THE DAILY EXAMINER.

APRIL 7, 1887.

Our Schools.

Tuere are in this Province according

to the eighth annual report of Chief Super intemlent Montgomery —four hundred and

thirty-oue school districts—two more than

at this time last year. Of these 172 are in

Quven’s County, 159 in Prince and 120 in

Kings. The schools open during last year num-

bered 437 —an increase of two. There are

now only 10 vacant districts against 4 4 in}

1376; and in 8 of these, new school build

. ) ings are now In course of erection, while ot

the remaining two one is too small and iso-

sted to maintain an ellicient school and

the other has been since the close of the school year divided and apportioned among other s tho yl districts. Montgomery, *‘ could more clearly indicate

this

the growing interest in education in

Province than the steady and continuous

diminution of the number of vacant

j © ito

Che teachers employed in our schools

than in the previous year Of these 50 | Southport. The cost of supporting the are of the first class, 137 of the second | Southport ferry is, he remarked, very Jass and 306 of the third class. The | great amounting, on the average, to about ere : : : . | $10,000 a year. Last year the cost was number of men employed as teachers 18 | a)out $18,000, but that was more than

increasing each year; the number of women

is slightly diminishing. A hundred and fifty-seven new licenses to teachers were issued in 1880.

O} the 22,414 pupils enrolled last year, | 199 ; and

10.097 were girls, an increase of 232.

12,317 were boys—an increase of The daily average attendance of the year was 12,612.

number of pupils enrolled, and the average

The following statement gives the

daily attendance, in the Public Schools, for

the last seven years : Average

daily Papils enrolled. attendance.

1880 ' 71,054 11,283 isa vgnenees 21,601 11,924 3 GR.cccce oe 21,369 11,285 1383 21.495 11,759 Lisi 21.545 Li,dod 1385 21,983 12,156 L386 22,414 12,612

The per centage of attendance in ea *h of

the Counties ts as follows :

Queen's County 57.00 Prince 36.21 King’s 55.03

The following comprehensive table, com- piled by Mr. Montgomery, shows the num- ber vf pupils inthe different branches of instruction :—

Queen's Prince King’a

County. County. County. Total. Pupils enrolled... .9,773 7.157 5,484 22,414 Buys si 439 $34 2.948 12.317 Gite .x.. he .»4, 333 3.22% 2 536 LO.097 Average attend’ce.5,571 4,023 3,918 12,612 Primer ant Bonk 1.2513 2.023 1°68 5239 Booxs If. and III..2,315 2.135 1,712 66 Book IV ; 1,3) lids 105d 4.455 Brot V :ckde eee 1.u3J V6) 3,522 PGE: © ho 6se chien. o60 ahi 1,733 We OEUIE.. .... « cee cared 5,387 4,489 17,292 Arithim tic ....--.-{.a08 5,232 4,135 15,026 Geanuir i w0l 3.054 234 1),7 lo AL story 0 g's 00S 2,137 2 42? 8.317 Gamwrasag ... r0ll 3,129 2,742 10,832 Ovrinusravhy scomaat 3.285 2.965 11.327 Co noosition 3177 LoL 1.791 8.859 M asic AG 1,256 499 2.846 B > k-keeping —— 22 20 93 Agriculture, - 10s 26 2i3 Latin . 312 113 61 516 Greek .. a «adda ae 3 23 ‘4 French so & 308 198 938 Alsgevra oe | 16 63 457 Geometry «o 7 123 55 435

For this service the Government paid, in 1836, $111,992.21,

in the previous year.

or $2,675.36 more than The following are the total amounts paid by the Government

in support of Education since 1879 :—

1879 ..8 91.007 77 183) .. ; . ‘ 96,213 $1 1881 : ‘ inn foe 1832 . ska eee ee 1883 .. babes ee ‘ 101,193 41 188th veut 105,185 v9 188) . ; ; 109,316 85 1835 3 , 2 111,92 21

Male teachers of the first class received each, on an average, a salary of $414.14 the highest $909, the lowest 3265. Female teachers of the first class received an of $302.72. The salary paid during the year to a teacher of this class was $369 ; the lowest $220. Male

teachers of the second class received, on an

average salary highest

average, a salary of $280.75. The highest sslary paid during the year toa teacher of $450—the lowest $225.

