can be promoted to the grade of a commissioned officer. Those not condemned to transportation for life, can, after their term is citpired, return to their families. After the insurrection in St. Petcrsburg
enjoy, comparatively, more liberty and independ- ence than those of Russia proper. The require- ments of the Government from the population are insignificant, and its pressure, therefore, is let: ieavy. Thus slowly, but uninterruptedly, co» mented grain by grain, a State is growing on politi- cal and social foundations wholly different from the motlier-country—not only unstained by serfdous, but even possessing a certain democratic equality. Almost the only distinction ofclasses is that of the Government officials. Nobility, with its privileges, is there tinkiiowii. The whole soil of Siberia be- longs to the Crown; and it is already a fixed princi- ple with the Emperors not to surrender any Crown lands to scrfdom. As far as Siberia is concernetfi the Ozars are free-soilers. No nobleman can mi- grate thither with bis servants; and, saving some body-servants of officials, serfs are unknown.
The Russians are the cultivators of the soil; the natives and nomads breed horses, cattle and sheep But the principal wealth of Siberia lies in mining and gold-washing. The Altai Mountains, running along its siuthern frontier, are subdivided into va- rious chains——as that of the Little Altai, the Slay- aiiskoi, the Doiiriskoi the .lill)l0llnt’)l, and the Great Altai——all of them containing various ores, consi- dered by sonic geologists to be the richest on the globe The sprirseiicss ofthe population prevtnts the thorough working of these hidden treasures Gold-washing is the principal, or, rather, the ex- clusive iiidustry. All the principal rivers, with most of their confliieiits and tributaries, have their sources in the Altai, and carry gold. The business is coiidnctcd b_v Government prisoners, and by pri- vate persons, subject to :1 tax which is not excessive. 'l'hc gold-product is carried to the City of Bariiacul; situated in the Government of Tonisk, in Western Siberia, in the centre of the Little Altai chain. There are the furnaces, the assays, and the central mining adinitiistratiou. 'l'lie metals, and especially the gold brought by private individuals, are pur- clizisetl by the (Jovcriiniciit for cash at equitable prices, and lll(‘llCC conveyed to St. Pcteisburg.
'l‘lic valleys in the Altai are covered with gorgcotte vegetation in suuiincr, and various tiillritiutts grasses, cover the plains of South ~\V estcrri Siberia. In some. parts, wheat is cultivated; but, as long be-
(For conclusion rec Iiul cage )
ral districts, but perform military duties and those
devote themselves to agriculture, they are allowed.