OCTOBER 12, 1940

Storing Vegetables Now

For ' Use L

The Household that lflarlj

r"- htnltJ throughout a;

\\.;...r. illblfig for spring m b, “gll g1 vm, being ne the- im- m n.1,», m; old and tough. Injury ;1 by insects and diseases an “_ a5 from bruises and cuts caused bv C.lI‘€‘lCS'$ lundlliig are likely to g t; trouble. Scmctimes a bruise or c“, i5 followed by decay and the '3 1g‘. p; vcgciablcs in which in.

l » . . 131d one is Sllllflllld is likely to mvvith the correct temperature mi, 1)"_'()p,1' mcisture ccnd £10m

prod wuctublrs can be kept for a

The cniy lhir. t with good handlc thorn care- 11, mm to store them undo,- pra- m; coilfLtlOliS.

ROOTS AND LEAF

ll ms and lcaf crop: beets, car- pursliips‘. poators, salsily, cabbage, caullfcwor, :‘prcu.s and czicry must. b; t in a c021 Lumd place. Th; b5: zcnlpcz-azure k. fr;m 32 to 43 1; _ . . illlllfll .:it aim be rela- l_‘,(,‘ hum dity adore 90 pu- cent, 9.1mm and drv lrsazia should be , c~rl but dry.

with ac wqm, iu.l of rcg-zlables has 80110 bcvzfvemd wietrh w; or 195s o;

ater On

this should

dry- Well-TOBY-Ed horse manure I u'¢ W“ were should be at leasfli. ‘m6 ‘Nmllfllor made of boards gf’ N‘ W11 Inches square and 1g

p“ l‘ nearly 30 feet long two ventilators are needed one a. elm‘ end- During the cold wcathe: all“: l: lwbt stuffed with 01d sacking

n "WW box tumed over it l0 Prevent sncw 0;‘ m“, from gm “"81"- There should be a 1.51. lfugbe“ ‘he ' 1d “f the nit when 1E

M: T“? 5° v my h-

, n “W “filer 0r earlv

‘prlngv but lhls should be k"pf, wen Droteoted. Fitted in (1119 "way a tcmmluium cf abzut i0 dlcgyee Flrh» S-lvllld be maintained,

STORING cannot:

_'I‘here a/re “wen; satisfactory “ililys of SLOTIII; cabbagg 1,1,0 pa,“ »l'°“1'=‘r method to employ (iepInd- m8 cn the quantity t9 be gig-ed $113 the accommodation for storing. m 9 fit. import/int point, k beep be f]? l8 thdl; the Oflflbflgg should Wt l“ I wol wen ventilated Place as near freezing fempgywfure if; pcazible wifhcu: actually freez- begu-gf it should freeze, i; 51191114 wed Qmdlllly lo have as

. .~ -_\ and p. uipkim must be l little injury a5 9051-1319 In 0.11am

,1 . h; h v.a:m fIId dry. Thay I U ~. h gvczi an a..er ripen-l ' d cf two or thrco weeks arng. Far ihs a dry ,1 1. tizu1 rlturc u.’ 80 dc- ~. n :15 <12 i; b;s.. Alter- .,; t n to develop a‘ cr shell to rcsst the -. 'c1- and the entrance of’ . s. Later thfy can ‘we l drgccs to 60 degrees at.

."—-+ .- _

(‘lILliItY PLANTS i nt. keen in good crn- n- c.:ol ccl‘ar. When tine

l5 l 1k n up in the all some l (ill d; .-.a.k5 :11‘ lid b: but tic routs lift on i ll s -.n'<- plsnicd cos? to- iJlld or soil in the cellar. ...u m- ssl being vlell beforehand. Th; rows ‘.1111 clcne together, but it will .- 1h:- ce‘cr_v (‘c-ping better ;.. c ur- n fc-iv incl. of space 1 1h: rzuts. Socretimcs - r,- usczl to hxlf separate tfe alllfl to zrmit a good cir- .n of air through the planqs. 11s should be kept as dry as - during the winter, as, if 1s more likely to sot in. ~ "u. must, be kept. moist, 1; ‘.\'\‘.", but, in watering, keep tn.- umcr off the tops a, for as

