MAY 3, 1950

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(THE ED UCA TIONAL HORIZON

PRESENTING NEWS A

ND VIEWS

IMPROVEMENT IN EDUCATION

OF INTEREST T0 TEACHERS AND ALI. OTHERS SEEKING

Ibeiicve in boys and girls. the

en and women of a great tomor- nw. that whatsoever ' the boy :.,,;th the man shall reap.

Ibelleve in the curse of ignor-

,,,; in the efficacy of schools; 0., dignity of teaching; and in me jay of serving others. I be- lieve In wisdom as revealed in hu- mm lives as well as in the pages .t the printed book: In lessons might. not so much by precept as b.9x.1mple: in ability to work with the hands fls well as to think vim mp head; in everything that makes life large and lovely. -

ibelicve in beauty in the school- mm; in the home: in daily life um out of doors.

ibrllrve In laughter; in love; in

PHYSICAL

Mofvlonn of the Earth

'm Rotation:-turns on its all! ,.-..-y 24 hours (How this causes gsy and night are rcndlly shown mm it glohc).

tat ilcvoliitlon:-trnvcin com- ptgtcly nround the sun once each year. (Here again the globe is used to show the constant slope at the nxis. and how this causes dificrcnt poles to he turned to- wards the sun. thus causing the seasons.)

Solar System. The solar system 1, cniiiposcfl chiefly of the planets. which nre sccn -in thc sky ns stcntiy. shining iitzhts, liccausc thcy arc lirttitcd by the sun. as is the earth. Not many of them can be W-n without it tcloscopc. A bright stoning siar. sccn just nftcr sun- set. may he the piunot Venus. A wry largo stnr. siiinim: with 1 brluhi. stcntiy light and sliiftimz about nmonr: illp other sinrs from night to night. is probably the ,1”... plnnct Jupitcr. while it red- dish mlnrcd stor S('f'l1 in the cast- ern skics iliirin: mitl-wlnicr is almost sure In be our nnzir neigh-

bor. Mars. The plnncts 7ll)l')(-"if briclu tilso hcc.-iuso they are much rt:-sirrr to us than Iirc thc rcnl "stars". which twinkle. (Those n"c

thoiicht to he suns. like our sun. evrii niiich l.'ii't!('r. uivinr: Nit iii??? null litzltl. Alihoiicli ihcy nrc miltiii iirgcr tlinn lilo pl.-incis. iii'''-' are mmy tiioitsziiitls of times forth. or :iii"iy. nnrl of cnllixcn are not pziri at nnr solar system.)

The names of the planets we hi r-ury. Venus. lT:irI.ii. Mars, .Tu- pi r, Snturn. llrnnus. Ncptunc ml Pluto. ninc in all. linrli re- vii.'.-.- nrouitil the sun as does iii” mt-iii and onch has fl riciinitc pniii nr -ti-iiit. While tho ciirtli izikcs shut 365 days in moltn its joiirney. iiw other pirmcts range from nl)0'II 5:: an; (5,. Nforoury to I65 yr-or-: tn Neptune nnri '2-i7 yours for liluivi. The c:irili'fs; nvcrnrzo dis- t.mr.- from the sun is about 35'. million miles. Mcrcury (35 mil- lion miles) and Vcnus (67 mil- lion miles) are ncnrcr to the sun. (ii? is their orbits nre inside -if on-v But, the other six nlnncis Ii:-n from 1 1-2 to 40 timcs further lii"ii, and some of mom therefore mils: have huizn nrhiis. Since Piiiio is 3.670 million miles from um sun. It is not much wonder that he takes so many yours to co around it. As compared with the A'l"iil'S rotntlnvi ncrlnd of 2-1 hours Int wrtunlly 23 hours. 56 minutes. 4i seconds). Mtirs rotnics in ni- mm the some time. most of the olhcr: rotate in I) hours or loss. but 3.1:-rrury takes about I-W drivs Thu: it rotates on Us nxis onil' on:-r while it makes its journey arniinti the sun or its revolution. Tilv rotation period of Venus is still uncertain. and that of Pluto iv still unknown. Conccrnlnx! slzc. Pluto is thought to ho about the liimn size (is the cnrih. Mcrcitr.V- Venus. rind Mars nrc smnllcr. 'Mcr- Filry hcinr: only nhoiit :Ul(i7 fl! i'ii”:t- .-is the cnrth in volume. win-i-ens the other five planet: are mnnv times larger than the t-nrih.