Female teachers of the second class re-

this class was ceived, during the year, an average salary of $219.54. The highest salary paid waa $149); the lowest $189. Male

the third class were paid on an average a salary of $224.65. The highest salary paid was $450, the Female teachers of the third

to a teacher of this class lowest $130. class were paid an average salary of $161.58. The highest salary paid was $300, and the lowest $130.

Toe expenditure for each pupil enrolled

i : . >a tee . ° in 1836 was $6.64. ) Government as a means of bearing railway : | Mr. Montgomery concludes his luminous |

and elaborate report by an expression of

the opinion that a careful perusal of it will

**show that there is a very satisfactory

return for the large amount of public

money appropriated to the support of

elucation in this Province; and that the

year just closed has been one of the most!

successful in the history of our public

schools, ”’

An experienced journalist in London has started a school for newspaper men. Pupils will be instructed in “the writing of paragraphs, reviewing, shorthand, special correspon lence, war correspondence, lead- vrs, su>-leaders art and druumatio criticism, sub-wliting, editing, ote.”

Mexia, the inventor and maker of a fa us igschine gui, says that he oan and Wi. uate one Wich will throw a ton eigit wiles four tia ins wicute! The wiati- pita dasacity of ordaance of that calibre is ngw four shtts an hour.

THE DAILY EXAMINER, - - -

Nothing, says Mr, |

| borough, during last year, numbered 498—four mOTe | Charlottetown to a point in the vicinity of

}usual. Every year, however, a considerable 'penditure on the ferry, and at the

| time it is impossible by means of it to give 'satisfaction to the

teachers of |

eee ena *

ee ee

P.ovineial Lagisiature.

nite HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY. Arrit 6. AFTERNOON SESSION.

Hon. Mr. Sunuivay presented reports of the Provincial Auditor, and of the | Superintendent of Public Schools, and of the Medical Superintendent of the Hospi

tal for the Insane Hon. Mr. FerGuson presented the re- port of the Commissioner of Crown Lands,

the Commissioners for Provincial Exhibi tion. How. Mr. Bentriey submitted the report

j of the Commissioner of Public Works. | How. Mr. Suttrvan moved the

| reading of the bill to amend the Act secur ling the independence of the General As Read and passed in committee,

second

sembly.

Hon. Mr. McLeop moved the House in- to committee for the further consideration - the bill relating to chattel mortgages.

Progress reported. Eve men / Ne ssion. HILLSBOROUGH SUBWAY.

| Hox. Mr. Scrtivan rose to submit a resolution setting forth that it is expedient provide for the construction, by a |company, of a subway across the Hills- from one of the streets of

will be required for ex-

same

sum of money

travelling public particularly to the people residing to the south of the Hillsborough. It has lately been proposed te construct a subway—or way under the water — between Charlottetown and Southport at a cost to the Province of 250,000. The Govern ment would not, however, enter into the contract without ascertaining as nearly as possible, by estimate, what the cost of the : lt might be constructed | for less than the amount named; and _ in that case the Government would not pay so much. It would be their duty to employ a first-class engineer to whom the plans and specifications of the proposed work would be submitted, and it was not expected that the Government would pay any part of the cost of the work in cash or until it had4 been completed to the entire satisfaction of such engineer. All that is expected is that, after the work is so completed, the Govern- ment shall issue debentures, bearing inter- est at the rate of four per cent., redeemable in thirty years, which shall be taken by the company at par. This would involve, after the work is constructed, an annua: outlay of $10,000,—and the ferry as it is costs that much. Moreover there is this important point to be borne in mind. The five or six thousand dollars which the ferry now yields goes into the pockets of the ferry contractor ; but the receipts froin the subway would go into the Provincial Treasury ; and there is no doubt that the improved facilities of the subway will cause an increase of traftic, and that the receipts from it will ere many years have passed away, be very much larger than the am- ount now obtained by the ferry contrac- tor. In faet, there is good ground for in- dulging the hope that the amount of revenue derived trom the subway, will well nigh, if not fully, ineet the interest of the $250,000 which will be paid to the company constructing it. Then, there is another point to be considered. The successful con-truction of the work would show to the people of Canada that the proposed subway across the straits is not, as many think, impracticable. In fact, it would clearly demonstrate the practicability of the more important work in which the whole Pro- vince is so deeply concerned. If this can be without any very great risk to the Province, the opportunity should cer- tainly be improved. Under the scheme proposed the Province would run no risk ; for, as before explained, it would pay nothing until the work was completed to the satisfaction of a capable engineer. Be- sides this important consideration, the people residing south of the Hillsborough have complained for many years past that they are laboring under an injustice in not having railway accommodation. (ther parts of the Province enjoy the facilities of a railway, to the cost of constructing which they contributed, while they have been de- prived of that great boon. Now, the Do- minion Government have in recent years adopted a plan which has proved of great advantage to some localities in Canada. They have paid subsidies to encourage the construction of new lines of railway ; and there is little doubt that if the ditticulty of crossing the Hillsborough were once over- come, they would contribute towards the construction of a branch line of railway to run through the wealthy and «populous districts of Belfast and Murray Har- bor. The great obstacle now in the 'way is the Hillsborough River. To build a bridge across it would be very expensive. it has been estimated that a substantial and durable bridge would cost $500,000, or double the amount which it is proposed that the Province shall pay for the Sub- iway. It is said, too, that the Subway will | be more durable than « bridge; and if the Subway should be taken by the Dominion