b:.-.s.b.e. ‘HIE FIT METHOD

‘Film- an- scvcral mctl-ods 0f - pcvntrxs but the followinl: - lvcn fcund \ 13v snt‘s"nc't‘ry ,1 lhc win-tors urc c mg about l2 cu Sllfl. you would be able to cal- l _ ~ the size of the _)lt you would c tho quantity olf pita-toes . . .\fl‘.-:c n fro‘... about, 3 1-2 . . l and ll fret wdp and the .t{‘\' lcnaih in a place uihere will inn. prclvc troublesome. 11c hnlcw the level of the .rl with mtatoes. and. as c 'n to l)'i‘(‘\'(‘llf. the cnrth ' luck in thg htvlr- when fill- uucrp laid on thc flffillnd W20 sire.- and cn-is of tho pits c 11o mom will be kcpt freer .. l i! tn,- sidrs and ends or the p1‘ an. lined inside with b03105 ll: rc :71: uld b: a rrof over this - Q - clcvaicd in thc centre circulation of an‘. is m-wkl of lclzs placed n lmlllPl‘, over which is '11 a llillg hav to prcwnt the from a covering o-f sod from q lhrourh the cracks onto the ~l<= Aftcp 1n1ttinl: on the sud "uld ‘r ccvcrrd with soil lYiTllT a dcpth nt‘ nhcut on" i000 re rwi nun soil ccmbincd, When

._--r._»,_

"rt‘*ws"'-“<

And why shouldn't he! Dominion Household Coke can save him 15f)’. to 30’. of his fuel bill com- pared with anthracite, lGovernmenttestLThaPs money In pocket! And he gets a clean, radiant fire that's ALL HEAT. A smokeless, scotiess fuel with practically no ashes. Ask your dealer for folder showing how to use Do- minion Household Coke for low-cost heating.

DUMINHIN STEEL itlil CUM. BURPORHIUN LIMITED \ h;

HALIFAX. SYDNEY. MINT JOHN. MONCTON

. D

Buntain, Bell 8: 0o.

Charlottetown

“irufh are very dry. the cabbafie “lbs. but. 0n the ether handuit shmlld not be k919i; in a Wit ce‘lar 01' WlPfTc there ls u drip or 1...‘; 15' likely w dcvclcp. Where c-ttbu; 1. s owed in smr-ll quairitizs, fir. i131; 511011111 be m) on as the 11- axis “in keen wmewna. better than if out, c“- bm- l" Swim in larre quanti- lJQS. this ls not practicable. Ilia/is “Tapped l" Pater and the punts hung 11D are likcly to keep batter‘ ll- l "QTY d1‘! cellar th n if ex- llllrfd lo the air. In pilllng late Cllbbake outside the roots are sownetilfes left on. When aimed for hcme uie in a cellar where the cellar is liable to be ivet, it is well to Dlace the cabbage on bcards with the roots up, or the cabling: maybe hung up. In pllling w;- llrgveglilng fixutside, the ground is 9 I. lace w ere we M‘: notnllg. p m we - rained place should be 61106911 f0!‘ nit-tint: CBDLflEC for win- ter. mefembly where the soil is Sflndy- Excnvnte a trench from four t0 six feet wide to 1 depth of about; a foot and as long as n-zces‘ . 1.2166 a layer of straw in the 3g- tom of the trench, and t-hen pack the cabbage in it not too closely, and with inverted heads. and leav- ing the roots on. Several laycvrs of cabbage may be pI-rtred in a pile, but it should be built tapering to the 06'1""? Deck. 0r broadest at the base. and coming to g . After the pile is completed, cover with several inches of straw, and 0n top of this put soil to a drptii of about six lnchcs. It is import-ant to provide ventilation. A simple method is by t/wisting a bunch 0! straw. and lettim it protrude mrougn the soil at the peak or the pile. 11f the pile is more than ten feet long. on», vent should be pro- vided fcr each tcn feet. A: win- te-r advances. provide aclclitconal covering to kcen out frost. Th1: is best done by covering with straw or stflffllwy ULBHUTg to a depth of a foot, more or less. depending on wvnthcr. If the Dit. is wiheie snow will lie this will afiford glcoj pro- section or compartments. one cm stctionsor compartments. one can

turblng the other.