the inrrrnst. Jupitcr. hcing morn tlmn 1300 times its large. It is thnzitzlit that on most of the

ltitncts. life as we know it could not exist. us they 'hnve infcnsc iicit rind no atmosphere. liivirs and one or two o tho others may be cxconilons to his.

in addition to the planets and "to smaller bodlcs or snlclitns (n")4')iIii which trnvcl nrounrl them. "in solnr system incliirlr-s many thousands of mclcors or "shorti- in: stars". some of which often r-nmo into the onrih'.: ntmosphnrq ")4 no on fire. nlso ccrtnin com:-'s Wiiirh cross through among the plnnnti at regular lntcrvols. travel- linvz on thclr own routes or orbits

Polo Star (or Polaris) is the

IN EACH SENTENCE CRO

THE TEACIIEWS CBEED

faith; in all ideals and distant hopes that lure us on. I believe that every hour of ev- ery day we receive a Just reward for all We are and all we do. I believe in the present and its opportunities; in the future and its promises: and in the divine joy of living. E. O. Grover. He that loveth a book will never want: a faithful frined. s. whole- some counselor, a cheerful com- panion. and an efficient comforter. Errors. like straws. upon the sur- face flow; He who would search for must dive below.

Our greatest (1017 consists not in never falling. but in rising every time we fall.

SCIENCE

pearls

(Nature Course. Group 2, Second Year)

North Star. and II named as such because It is in line wtih the axis of the earth. that in it stands di- rectly or nearly directly above the north pole. It can always be found in the northern sky by tracing out the line of the two stars of the Big Dipper farthest from the handle. Sometimes the Dipper may be upside down. but these two stars, called the "pointers" always point to the North Star or Polaris. Its position makes Polaris very

vnluable to navigators, both In ships and in aeroplanes. The Big Dipper as mentioned

above is a group of stars or a constellation shaped very much like a dipper. It is scientifically nzimcd Ursa Major (or the Big Bear). and consists of seven starn. including the "Pointers" mention- cd.

(Pupils should learn to find both "tlIppers” and north star).

The Little Dipper is the constel- lntion Ursa Minor (the Little Bear). It includes six stars, form- ing a longer and narrower group than the Big Dipper. It is quite cusily found from the North Star. us Polaris is the brightdst star of this constellation.

The Moon revolves in its orbit. around the earth. It is therefore known as a satciite or the Iatellte of the earth. although it is by no means the only satelite of the solar systom. several of the other planets having Ll number of them. notably Jupiter, which has nine known sutcliics. Like the planets. the moon shines by reflecting the light of the sun. Of course we can see only that part. of the lighted face which is turned towards the earth. Sometimes we can see little or none of this lighted part; at other times. more particularly when the moon is in that part of its orbit on the direct opposite side of the earth from the sun, we see all of the lighted part. and thus have full moon. The moon rotates Very slowly on its axis. turning around only once during its journey of ap- proximately 28 day: around the earth. The diameter of the moon is about 1-4 that of the earth. to that the earth is really between 64 and 80 times as large as the moon. Although the moon looks much larger and brighter than any of the planets we can see. it is really very much smaller than most of them. and of course many thousands of times smaller than

the sun, although it often looks larger. We must remembe . though, that the moon is much

nearer to us than any of the other hcnvcnly bodies. for. as we said before. it. is a satellte of the earth. If the moon were away-out amonl the planets. it is so tiny that of course we could not see it at all.

