~ aunt, and a ems . gfffpifinu were dead (meaning

APRIL g1. 124°

'- NEWSY

NOTES -

o: seiucoaa

i}

As I LOOK BACK t2) w, in Old England three aw-

m-g of a century ago seems P91‘-

! “zilarums -"s‘.¥'",,.”“.i.s present day. In the “ca; districts we lived pre-emin-

M.“ "at. our fireside." Noth- e itéilifge which has come over’ $3 one particular. f

tilt" a mile from the

ii "ed l ' ‘amt ‘and the household 003-! t ‘wed of five DQ150115. my F5160;

"ll as two maid-ser- 3%,?" f: gardener came three

"moons n week to see to tiie gar- den), The family was in easy cir-

umataiices though riot wealthy. ‘lid the house had eight room-ll. B1 am, fll-(Ppiacaa, for the Northum- w,“ winter was sometimes very "Vere, For a blessing we were negr a fllillf‘, whence it was easy

ocure coal. But think a mo- ‘gent: if a lire was needed in the bedroom say. that coal had to be “mm upstairs in a coal-scuttle or “ck”, by main stNIlBT-h- o!‘ 11' one wanted a morning or 9V9 W11, the wntcr had to be carrle up to the UPKiYOOIII in a heavy can (SOmQK-ilillt! like what we call a .sp,.,,,k1¢,--'. and poured into a hip- balh hauled out from its lair 1n the clmel; for there were no ra- n]... batii-TOQXIIS those dayfl- A1- most everv thing was done by hu- man labor. that is noiv done by mechanical mvllils. Well t0 the “ighiilg of the clothes; which goes to show wily such a small family was obliged to keep two ser- m“.

Eyefybgdry was heavily over- drcssed. according to modern stan- duds; ivhvtlicr it was necessary 01’ not, 1 cannot pretend to say. though liicre may have been an ex- cuse for it in the good old-fashion- gd winters o: long ago. But it made hi; "washings," and gave the Northumhrian rhymeslers a chance g, v91“, their feelings in homely

8915:1119 lagucs a poor man meets Aiang ilPES weary lva , _ may; nyen among em a that

beats A rainy weshin’ day; m it's thump! thump! souse! scrub; scrub alvlll’! g _ ‘fliers nowt but. glumpin’ i the house Upon a wcshiri‘ day.

Tho clothes went into a. big -tub“ instead of a washing machine. and the dirt was beaten out of LilClIl by IIICRIIS Of l "POSS- stiek." s, kind of wooden dasher weighing several pounds. and hiiv- ing a cross-handle to wield it b . It was a cod imitation of g a "one-man eetle" tior repairing roads) mentioned by Shakespeare; and it says s, good deal for the staying power of those old North- umbrian heroines that they could thump! thump! for hours at a

a.

One of the elementary needs of a household is an abundant sup- ply of water. We had three ways of meeting the demand. The rain water from the eaves-trough was 10d info a WISE zliic tank just un- der the roof. whence it was plaid to the back-kitchen sink: but s su was for obvious reasons, no to be relied on. Better was the supply from the brook which run through the corner of the garden, and was used for most household W056! except drinking or cook-

. The drinking water was car- ried from a pretty little spring. flowing from a domed ‘structure which served to keep cattle from ""1108 ll. But it was at least. half a mile away. probably more! The 1011i Who used the "well" as they 9111611 it. had evolved a proper llilllilmont for carrying the water. Plum the blacksmith they procur-

an iron hoop about 30 inches in diameter, made of stout round iton. rho water-carrier laid the hoop on the ground, and stepped 101° 1t. while holding a water- bucliet in each hand. The hoop W“ llflvd and placed on the buc- kets on the inner side of the bail handles. A rope, witii an iron hook a“ 9091i 011d. rnii across the shoul- trs o! the betizcr, and those hooks ‘were attached to the bucket hand- 95. Wlirn the nearer straightened 11P- tlle wnolc rig was lifted from itleitlrouiid. The rope took the sra n from the arms. and the hoop 1199f the buckets from the legs. 1'0 urcvont splashing, a thin disc ‘$117350 lloil-lvd in each bucket. bur lilo servants brought in four ‘Wilme- Wlllcll was usually enough “Slarleirlle days simply of drinking