work would be.

done

trains across the Hillsborough, it is mure than probable that the Dominion Govern- {ment would reimburse the Provincial Treasury in the amount they will have ex- ‘pended upon its construction, This, then, ig a project which the House of Assembly should entertain. It can be accomplished _ without any risk to the Province. — It will jeven be provided that right of way shall in the first instance, be ‘paid for by the company constructing the |work. So that there will practically be no |outlay on the part of the Province until the ‘work is satisfactorily done and completed. .1t willalso be provided by the bill to be -introdaced, that the work shall be com- !menced within a reasonable tine and com- ,pleted within a reasonable time. If the | Subway be not built, the Government will, before many years, have to make provision forthe constiuction of new steamers fur

the ferry at a cos of «bout $5),009, and it is just aswell thabd this sum should be saved by requiring that the company shall con-truct the Subway witout any unneces- sary de.ay.. im expl.cation of the resolu- tion, it might be stated that though the

amount to be paid the company is $290,000, the Government set the sum required at $309,000, in order to provide sufficient money to meet every payment which may be required. The resolution reads as fol- lows :

Resolved, bill authorizing the Government to the construction of a Cannel or Subway acroes the Hillsborough River, from Charlottetown to the southern side of the river, ata cost not ox- ceeding three hundred thousand dollars for con struction and complete equipment, including all rights of Way and ull necessary appliances Lor * first-class work of the kind, such Tunne lor Sub- way to be of suflicient size, strength and capacity to admit of railway trains passing through the same if dvemed necessary. ; :

Provided, The coutractors for constructing the said ‘Cannel or Sabway accept in payment the Government debentures oi Prince Edward island at par without any allowances for discount or ttherwise, redeemable in thirty years and bearing interest at 4 per cent, per annum,

Hon. Mr. Prowse had very great plea- sure in seconding the resolution. He re- varded the present opportunity as one which should not be lost. The successful construct on of a subway across the Hills- boro will be an advertisement for those in- terested in building such works, which will be of very great value; and that is no doubt their reason for offering such favorable terms. If successful,there can be no doubt that the larger work of building a subway across the Straits of Northumberland will forthwith be undertaken. It is, therefore, in the interest of the Province, as well as in that. of the Company that it. should be carried out. By its construction, the feasi- bility of the plan will be proved and a way will be opened to afford to the people re- skling south of the Hillsboro, the advan- tages of railway communication which they so greatly need. ‘The district referred to composes one-sixth of the area of the Pro- vince, and one-sixth of the farming popu- lation; and having contributed their share towards the construction of the P. E. Is- land Railway, there is no reason why they should not feel aggrieved because they are are still deprived of the facilities atlurded by railway communication. Here 1s an op- portunity of removing, without risk and without adding to the burdens of the Pro- vince, the disadvantages under Which the people of Belfast and Murray Harbor labor in this respect. The construction and use of the subway will actually, as had been shown by the Leader of the Government, involve a saving instead of a loss to the taxpayers of the Province. It might be said that it would be better to build an ordinary bridge ; but if the subway can be

hat it is expedient to introduce a

successfully built it will be — far more satisiactory in every way. lu the first place a bridge would cost more than double as much money. Kstimates that have been made

were in one case as high as $560,000, in an- other $630,000, and in another $580,000; and then the annual repairs of a_ bridge would cost more than double as much as those of the proposed Subway. The Sub- way would, in his opinion, afford all the accommodation required for the public for the next hundred years.