CROP REPURT

(Contljflfil frtln Phge _12)__ PROVINCE 0F ONTARIO I-Icavy stands cf spriw Eff-WIS have been cu“ ml, a '-_ .'.. . portion remains lll the f:e 5 badly weathered. Development of corn is below normal; corn-borer is D1‘!- valent. A light crop of only fair quality tomatoes ls being marketed. Sugar her-ts, mangolds and turnips are satisfactory. Potatoes, par- tigularly late Cropi, are showing evidence of rot. and a below-aver- 25¢ yield is in prospect. Produc- tion of all tree fruits and grapes will be less than that of last year. Beans have suffered from excessive moisture and disappointing returns are indicated. Pasturaae is abun- dnnt, except in the eastern sec- tions, where rain is needed. Weath- er conditions have been unsuitable for ripening tobacco, and harvest- ing has been retarded. Following the extensive rro=t damase in the Norfolk arca on August 24th, pre- liminary estimates of the flue-cured tobacco crcp have been lowered to around 25,000,000 pounds.

MARITIME PROVINCES

In Nova Scoiia and New Bruns- wick some damaac l0 Brain CPQDS from wind and rain has been rc- pgftfd and the yield will be affect- ed. Roots are doing well and dig- ging of a fairly heavy crop of early variety potatoes

promise. Early nnvle: are of fair sizg and colour. but later varieties are sizing slowly, recent heavy gates caused severe damage to the crop. Pastures have improved and (lfp in fairly good condition. In Prince Edward Island grain yields “.9... 11p to average. although wet “N11119: hampered harvesting. Early potatces arc small, but the main crcp will brncflt from recent rains, and an average yield ls ex- pected. Pasturage is P001‘-

rnovrxcr. or BRITISH COLUMBIA

Threshing has been delayed by yam on the lcwcr mainland, but elsewhere it, is completed. with grain yields belcw average. A rccord crop cf clever seed is expected in m... mwer Fraser Valley. A heavy crop of Reed (lllflllll/ llfl)’ h“ b9?" stored. Tomato canncrzes arc m inn Qporatlrn, packing a ‘zmze 0W0 of excellent quality. Dizfilllfl 0f late pctatos-s has commenced: an nverazfi Yield ~l‘4nd1°ll€d' “m” we“; a ccmparativelv lzht crop. Rae; and vegetable vields_ generally are satisfactory. Market nlz of a good (jfflp of peachcs and alums is 11Pn|'l\' over Picking and parking M “W19,- 15 well under ‘my, with the yield animated at awwxlmrllv- v 6.000070 lwxcs, slightly larger mun ma. c1 155i year: apples gen- orallv nre below avcrare in sive

' 1m dug to Pck of moirtvre

Jisirlbufora for P. E. l.

- d high nuahiv grmes gilogflcfylglld. Pauurauze has im-

proved from recent. mini.

empty one at a time without dis-V

is about Qqmplewd, 1am varieties shol lwll

1 mzwcuaanp:

1 CONSER

I A WEEKLY COLUMN OI‘

PI-AOTIOAL OPINION! OI’ Till VITAL ISSUES AFIICTING TH! U!!! AND A-BUSID OF

VATION I

REFUGE PROGRAM

The best aid to waterfowl is the allocation and restoration of land for their use —ln other WOIGS, a refuge program.

For mere than a generation. try- Biological Survey has done all it could toward establishing and im- proving refuges, its first, bird r1.- servatian having been established in 1903. For a long time, ac- quisition was confined to suitable areas of public lands that were set aside as bird reservations by ex- ecutive order. But under this sys- tem, many desirable areas were un- available, and because of lack of funds, the restoration of drained lakes and marshes. such as has since been accomplished onAa large scale, was out of the question.

The obligation to repaid some of the damage dune by unwise drain- age was strongly urged, however, and in i929, Congress passed the Migratory Bird Conservation Act which authorized considerable appropriations for acquisition, im-‘ provement and maintenance of in- violate sanctuaries for migratory game birds. Wnlle actual appropria- tion of funds did not keep pace with authorization, a total of nearly one and u half millon dol- lars has bean lllfltli.“ available through the years. In additiomCon- gfess, in 1935, made a special ap- propriation of $6,000,000

With the era of emergency funds allocable by the President. a great. opportunity came to make the re-| Inge program a reality. Including emergency funds. the Bl010glCi1l Survey, from 1934-1039 hicfluslve, received some $20,500,000 for the benefit of the waterfowl. 1n all. therefore, since i929, pore than $28,000,000 have been derived from gcncral iunrls contributcd by_all clnsscs of citizens for the establish- ment, improvement and mainten- ance of refuges. Contrast tli.s with the assertion of the “sportsmen who claim that they are the prin- cipal supportera ‘of conservation. Their payment, since 1935, of one dollar each per year, in exchange for the privilege of shooting many dollars’ wcrth of waterfoivl, has a- mounted to less than $3.500,000, or only 11 per cent of the total that has been spent on the modern refuge program.