The surface of the moon is very rough. with many mountains and huge craters. some of them form- ing what we see as "the man ii) the moon." These can be Ieen clearly and beautifully through even a small telescope. There is no water or air on the mom!-

As everyone knows. the moon helps to cause tides. so that the highest tides of each month are near the times of new moon and full moon. when the sun and ")9 moon help each other. by pulling in the same direction. Although many people think that th! moon affects the weather. scientists. In spite of careful observation. have not yet discovered that it doe!-

(Note: The information contain- ed herewith need not all be given to pupils, but should serve as a background of knowledge for the teacher. and enable her to awaken interest and answer some of the questions which may come uP Drawings should be used to show relative sizes and positions of the planets.)

ss our rm: mponnncr

FORM GIVEN IN BRACKETS

the was

1. The (effect. affect) on family of my announcement "Wt surprising.

7- My brother was (all together.

altogether) '(to. two, too) polite '0 he normal. 3. Father (nlwnyn. all ways)

Domes to my rescue and (rffccts. W001!) in victory for my side. 4 "Yes. you are (a likely. an ID” student in "math". agreed 335- "But just (leave. let) me "mind you that you are usually (to. too. two) busy to help Miss Emwn (accept. except) on days When Mary helps (to. two. too.")

5- I could (of. have) hurled is slate at my brother, but as 1 '”"0!iy (never. ever) come out them! in bottles with him. I re- ""ilincd myself. I

5 The other evening. Ii"? enough, he asked me if it would ii" iniright. all right) for Mary to h"”'0)V my bicycle.

7. I (burst. hunted) out lanth- lng at his airiof seriousness.

3. These trees we shall (horde. hoard) until we have made (met- tle. metal), (axis. nu) Ihlfb enough to cut. a (bored. b0II'd)-

9. I shnll keep (won. on) (pro. 0.,-, o'er) so put (ore. our. car) the mantel to remind me of four. hour) adventure.

10. when we have grown) old and grey. We (ring. wring) (tiers. tel") 970'" the (ayes. cw!) 01 0)" m""" with the (tall. tale) of our (crew. cruise. cruse) to the desert (aisle. I'll. isle).

11. I've (herd. heard) that it (fleas. flees) at the (tilt. Ii!!- sight) of a gun. but we shall he unarmed.

12. After (berrying. burylnl) the beast. we shall (exorcise. exercise) our (muscle. mussel) by pulling up trees by the (roots. routes). Be friendly in disagreement.

(groan. snail

READING TEST

1- Have you ever wondered why Mme days were long and lame Iimrt? The earth's axis in inclilI'-id --5 degrees from the perpendicu- I''- Now when the North Pole is inclined toward the sun. the any: 1" ihe Northern Hemisphere are linker than tn. hightl:.nnd when "ic.North Pole is inclined away (Om the sun. the days are short-

days and nights would be ctlllli everywhere.

1. The earth's axis is not exact- ly up;-igm or perpendicular, in- cllned. eqilll. ionf- A.

2. In which I-lemlspbcrc II III! United States? Eastern. South"!!- Norlhern. both Northern and Southern.

.1. Copy one word In the above

fr thiin the nights. If the axis at "0 cnrth were pcrpcndlculnr. the

pnragrnph meaning iiPl)9ii 0? 9"i' ('(i. p

4. The main thought of this paragraph is: (a) Length of nights and days; (b) the North Pole and the sun; (c) Northern Hemisphere; (d) Earth's axis.

II. The diseases caused by fun- gl and bacterial growth can be controlled by careful tiiling of the soil. by roper aeration of infect- ed roll. a d by fumigation to de- stroy the germs. The successful farmer is glad to let science help him fight, the enemies of his plants.

1. Soil is often infected with till- ing. science. germs. fumigation.

One of bile conditions upon which British Columbia. on July 1st. 1871. entered Confederation was that, within ten years I rail- road should be completed binding the Pacific Province to Lake Hu- ron.