W11 didn't we put down a “$11K W611. iii a milling district. mural? hhlfllviis to be an under- fne 191101-111. it goes down into m iliearesr, miiic instead of flow- siil ioiizontaily ns our-g do, our 1”"! 0i‘ well was n solitary ex- ception. and seemed to have its glngllatih ‘a_1ll11 to the northward:

Slflfld a largo community “m bccn used for hndurges in other parts of Eng. m 0;" llt- would have been a failure w‘ ‘61991011- As the County Couli- canledqlilcd more authority, they Duh" atiter-niaitis along all the m éflfhll-‘l flllil forced household- mmw fad branch-pipes itito all me use icuses. ‘liicn they banned we "W" H11 Sllljlngs and well, in B“, ‘lzablllslliss (In tiic public tieaith. m“ or. Orig after the Lme I

louse!

113°»3?‘..l1l‘;‘.l’..“l..li°...ii’.ltié‘l“‘i.l aléflwwked. The “going n, the m,‘ I “i! brvak iii the iitonotcny venture-c “P” m" "will “"1 "'3' “m! or. as it lied been since i-he mowed “Rebekah! And one lhing e5 one. l,“ $110 place was a covet- M m. "tfiilfill one of the servants or . cg kiflltlfliéd. it was a alsuar yummy us ii who applied for the mm c. These servants came 1.0-, m "ifllfrland. and their dia- m“: mil frlnt from ours. was a norlirce of interest and

u. _ who to the small boy afore- i; m“ a qlliickly learned to speak med as“ Vi‘. Tne servants were Wm mil members of the fun- mep"cn_ ‘filed-val care), with one , ‘mm- 19!’ had their meals in m, mm k when. while we used I ‘3"°°m~ It was the cus-

o ‘m’ d" ""1 Place. and was

l I

m‘ wwunwd m ‘hi’ will! deroga- all“? Biggie servants. Thgy nap,“

ess i r resembled Wm; glrlxelmlfi/alty which the Highland clans, s ems a di."

the beslmilnvee OISaVI-hgeliallggeitigwgggf tllrv when an intense devotion to

' g n home-life. and at the end self took its lace. ', 3a,, day we found our amuse-

In op i are» i322... .5595‘... ‘idem:

5 me more forcibly than but there was p,“ cider method o!

announ i 1i . a few giggésavigfietfrlsaliislg hoes’ hi‘ refer to the “knocked. I. mflvlbe "tut-WW w say that this was a "1"!" 111ml “slrlkerz attached gut-h! door. with which the caller t a tattoo announcing his ar- rival. Much could be written con- cerning these peremptory gadgets, but 1 will confine myself to two in. stances. When I first arrived in

aide at the city. It was said to have some historical interest, but w my Tent regret I made no re- cord of t at the time, and now the wholecthmg has escaped my mem. ory. a ad about ui‘ii"'i'.'¥i§§i<e."<§§-‘“Fl¥p§.‘,‘°fi lbml called it? If I am not mis- takienitwasintheahapeofa. garland or chaiplet.

I go far afield for the other in-

woe. It is the huge bronze knocker on the north door o: tire great Norman Cathedral at Dur-

am. llmglarui. This "Sanctuary Klloclwr" was a monstrous head of a rather tlirrlsn appearance. from whose aws depended a big ring that ac the part of the "strik- er". géiewheadl was holcllow to ac- oomm a am, were filled vTith pat-all‘, id? eyes ltroyed. but the

ain kn

m . to date from AD. i152. and is the chief survival of the rivilege of sanctuary which the c urch once possessed. This privilege was bas- ed upon tlie cities of refuge or- dalncd in Numbers 35. ll; and any criminal who reached and seized that rin ahead of the "avenger of blood’. was able to claim the DPWKOJOH o! the church from the secular law, until the matter was properly straightened out. Two m occupied a chamber over the door. night and day. to receive such as nought sanctuary. Old writers give some very curious ac- counts of the "ref ees". but enough has been said of the mat- ter, for the present.

LUPINS AS SOIL IMPROVE!!!