To June 30, i939, Federal refuges primarily for migratory waterfowl numbered 139, and totaled 1.613.633 acres. Besides these, many other refuges for colony-nesting birds. big game and other wild life are also of some value to waterfowl The migratory waterfowl refuges have been improved by the ad- dition of food and covcr plants where needed, they are fenced and

sted, they have trails, roads and headquarters, and are administered and patrolled. They are a BT98‘ ind valuable factor in the conservation of the waterfowl. Except for the tact that public shooting-grounds are included in certain 01 the re- fuges, the Biological Su1‘vey_and the nation are to be congratulated 0n their development.

courmnuroav causes WATERFOWL DEPLETION

0F

IL ls impcxwible to discuss all the reasons that have been given fnv the disappearance of the water- fowl. We will consider only major causes, those most. often cited. Be- cause the drought first focusscli the attention of tho cntire nation upon the crisis facing the watcrfoivl. many 1icople flild K hard t0 '09- licve that waterfowl were in any danger prior to i930. Bag-limbs had generally remained large, the seasons long, and the warnings of conservatlcnisis and far-siiflllefl sportsmen were unheard of sn- hcerlcd. Thus it was a shock when all the facts were forced on the attention of the nation.

DROUGHT

1n 1930, E great drought spread over the wc'icrn half of Nortn America. The water-table dropped. causing springs, streams. rlvcrfi. and swamps to dry up- " ‘"5 Wm‘ difficulty that the ducks could find fcerling and resting places in the lnrgc pnuric ncstmz regions. Thc crisis Wlllffll had lonlz 00011 facing the \\'hlCl‘l0\‘.‘l could no .9118- cr be dcnicd. Sportsmen. 8W0‘?

NATURAL IIBOUICIS B! II. LUDLOW JINIINS. IIABSIIFIILD. (Continued) have little effect if the breeding-

commissions and various Officials now attempted to throw on the, drought all the blame for the, waterfowl shortage. 3l>9Tl5Yll°ll5 niaunzuizcs liublrhed mfl1l.‘{’l1l‘llfl'-'5v during was. 10h. and 19h. Clfl-t-j ing to show by 101105 "ml gum“ that waterfowl shortage WM Qflllied bv drought and drainage. During the hearings before the U. S. Scn- ate special Committee on Con"- scrvation of Wild Life Rcsoirces. April, I932, the leading sportsmen of the countrgv testified that the chief czflrscs of the waterfowl shoa- age were drought, drainage. lmfl the advancuntnl of ClVlllZJllQIL A few courageous conservationists testified concerning tlic 091'“?- iive killing by the so-callcd spor .1- incn " _ 1 To-day, fcw people bchcvc -ll€ drought was the chief cause of tic waterfowl shortage. It has bctn estimated that eighty-five pcr cell: of the waterfowl t... t, frr¢lllf"-‘-_l_lh~ United States are r s-cd nauwl. 0f Ithe Crmndlnn border. Tin-ugh the drought destroyed man‘: of lvl-e ncstiurz arcns of the nu: licrn L51“ ltecl States and southcrn Caiizlua. the vast marshes ffifl.“.fl‘ rorln m Canada and Alaska were ilnizmrh- ed by drought.Govcrnnientofficmls tell us that much of ihl5. cnormou. breeding territory. with 1L5 flDlllld-l ant inscci. lit-e and its lllXlaflflllll‘

growth cf plant food. is now oncqgrcatly on water levels. Hence, in fonds

a given locality. it may kill a great__rusli cv c - SL111 mmalh vast arcas of dcsr- 1 number of birds cme year, and vcry caiinz m withom| fcw the ncxt. An estimated 200,- Mfmly pfrFf birds to occupy ll. Wrilc i-n re 1.1m 000 ducks died from botuliism in asthma whrn various drought, was a cintribiltltig l 1932 in the Boar Raver Migratory pwygmpq “r0 factor in wlfcrfnvll Slluftflgf, n. was Bird Refllsc- In some wars slnre drmriruff. s»...

tenth to one-third utilizcd. Thcl"_‘|

able brcrding tcrrltnrl’

nci. a main cause. ADVANCE 0F CIVIIIZATION

I The advance of civilization has; bcen put forward us a mnior cause of waterfowl shortage. It is true‘ thnt ns man moved lntn ncw terri- tories, ("caring and draining lhc: land, many v luuble breediny arc-is rvlsre tieslroycd. or made unhl for ducks nnzi c-zese. But there still re- main. as already noted, larpc breeriinq territories where there is no lonflrer a sufficient breadirrz- HCOCP While a reviucllm in bre-‘dv in: territories will influence the

number of waterfowl under ordin-

w. it vzztunu

an ' Minn-fl nlicvn when.

stock of birds is more rapidly re- duced than Ll the total breeding area.