The Government had at first in- tended to build the line itself. but afterwards decided to employ a private company. The Govern- ment was accused of dishonesty in connection with the granting the contract. Sir John A. Mac- Donald nnd his Shvernmont went down to defeat and Alexander MacKenzie and his party took over the reins of government. MacKen- zle would hear of nothing but in government-owned railroad and of- fered to British Columbia a wagon- road and telephone line. and a rail- road to be built as finances per- mitted.

British Columbia was not satis- fied with thls and threatened to withdraw from the Dominion. How- ever. another election resulted in the return of Sir John A. MacDon- aid and his Party. -

The new government immediate- ly set about to carry out its bar- gain with British Columbia. The

3 rm

2. The results of science can be applied to enemies. plants. science. agriculture.

3. Copy one word in the above paragraph meaning supplying with air or gas.

4. The main thought of this paragraph is: (5) Plant diseases; (b) aeration of infected soils; (c) how science fights plant disease; (d) fumigation of germs.

A High School student, who. doesn't do homework. has as much chance II a woodpecker making a

. nest in a concrete telephone pole.

THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY

in 1880. its chief members being Sir Donald Smith and Lord Mount- stephen.

Never did flitanciers more boldly stake their all upon the hazard uf success: never did politicians plan a holder enterprise in bolder con- fidence. The government turned over to the company 700 miles of government built line. and gave 325,000,000 in cash and 25.000000 acres of land. The land grant was lavish but it was valuable only as the railroad made it so.

The line was pushed rapidly along the rugged shores of Lake Superior. over the tangled mass of rock and lake and wilderness be- tween Lake Superior and Winni- Dez. across a thousand miles of prairie where there was not In in- habitant save the buffalo and the Indian. and a few hundred equally savage hunters. through the Kick- ing Horse" Pass. through Rogers' Pass in the Selkirks which W-ll discovered only in 1883. when the railway was already at the base of the mountain. then down the valley of the Fraser. and so out at last to .Burrard Inlet. an arm of the Pacific. where now stands

C. P. R. Company was incorporated

The Saskatchewan Rebellion (1885) was due to the building of the C. P. R. The Indians in Sas- katchewan saw with dismay the vanishing herds of buffalo and when government surveyors ap- peared and began surveying their long ribbon-like farms into 160 acre blocks. they were ready for war. Sump local men saw the den- ger nnd sent representatives to the government but no attention was paid to them. At last in despair (I deputation was sent to ask Louis Riel to come back.

The first intimation of trouble came when a party of Mounted Police were repulsed at Duck Lake. The whole west. was threatened with an Indian uprising. Fortun- ately the Hudson Bay Company had treated the Indians well and they felt no cause for complaint. Only a few Indians went: on the

This poem is one of the greatest and best; known of shorter English poems. It is a classic of Scotch Literature and should receive much careful study; Pay particular It- tentlon to all explanatory notes so that you may understand what each word means. Read the poem carefully until you can understand it all without referriux to any of the foot-notes. Then read aioiid in order to catch the somewhat sad but homely strain which runs through the poem. Note how well this brings out the feelings of the tired farmer after his day's work is done.

This poem requires much pre- paration. otherwise the first read- ing may degenerate into a dic- tionary game. There are a large number of words unfamiliar even to the pupil who has read Scotch poems and stories.

Where is Scotland? What stories have you read of Scotland?

("Scottish Chiefs" might be giv- en here and you could use your opportunity to have one pupil tell others of William Wallace). What picture of Scotch life have you got from these stories? probably rath- er martial one-stories telling of fighting for Scottish independence -10 hell) Bonnie Prince Charlie- border warfare between Scotch and English). Burns' "Cottcr's Satur- day Night" will give you another picture of Scotch life.