Hon. Mr. Yeo said this was a very imn- portant matter. It had been brought before the House souner than he expected it would. A good deal of information was,

in his opinion, required __ before the House could come to an * intelligent decision about the question; and

this information had not been atlorded by either the mover or the seconder of the resolution. As the matter stood he felt that he could not give an intelligent vote upon it. One thing was, however, clear to him, and that was that the proposed subway would not do away with the need for ferry steamers. The steamers will still have to be maintained for the West River, Rocky Point and Hillsborough River ferries, so that little if anything will be saved by the use of the subway. Moreover, he did not think the resources of the Province are in a condition to admit o. costly experiments of the kind proposed. In these days nothing is impossible, and it might be that the proposed subway could be constructed. But the risk is great and the House should certainly be better in- formed concerning it; and the people should know that it isa work which will prove a permanent benefit. But the re- presentatives of the people are called upon to vote in the dark concerning it. ‘The project of building a bridge has been re- ferred to, and in many respects a_ bridge would be preferable to a subway. He noted that the plans of the subway showed that provision had been made for a carriage way ; but he could not see that provision had been made for foot passengers. it would be inc6nvenient if persons walking could net pass through the subway. The mover and seconder of the resolution both dwelt strongly on the necessity of demonstrating to the Dominion Govern- ment that the construction of a subway across the straits is feasible. But in his opinion the Province should run no great risk for this purpose. The Dominion Government are better able than the Local to run risks. Moreover, the cost of a new experimental work is always greater than that of one which has been repeatedly done, and of which the methods..of con- struction are well known. On the whole he did not think it right to put too much power in the hands of the Government— and he would like to have some further in- formation.

Hon. Mr. Sutiivan explained that the proposed Subway is intended for foot pas- sengers as well as for horses and carriages.

Hon. Mr. Fereuson expregsed his regret that the Leader of the Opposition had shown indications that he would oppose the adoption of the proposal. He was sur- prised; for, in his opinion, the proposal was | eminently one which called for favorabie consideration. The Leader of the Opposi- tion had spoken of the proposal as involving a costly experiment on the part of the Gov-

ernment. But thisis not so. The Gov- ernment make no experiment, and incur | no risk of the failure of the scheme. The

experiment is to be made by the company,

undertake |

‘Direct

it is not. A bridge across the Hilisborough must necessarily have a draw in it; and this would, to say the least, be an incor-

venience to which the proposed Subway would not be liable. Mr. Marvin desired to offer a few re-

marks; he represented one of the districts particularly interested in the proposal be- fore the House. He admitted that bridges were difficult to keep in repair; and said that he was one of those who thought the people residing south of the Hillsborough justly entitled to improved means of com- imunication. As tothe proposed Subway, he took a different view from that taken ey the Leader of the Opposition. To him it seemed practicable, while the risk to the Province in connection with it is not great, and it would be a means of doing justice to the district which he had the honor to represent. The people there are without the advantages of either telegraphic, rele- phonic or railway communication, and the two boats employed as a means of convey anre for them are hardly fit for the service. It is a well known fact that they contribute as lyygely to the revenue as the people oi any other section of the country; and, hav- ing looked into the proposal, he considered it a practicable scheme; if the Government could see their way clear to adopting it they would have his support.

Mr. FarguHarson said we scarcely know what we are talking about. The Leader of the Government and the hon. member for Murray, Harbor have treated this matter as afarce. We want to know what a_ bridge would cost. But no information has been given in the ‘five-minute speeches” de livered. He did not think we should be the first to ex- periment ina matter of this kind. We have no information as to the cost of a sub- way. Enyineers are not perfect. We know hew one of them served us in the case of the Railway. The subway might be built of such material that it would last only two years or five years. A bridge is generally built when it can conveniently be built. They don’t talk of subways or tun nels in New York. Surely we are uot going to take the lead in a question of this kind ; and he could not think the Government serious in entertaining such a proposition. The Government should put the ferry boats in better repair. The people have a right to more and better accommodation than the Government have given them ; but we ought not to experiment on a costly work of this kind.