The yellow lupin (Lupinus luieus) has, for at least a century. been used to improve the wom- out lands of France; and so I sent across for some seed to see if it would adapt itself to our rather harsher climate, and to study it in other ways. As it is an annual there was no trouble in getting it. to germinate. and soon I had a row of bushy plants. from 18 to 24 inchm high. Had they been plow- ed down at this poin they would have reatly added to the humus conten of the soil. ‘Iliei-e m the lupins than that, how- ever; on digging a couple of them up, the roots were seen to be~ thick- ly studded with clay-colored tuber- cles. as large. and almost as round. as marbles. These nodules are the homes oi’ countless hosts of bac- teria. which extract nitrogen from tha air and wtput into the ground; thus. thout any expense to the grower, enriching his soil with a dressing of the most tostly of all fertilizers.

When finally they broke into bloom. it was easy to see that they were a "species", lacking the state- itness of the garden lupins. 'I‘iie spikes were short and of a bright buttercup yellow. but the delight- ful scent more than made up for the deficiency in height. That year only about half the seed was .ipe before the frost struck in; n. very usual event when a plant comes from a country where the season is longer. This, however. gave me a, start for the next year, and by a process of selection the Pemlli- age of ripened seed has steadily grown till the unripeiiod seed is practically negligible.

That fall I saved a few of the root-nodula. dried off the surface moisture, and corked them down in a wide-mouthed bottle. which was stored in a frost-proof closet. By next spring they had turned to a snuff-colored powder, which I mix- ed with water and used to "b10011- late" the seed before sowing. Most legumes grow better if inoculated. and many kinds of suitable bac- teria are on sale commercially.

Though the experiment was a success. as far as firowing the lu- Dins was eaoéilcerne , Hinelver 5g? round m ng a prac ca use it. Prof. E. L Eaton, (at that time connected with the moerlmenial station, charlottetown), last year. dealt with that aspect of the mat- ter in an excellent magazine article which I have pleasure in briefly summarizing;-

Lupins are more suitable for acid soils than are clover, peas. beans. or soybeans; and 91F- perience was, the richer the soil, the poorer the lupins. Sandy 5011 gave good growth. Early seedi is preferable as the plants are no easily injured by frost. when lu- pins are grown to be plowed down, the plowin should be done late. gs early powing tends to cause rapid decay and oss of nitrogen.

Some varieties of lupins. says Prof. Eaton, contain a bitter alka- loid which mans them unpalatable to live stock; but European D1891" breeders have evolved a strain whichis free from mic bitter flavor and the seeds form a satisfactory protein substitute for part of the fish meal or meat scrap ration fur poultry. etc, '?One farmer in Nova Bcotia grew around 100 bushels of sweet iupins in i939 and reports ex- cellent resuits as fed in mixtures to cattle."

A series of experiments was car- ried out lo determine the value of plowing down lupin: where potatoes c" “i s... s.“ ‘ii..."l‘..‘;’“’“' YOU‘. II . . pll‘ acre of 0-9-10 M25112! was a - to the ‘tow land ind t e

re to came u. light. The land from whence lupins had been harvested the previous year. produced I98 bushels of potatoes oei- lore: the land where the lu ins had been plowed down the pre us fell, gave D1 buahela nor acre.

WEEKLY LIVESTOCK _ MARKET REPORT

Ottawa. April 18 SUMMARY

(II-tile Prices were inclined to be irregular during the past week. Buyers were endeavouring to erase some of the gait-is made in the pre- vious week. and steers and heifers sold from 10c to 25c lower at maj- or markets. Cows, on the other hand. lloved to bethe bright spot. on the market and sold 25c strong- er at Toronto. Better prices on United States markets served to take a greater number of Canadian cattle across the line. Calves we-e steady to stronger under a keen export demand. By the end of the Week. however. most or the gains made at Montreal were wiped out. Lambs were general‘; steady. ex- cept at Winnipeg where an advance of 25c was recorded. due to soar- city of supplies. On receipt of advice from the United Kingdom. that no ediate increase in bacon sup- plies from Canada would be re- quired. the hog market reacted downward. Closing prlcfs ivere any- where from 25c to 00c below the high time of the week.

