—A—
Treews Five DoLtars A YRAR.
NEW SERIES.
Tl. % i. Tau Dairy EXAMINER is Issued every evening by The Examiner Publishing Oo. From their office, corner of Water and
Great George Streets, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.
KATES OF SUBSCRIPTION ; Six Months, - - . $2 50 | threa Months, - - . oe me Month, : . . 0 50 “- Advertising at most moderate rates. Contracts may be made for monthly,
yuarterly, half-yearly or yearly advertise- ments, on application.
= ——— oe
ALMANAC FOR JANUARY, 1824.
MOON S38 CHANGES,
First Quarter, 5th day, 5h. 22.6m., p. m, Wail Moon, 12th day, llh. 14.6m., a. m, Last quarter 20th day, lh. 10.8m., a. m. New Moon 28th day, lh, 48 7m., a. m.
Sun !Sun ‘Moon| High Days rises |sets { rises | water | len’h. thmyhm morn rt 7 38\4 29, 9 18)morn| 38' 30) 9 50) O 42 } 33) 3Li10 191 1 20 | 38} 32:10 48,2 2 37 | 37; 3311 5)
) Ml DAY OF WEEK
morn 1, Tuesday
2) Wednesday 3! Thursday
4 Friday
5 Saturday
6 Sunday
33:11 18) 2 50, 8 55
3 52| 7| Monday | 37| B4laftis' 5 9 g\Tuesday | 37' 38/1 5/1 6 42 9|Wednesday | 36! 37, 1 59) 7 52 10| Thursday 36; 38; 2 57| 8-52 11! Friday 36] 391 4 1) 944 12!Saturday 35! 40! 5 9)10 30) 9 7 13 Sunday 35) 42) 6 1811 10 14 Monday 35) 43) 7 26/11 50: 15) Tuesday 35; 44! 8 29 aft 28 16 Wednesday | 34! 46 9 361 3)
17 Thursday 34, 47/10 39. 1 41!
13 Friday | 34] 48/11 40) 2 21) 19 Saturday 33, 49' morn} 3 6) 917 20! Sunday 33) 50,0 39, 4 4| 21, Monday , 32, 52 1 385 9 22\Tuesday 31; 53, 2 36| 6 21) 23) Wednesday | 30| 54) 3 32) 7 28 24/Tharsday 29 95| 4 26) 8 35 25! Friday ; 28) 57'5 15! 9 9! 26 Saturday | 96! 59: 6 11] 9 53! 8 7 27|Sunday 24/5 Ol 6 41/10 32, 28) Monday | 23} 2) 71811 8; 29' Tuesday 22) 4 7 51/11 46} 30, Wednesday | 20: 5, 8 23)morn 31 Thursday 19; 6: 8 52} O 22
Merchants’ Bank of Halifax,
CHARLOTTETOWN AGENCY,
Savings Bank Depariment, —WILL BE—
OPENED IST NOVEMBER, 1883,
on and after which date DEPOSITS OF $5 AND UPWARDS, will be taken and interest at the rate of
four Per Cent. Per Annum ALLOWED THEREON. For further particulars apply to
F. H. ARNAUD,
Oct. 30, 1883, AGENT.
LIFE INSURANCE. United States Life Insurance Ch,
—OF THE—
CTY OF NEW YORK. ORGANIZED 1850.
New Features, Incontestible Policies, Pror pt Settlement of Claims Guaranteed.
——_
Apply at residence, Weymouth Street, from 8 to 10 a, m., and 4 to 6 p. m.
A. H. McPHERSON, Agent.
Sept. 25, 1883. —2aw
SULLIVAN & MAGNEILL, ATTORNEYS - AT- LAW
Solicitors in Chancery, NOTARIES PUBLIC, &c. OF FICHS- O’Halloran’s Building, Great George Street, Charlottetown. Gas” Money to Loan, W, W. Sopuvas, Q. C. | Cussrse B. Macnzm Jan. 16,’83.
GEORGE TWEEDY,
ATTORNEY - AT - LAW,
Notary Pablic, &c.
OF FICE—-West Side of Queen Street, Char- lottetown, next door to Stevenson’s Tin Shop,
July 25, 1883.—dy wkly 6m
EDWARD T. RUSSEL & 60., GHN BRAL
Commission Merchants, NO. 284 STATE STREET, BOSTON.
Particular attention given to the sale of Fisk and Produce of all kinds,
Junw 22, 1883.—Om
| | GHENHRAL |
Commission Merchants, 121 ATLANTIC AVENUE, | |
| ceive prompt attention.
pat _the EXAMINER JOR PRINTING
—_ sanehanmnaateaperens . ecemnnentinens maliinintigeeenennmamenstest
7) 4 ily £1 Tuer.
ERS aD yeaah eerste ss sesso
‘* This is true Liberty, when Free-born Mex, having to advise the Public, may speak free.’?—Evuxtrrwss.
CHARLOTTETOWN, PRINCE EDWARD ISLAN
L. ARTHUR & CO.
(ROSS MARKET) BOSTON,
———— A
MASS. Eggs and Produce a Specialty,
April 26, 1883.—wkly tf
«MONCTON
Sash and Door Factory,
\ R. P. LEA, in returning thanks to the 4 public for the liberal pater oageextended | te him while in business in Charlottetown, | begs leave to inform his old customers and | the public generally, that he, in company | with Mr. William Rogers, bas appointed
Messrs. B. Williams & Co,
Lumber ard Coal Dealers, Pownal Wharf, Charlottetown, our agents, who will keep constantly on band a full supply of Mould- ings, Window Sashes, Doors, etc.. at
LOWEST CASH PRICES,
All orders entrusted to them will receive prompt attention.