Hon. Mr. McLeop referred to the fact that Mr. Farquharson, when he was in the Government, had not done anything to improve the ferry accomodation afforded his constitnents, and said that he was not the right man to taunt the Government with laxity in this respect. He contended that a subway would be more permanent than a bridge, while it would afford better accommodation to the people. He remmd- ed the House that ten years ago a subway bad been constructed under the Thames, of London, and that ithas since been in con- stant use and remained in good repair.

*

lasting work than a bridge. The Govern- ment will, however, run no risks, so far as the construction is concerned ; and if there is to be an experiment about the inatter it will be made by the contractors—not by the Government. He thought the Govern- ment would be derelict in their duty to the people of Belfast and Murray Harbor did they net favorably entertain the proposal now before the House, and he coimpli- mented Mr. Martin on the stand he had taken, and expressed the hope that his co- member would do likewise.

The debate was continued by Messrs, Sinclair, Sutherland, Shaw and Bell, and the resolution passed on the following division :—

For we Rersotution.—Hon. Messrs. Sullivan, Ferguson, McLeod, Arsenault, Bently, Prowse,McDonald,Gorden; Messrs. Blake, Gillis, J. McLean, Kelly, Shaw, H. L. McDonald, Forbes and Martin, 17.

AGAINS® THE Resoitvurion. — Messrs. Yeo, Farquharson, Sinclair, J. R. McLaan, Bell, 5,

House then went into Committe, Dr. Gillis in the chair ; and after soime tiie the resolution was reported agreed to. Hon, Mr. Yeo submitted the following resoluti u which was lost in amendment :

| !

Resolved, That inasmuc’ as the House is not in possession of sufliciont information as to the re- lative costof a Subway as compared with a Bridge on the Hillsborough River, the House is not justified in authorizing the Government to contract for the construction of a Subway with- out having fullinformation as to ail the particu. | lars in regard to the said work,

APRIL 7.

Several bills third and passed.

were read a time

from Nature’s Laboratory.

=

THE UNRIVALLED POLISH

—FOR—

and all the cost is to be borne by them until the danger of risk has been removed. If the Company fail in constructing the work , to the entire satisfaction of a competent | engineer retained by the Goveramen*, | they will lose what they have expended | upon it; the Government will lose noth- ing. This being the fact, he could not see what object was tu be gained by pretending | th tthe Government wouldrun the risk of the | fail .re of the esperiment. The Leader of the Oppositiva says also that in his opinion | a b i'ge would be better than the propose | subway. Now, it is well known that ali bridges are hard to keep im repair. It is mot likely that a bridges wou'd be as dursble asa Subway, because it is_ well known that iron corrodes much quickly when exposed to the air than when

more ©

Go:d and Silver Plated Wars, Glass, Tin, Stesl, or any Materia! whara a Brilliant Lustra is reqnipad,

Ouly 12 Cents a Box

~AT

em es ey oo ey my reese & GOFF Ge

- . ‘PHURSDAY.

Built under the superintendence of a} competent engineer, a subway was, in his opinion, more likely to be a

BW 24a

Two Stores -

Ch’town, April 7, 1887—eod wky

“APRIL. 7. 1887.

GROCHRIES

nog A winieaien

BEER: GOFH'S,

QUEEN SQUARE AND KING SQUARE STORES.

-0°

Cne Price.

MX Hi

A Full Line of Fancy and

Ch’town, March 11, 1887—eod & wky

STANLEY

BROWN’S BLOCK.

Pails COMETS,

Best makers, and all sizes from 18 to 36 inches, ranging in price from

33 CENTS,

UP.

A Large Stock EMBROIDERIES, very cheap. Sheetings, White Cottons, | Dress Goods, Pillow Cottons, Grey Cottons, Cashmeres, Tickings, Print Cottons, Merinoes. Hessians, Shirtings, Plushes, Velvets, Towelings, Ginghams, Silks, Satins, &e. 20:

taple Dry Goods---New Stock,

AT PRICES AS LOW AS ANY IN THE TRADE.