Eastern Cattle lllarkels Butcher cows made an early gain of 25c at ‘TORONTO and held it to the close. At the same time, how- ever. steers and heifers dropped 10c to 15c under a fairly heavy offer- ing. Weighly stccrs so'd generally up to $7.25, with one top lot at $7.40 while butcher steers and heifers closed at $6.25 to $7, with tops at $7.25. The high on butcher cows was $6. Cattle prices at MON- TREAL were about 25c higher. and demand was good at the increased prices. Good steers sold mostly at $7.50 to $7.75, with a top of $7.90 recozded. Cows made up to $6. Light receipts of the better grades of cat- tle eieated a keen demand and held prices firm on these in the MARI- TIMES. and good to choice steers brought $7 to $7.50. Prices softened. however. on heavier marketings of plain and fair types.

Western Cattle Marketa Cattle trade proved very spotty at Winnipeg. Cows advanced fully 25c but httfcliei" steers and heifer-s worked 15c to 25c lower. Moderate deliveries after Monday served to check any appreciable decline. The market continues sensitive to daily volume of receipts. The better grades of steers made $6.75 to $7 at WIN- NIPEG. and most other slaughter steers from $6 to $6.50. The trade could use more slackers if _'.TIS.V were offered at the moment. Feshy feeders sold at $6 and aanve. CAL- GARY was active on a light supply. with good butcher cattle fully 25c stronger. Gnod butcher steers made $6.50 to $6.75. and choice lights $7 to $7.50. EDMONTON was active at firm rates and mild $6.75 to $7 for good to choice light butcher steers. Elsewhere. prices were steady to a shade firmer. with too steers 1t PRINCE ALBERT and MOOSE JAW making $6.50. REGINA $7.00. SASKATOON $7. and VANCOU- VER $7.25 -

United States ltliirkct Buffalo absorbed over 1.000 Ca- nadlan cattle last week-end at pri- ces estimated to be 25c to 50c above the previous ivceksakis were mostlv

with a top load at. $10. This weeks sales of Canadians ivcre on a fed and watered basis at $7.75 to s9. Mondavs and Tucsdaws saiPs were 25c lower than the previous week- end, but nevertheless looked about 15c i0 25c better than riccs ruling at Toronto. Latrsl. quo ntions from St. Paul placed good heavy Cana- dian steers at $9, and a load of bulls at $6.60.

Exports to the United States dur- in the week consisted of 3,288 beef ca tie. 221 dairy. an; 1,214 calves. Totals to date this year are 28.018 beef, 2.423 dairy. and 12.385 calves compared with 57.788 beef. 2.913 dairy. and 19.872 calves in the cor- responding eriod of 1939. Exports from April st to April 18th. under the second quarterly quota, were 8.663 beef cattle as iicainst 20.313 in the corresponding period of last

year. Calf Prices Stronger _A good 210M demandwkept calf

Land with no lupins, but with the 0-8-10 fertilizer. gave only 161 bushels of potatoes, The results of all the experiments went to show that the potatoes secured as iiiiich nitrogen as they needed, from the residue of the lupiiis.

A blue lupin iLupinus august!- Qolius) has also been used in Nova Sootia with some success; but Prof. Eaton is cnieful to olnt out that the final place 0f tiese plants in the farming program of the pro- vince can only be settled by farm- ers themselves after further years of experience. As I said of soy- beans "It is one thing to grow a new field crop, and quite another thing to make the best use of it when you've grown it." All be- ginnings are difficult, Ls an o.d classical saying.

LIME AS A PRESERVATIVE

There seems to be a hint worth taking, in the experience of a fnrmer vt-iio had some trouble with his chimney. It. was on the "cen- tre peak" of his roof. and owing to the use of bad mortar on the first occasion. was rebuilt twice iii a comparatively short spam! 01 time. At each rebuilding a. cer- tain amount of mortar rolled down the roof: which oi course al- ways happens] The rain washed it in, and in effect. 119d 8111"‘ matically whitewashed a stripe of shingles from the chimney to the caves. When later tire roof had to be renewed. the shingles were [Qund to he greatly decayed-ail but. the whitewashed strip which the farmer estimated would have been good for another ten years. As times go it is costly land some to be more so) to e feci. repairs. and anything which will lengthen the lifc of material, well deserves consideration; especially when the means are simple and cheaP- W9 should not perhaps, like to see our roofs aparkingwwhlte. but the lime- wash could- colored with um- ber. ochre. or burnt sienna, nil earthy materials furnishing shades of brown or yellow. Little has been attempted so far in colorlnfl limewash. but our folk are bell"- nim to experiment it is pleasant to note. and as time oes on they will evolve better tec nflfafllll.