Have we any Scotch people in Canada? Do you know any? How

do you distinguish the Scotch from any other nationality (Tartan. speech - - ). What Scotch words

have you learned from your read- ing? Make chalk-board note of words; question as to where the words have been met. A number will have been learned from Scotch songs-some of them Burns' songs. Just say. "Phat is one of Burns' songs". whenever that is the cue. Sir Walter Scott will have contri- buted some. Don't be afraid to talk generally about these authors and what they have written its you are collecting your vocabulary, Have the words used to illustrate their meaning or given in connec- tion with line or context where they are met. You may find these words among your list: brnes. bonny. sac. fu'. mon. bairnl. ham-. blow. etc.

There will be other words that perhaps you can introduce in some fashion that will be meaningful and that will add to the general understanding of the poem when

World time is based on the rots- tion ofithe Earth on its axis at the rate of 15 degrees per hour or 360 degrees U! a day. Standard Time zones were established to facilitate transportation. communi- cation. and civil administration. To find time difference between two lanes. subtract the number of the lower zone from that of the higher zone. Example: New York is in Zone 7. Honolulu is in Zone 1:30: the time difference is (1 - Wt) or 0 1-2 hours. .

The higher numb: .: lone has the later hour (or day) and the lawn IOIIO has the earlier hour or day. Example In New York (none 7) at 10 n.m.. it is 4:30 n.m. in Honolulu (zone 1230). ii) n.m. NY.

.mlnus 536 hours time difference I!

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Vancouver. p

um SASKATCI-IEWAN REBELLIO

war path under their chief, Big ear. There was one massacre of whites at Frog Lake.

Col. Otter attacked some Cree Indians under Poundmaker at Cut.- knife Creek and was repulsed with loss. The rebels were successful at Fish Creek but immediately sf- t'er this the rebel camp at Batqche was stormed and Riel was captur- ed. He was tried on a charge of treason and hanged at Regina along with Big Bear and nine other Indiana.

A general Indian uprising was thus averted and good resulted as follows: 1. The Indians were given full title deeds for their land: 2. The North West Territor- ies were glven representation in Parliament: 3. Attention was di- rected to the West: 4. There was a deepening of national sentiment: 5. The Mounted Police force was increased.

THE C0'.lTER'S SATURDAY NIGHT

you first read it, e.g.: "Burns will give you another picture of the Scotch life. He will take you to the little farmstead or cot. the Cotter's,hame. a rather lonely or isolated little cottage on the moo:-. What is your picture of a Scotch moor? It's a November evening and the wind blows chill and sighs about the little cottage. What. would you guess that word to mean? What word do we use In English that is very similar? (You need hardly interrupt your story as you introduce some of these words beyond asking for the sub- stitution of the English meaning for the Scotch word). The day's mall is over. the farmer or cotter leaves his pleugh, and takes his hameward way through the gath- ering dusk. Presently he sees a gleam of light from his own ingle (N.B. for inside his little cat is a scene of warmth and happiness) etc."

Do not prolong this introduction to the point of wearineu. Try to keep your pictures true to the poem and the treatment in keep- ing with its spirit.

Discuss the following questions: (1) How does the close of 3 scotch November day compare with ours? (2) What does the welcome tell you about home life? (3) How does the mother spend her day? The older children? Have there ever been times in Canada when the home life rc- sembled the cotter's? (4) De- scribe the supper. (5) Why is the mother satisfied with Jenny's young man? (6) Why is luxury in contagion? How did luxury af- fect Rcme? (7) How may the patriot. and the poet bard be said to combine to inspire a country? (8) What stanzas leave the clear- est pictures in your mind? (9) How does the home life of this cotter's family ways in which this life of the Scotch peasant seem to you superior or inferior to your home life? Do this family seem happy? Can you understand why? (10) Would you have any right to think that Burns had read Gray's "Elegy"? Are there any indica- tions throughout the poem that Burns. although ti former. was also a reader? Are you as familiar with the Bible ns Burns was? (N.B. "stacher" seems to be such ti good word to indicate the un- steady Rait of the "wee thing" that is just beginning to walk. Can you find other: that are equally ex- pressive of the idea.)