OF erence te

BROS,

a

|

ET have decided

Ch'town, Dee. 14—wky

Mortgage Sale

TO be Sold at Public Anc’ion, on FRIDAY the Sth day of April, next, 1837, at the hour of Twelve o'clock, nooa, in troat of the Housg, ia Charlottetown,—

ALL those tracta. vieces or parce's of land, situate, lying and being on Township number

Fifty-twe, in King’s County, in Prince Kdward

Isiand, pounded as feiluws, that is to say : Com-

mencins and baving a front of nine chains and

pine links on the boundary of land now or form-

and extending back northwardly by paraliel iines for the distance of one hundred and ten chains, being dDounded on the west by the eastern boundary of Lot or Towaship number lifty-one, containing one handred acres, be the same more c7 less; also. ail that tract of land, containing forty-five acres of land, more or less, situate on the said Township number Fifty-two, commenc- ing and being bounded on the southwest by land now or formerly inthe possession of Donald McPherson, on the west by the eastern boundary of Township nu‘nber Fifty-one, on the nor-h by the seuchern boun lary of land now or formerly in the possession of Le:nuel ©. Owen, and on the soutnesst by land now er formerly belougiag to Joho MeDonald,

The above sale is made by virtue of a Power of Sale, contained in an ‘ndenture of Mortgage, dated the first day of February, A. made between Peter Millan bis wife, of the one part, and Catherine W atts, of the other part.

For further particulars, apply at the offices of Messrs. i tors, Chariottetown.

Dated this the 10th day of Feburary, 1887.

CATHERINE WATTS, Mortgugee. Feb, 18, 1887—wky 6 wks.

The above slo is pos!poned nnti! the 15h day of APRIL, A. D , 1387, tuen to take place at same place aud hour.

CATHERINE WATTS, Mortgayee. April 7—li & wky

Wwe are prepared to handle

. TWO THOU:s-

AND DOZEN each day during the season, and will ba piessed to secre the cus'onof ail who may have large or snail qaaatities to dis- pose of,

Consiznmenta by rail, or other viss, carefully

Attended to. tehurns made EGG CAE 4, new or second-hind, supphed to shippers at short o tice Rud Low Prices, BiG CAs« FILLINGS a ways oa hand-—for Base al LOWeSL hates.

J. Wi. AULD.

Ihe highest price givea and prouypt

April 7—eod wky

Ch'town, April 7-—-law & wky

ITISH W

Court |

erly in the possession of the Rev. John Gordon, .

McLeod, Morson & MeQuarrie, Solici-

AREHOUSE

QUEEN STREET.

EXTENSIVE CASH SALE

:

to close out the

whole of my stock of Staple and Fancy Dry Goods, cember 1th, 1886, and continuing until the whole is disposed of, at

LARGE DISCOUNTS FOR CAsH.

- Oo

A. TL. BROW IN.

commencing WDe-

OO SN ee ree

UNTERTALN MENT

os, Si. Peier’s Boys’ Schoolroom, ON

Easter Tuesday Evening, April 12th.

PE following ladies and gentlemen will sake part -—

RKEADERS—Miss Lawson, Rev. James Simpsou Messrs. E. J. Hodgson and W. C. Harris. Vocalists—Mes. Malcolm Macleol, Mrs. Strick

land, Miss Minnia Palmer. Miss F, Marie, Messrs. Maynard and F. P. Carvell. PIANISTS— Miss Russell, Miss Maude DesBrisay. Miss Wright, Mr. Arnaud (Sir Peter and Lady Teazie, in costume.) Admission, 20 cents, April 2, 1887.--5i sat tu th sat tu

1)., 1882, and! M-Miltan and Mary Me-!

Wary «UGE

Under the Patronage of Wis Honor Lieutenant Governor Macdenalé iis Worship Wayor Haviland ard the Officers of the Active Militia

CONCERT in aid of th» fonds of the Artillery : Band wiil be given, ander the above aus} ices, jin the

YW. M.C. A. HALL,

‘TUESDAY, the 19th Inst.

' to commence at 8 p. m., the programme for v hich will appear in due time, Doors open at 7.3) p,m. Ad niseioa, 35 cents,

A pril,2, 1887,—2 awthsat'

YC, LES—Shop belonging to the late = ' Jury, Keg. Also, a large Sate, ood as news which I wili seil tor $50; second-)anG piano a low price —Mrs. Sarah A. Jury, Kent ar

ce

Kt VE

ama

;

Es <a ge

‘nak