DRAINAGE

Decades before 1930, man's de- sire to have larger farms more till- able soil, and larger crops, had brought about a "manmade" drought in the northern great plains. Millions of acres of marsh- es and wet soils were drained in the hope of obtaining arable land. Many of these projects were fall- ures, producing little land for farm use. The loss to wild life in valu- abie resting, feeding. and breeding areas, however, is beyond calcula- tion. At great cost, attempts are now being made to return some of this former swamp land to its or- iginal condition.

But drainage, like drought, was but a contributing factor to the shortage of’ waterfowl. Drainage was carried on only in the agri- cultural distrlcts, not in the ‘iast breeding territories in the north These are still untouched by shovel and ditcher.

DISEASES AND PARASITES

During the past few years, waz- erfowl diseases and parasites have been extensively studied. Autopsics have been made upon many ducks and geese found dead in the field. We have learned that the birds are subject to numerous diseases, and in some cases drought, drainage, heat. and cold have intensified the dangers of certain maladies.

laud-poisoning. lead-poisoning is caused by the absorption of lead shot swallowed by ducks. It be- comes increasingly clear that lead- poisoning is the most widespread and important cause of’ waterfowl fortality, next to the direct kiil by hunters. It is only recently that the seriousness of the disease has been measured.

In favorabla shooting areas,

By PETIEII, EIISON Editor, NEA Service

great quantities of shot accumulate and remain for gears on the h;t- tom of marshes and lakes, a deut- ly menace r0 dnrks. This makes a death-trap of every shooting- grouncl, and shows the absuixiiry o.‘ permitting shooting within sanctu- aries. In the past, baiting increas- ed the destruction by concentrat- ing the birds where there is crust. danger from lead-poisoning. l Most waterfowl feed chiefly at the bottom, and while digging into the mud for seeds and tubers or for the gravel necessary to aid in grinding hard foods in the gizzards, they often find and swallow lead shot which has dropped into the water during previous shootingd Such shot. usually remains in the gizzard, and is slowly ground down and the lead absorbed into the blood stream. Experiments have shown that. six shot (size No 6* are almost. always enough to kill a duck in this way. while three or four will often do so. 1 How widespread is the occurrence of lead-poisoning? It is difficult to say, but recent records show that, it occurs very commonly. Redheads, canvasbacks. scaups, and ringnecks are affected most often because they feed in deeper water. Ova." 3.000 gizzards of these ducks ex- amined by the U. S. Biological Survey revealed lead shot in 15.88‘ per cent. In Minnsota, examinations showed 12 per cent containing shot, ’ The shallow-feeding ducks, such as mallards, pick up shot less often,

but. even in this species the Biological Survey from 2.4 pel T cent containing shot while the: ;_

study of a smaller number of blrdsl in Minnesota showed 7 per cent, containing shot. l

_It is true that most of these birds contained only one shot in their gizznrds, and one or two shot "Q 110l- llkell’ to cause death, but eXDeriments by Professor Swanson at the University of~ Minnesota sow that even a single’ 8110b Will cause a marked reduction in the number of eggs a duck willl lay, and will affect the sterility of

those which are laid. l ‘

At the University of Minnesota, a

graduate student, Osmer, examined} ’ a large number of lakes to see| K

ho\v much lead shot was available to ducks on their bottoms. In lakes‘ which were open to hunting. the average was higher than one shot to each 3 square feet of lake bot- tom. The same was true in 3i lakes where there had been no hunting for 5 years, which shows that the shot does not. disappear. but in SOme lakes may accumulate yenr after ycar. Heron Lake, n famous duck lake in southwestern Minnesota has a clay bottom cov- ered with only 3 to 4 inches ' mud, so that the shot has lime opportunity to be covered so that it will be unavailable to the ducks, Here the 36 samples taken showedl more than one shot per square foot,‘ of lake battcm. Is it any wonder that ducks in such a lake swallow shot. and that hundreds of them die in this manner each year? I