on off ca!" wclchis at. $8.50 to $0.75. '

suited in easier prices on

iqus and

_'!.'H_F. CHARLOTTETOWN GUARDIAN

Canadian Garden Service 1940 By coupon LINDSAY SMITH

Val-My of Flowers

Not even in oil aintiri is i - Siblfl t0 36f. I p c010? "ed llhv amateur gardener in a few__ ten cent packets of f ower seeds. It .5 this infinite variety lus the Jatiafa/ction of creative wor which makes gardening so fascinating. There are vaiying huefiimpoggiblq to describe. there are di erent tex- tufe-L height-i. seasons of bloominif. In the tiniest plot one can have an Bllflfmous ranflfi- By adding a few stones and easing up on the 1.059, in one corner one may have a rock giggen: by gxcavaltlng u nlole, lining concre e or iuerey sinking a crook flush withthe surface of the soil. lo. we have a. lily pool. One can do wonders with flowers alone. but; still more amazing results will follow where we combine flow- ei's skillfuly with ass, winding walks. shrubbery an bits of stone wonk. In this combining, however we must take care not reproduce a jungle. Flowers and ahrubbery must not be so crowded that they become spndlv and weak. Little flowers must not be hidden by tall things like fu‘l size mari- goids. cosmos or nnias. Beds must be so arranged that we can kee down weeds and remove fldihg foil- age. Above all we must remember

prices sarong at Toronto, and choice veals made $10.50 to $11. with a few $811.50. Montreal gained 50c in the early part of the week. out lost most of it by the close, when the bulk of the sacs were made between $5.50 and $6.25. Winnipeg was higher, with the top at $8.50. The high point at Calgary was $9.50. Edmon- ton ancl Saskatoon $8.50. Prince Albert $7.25, Moose Jaw $7.50. and Regina $8.

flog Prices Close Lower

Hog prices early in the week re- turned to the levels which had ore- vailed for a considerable time past, hut information received from the United Kingdom, to the effect that no immediate increase in bacon supplies from Canada would be re- quired. served to send prices tol considerably lower levels by the close of trading. At Toronto. bec- ons closed at $8.50 off trucks and $11.25 dressed. Similar declines were recorded on direct deliveries h n1 ckinz plants throughout Ontario. The bulk of the hogs at Montreal sold at $9.40 for bacons, fed and watered. but the tone was much weaker by the close, with prices not deflnitelv established. Winnipeg worked clown to $8 for bacons. fed and watered: while Calgary closed at $7.90 off trucks: Edmonton $7.75 Prince Albert. and Saskatoon $7.70; and Moose Jaw and Regina $7.75. .'=.lriw'~'ec bogs at Vancouver brought $8.75.

Lambs Generally Unchanged Lamb vecelots were light at Tc» ronto and prices unchanged at sli).75 for cocci Westerns and locals. Mon- trecl paid up to s10 each for some ca'ly sprfng lambs. Winnipeg was stronger on a small supolv and had 20nd "ambs at $9.75 to $10. Calgary had a few lambs at $9.25, and tops at Edmonton. Moose Jaw and Saska- toon were $9.

CATTLE PQARKETS TORONTO movti a supply of 6.- 067 cattle, with butcher colvs hold- lng a gain of 25c. while steers and heifers closed 10c to 15c down. Opening trade was active but the market slowed before the close. Weicliiy steers were mostly $6.75 to $7.25. a top lot $7.40. and but/sh- ers- clo-ni-l at $8.25 to $7. with tops $7.25. Fed calves closed lower. with most sales $7.50 to $8.50. Butcher cows brought $4.50 to $6. canners and cutters $3.50 to $4.25. and bulls $5 to $6. A few lots of western stockers moved out at $6.65. and some native feeders at $6.85. Milken: and s“"""'crs sold Porn a general lop of $80 down to $50 each.