LEA & ROGERS,
Moncton, N. B.
Sept. 5, 1883.—-2aw wly
J. A. GhIPMAN & CO., ARE OFFERING AT MILLERS’ PRICES IN STORE: 250 bris. Choice Superior Ex- (ra. 000 * Patent.
OFFICE AND WAREROOMS:
OPPOSITE RANKIN HOUSE.
J. F. SHATFORD,
AGENT. Dec.. 10, 1883.
STANDARD Lif ASSURANCE CO.
A T the 57th Annual General Meeting of
the Standard Life Assurance Company,
held at Edinburgh on Tuesday, the 24th of
April, 1883, the following results for the
year ended 15th November, 1883, were re- ported :—
3,038 new proposals for life as- surance were received the
year for $ 9,754,085 38 2,561 proposals were accepted, assuring 7,239,048 13
The total existing assurances in force at 15th November, 1882, amounted to (Of which $7,753,031.15 was reassured with other offices)
The claims by death which arose during the year amount- ed, including bonus addi- tions, to
The annual revenue amounted at 15th November, 1882, to
The invested funds at same date amounted to
Being an increase during the year of
$6,936,302 91
2,462,226 59 4,267,546 00 29,503,416 00
1,062,648 35 JOHN LONGWORTH, Agent for Charlottetown. THOMAS KERR,
Inspector of Agencies. Oh’town, Anguat 2, 1883.
DR. BENNET
ALLS attention to “THE ELECTRO MAGNETIC CORSET,” exact pattern as worn by the Princess of Wales, the health- giving powers of which, especially in female diseases, are very great. Can be had at
FRASER & REDDIN’S. To be worn as an ordinary corset and lasting longer and fit\ing superbly trimmed with Valencienes lace,
Dec. 3, 1888. PE, ms eA , 1g ; oe
ca < J ee
IniecciMing
esyiaa ea) Ny a Om cana ey suas pe EE SVS La Se Pelle
Pi. Islana Pottery,
E are Agents for the P. E. Island \ Pottery Orders sent to us will re- Jars, Jugs, Bean Pots, Mugs, Flower Pots, Spitoons, Stove Stones, ete . etc., in stock.
BEER & GOFF
AGENTS Ch’town, Oct, 26, 83.
JOB PRINTING of every descriptior
executed with Neatness and Des; atch
ane, Water amt Great George Stroet,
i884.
0
JANUARY.
D, MONDAY, JAN i834.
Annual Clearance Sale At
J. B.
MACDONALD’S.
—:0:———-
AM now having my Annual Clearance S@e, and will CLEAR OUT Wool Goods in
Scarfs, Clouds, Wool Squares, Heavy Winter Cloths, Winter Bress Stuffs,
Ladies’ Fur Caps and Muffs, Ladies’ Fur Tippets
Ladies’ Feltand Fur Hats, Men’s Fur and Cloth Caps,
Men’s and Eoys’ Ulisters, Overcoats and Reefing
Jackets,
Alo Kemnants in Cloths, Stuffs, in Canton Flannels.
Rempants in Prints,
Remnants in Dress and Reninants
These goods must be cleared out and Bargains Extraordinary will be given.
J. B. MACDONALD,
Oh’town, Jan. 12, 1884.-—-2aw wkly,
: Queen Street.
SS ee i
a
GRAND SALE OF"
Oi
:0
CLOTHING. CL
DRY GOODS AND CLOTHING.
OHN MACPHEE & CO. will, during the HOLIDAY SEASON, give
special bargains in
Dress Goods, Kuit Wool Goods Mantis, Shawls, Flannels, Hosiery, Glaves, &¢
OTHING.
Men’s Overcoats, $3.90, $5.00, $6.50, $7.50, up.
Men’s Ulsters, $4.95, $11.25, $7.00,
up.
Men’s Reefers, $2.95, $3, $3.50, $5, $4.50, $5.50 up.
clothing, Buffalo Robes, Horse Rugs,
WHOLESALE
Fur Caps, Kid Mits and Glo¥es, Cardigan Jackets, Worsted Tweeds, Under-
Small Wares, etc.
PARKS WARP, CHEAP.
Cash Buyers can depend on getting REAL BARGAINS in every Department, .
AND KETALL.
JOHN MACPHEE & CO,
Ch’town, Dec. 12, 1883.—2aw wkly pres pat.
ROBERT ORR’S OLD STAND,
ever shown by him.
Dive 20, 1683,—~eod wkly
a — —_——— piped: enn cape cemataannageemengingeainaean
oO
SIGN «OF THE ELEPHANT.
R. BOREHAM has now on hand the LARGEST AND
W , BEST STOCK OF
BOOTS, SHOES, SLIPPERS, OVERSHOES & RUBBERS,
His motto is a good article at a moderate
LADIES’ AND GENTS’ FINE GOODS, a specialty.
A nice lot of LADIES’ AND GENTS’ FANCY SLIPPERS for the Holidays.
Try BOREHAM for a pair of GOOD BOOTS.
W. R. BOREHAM,
North Side Queen Square.
Ch’town, Dee. 10, 1888. —mo we fr 2m
D. A. BRUCE,
MERCHANT TAILOR,
S OVER-STOCKED with the tollowing GOODS, and offers them at a
REDUCTION OF TWENTY PER CENT,
Gents’ Woollen Underwear, Flannel Shirts, Fur
Caps, Kid Mits, Sleigh Robes.
20:
OVERCOATINGS,
WHICH: YOU CAN HAVE
MADE TO YOUR
>
MEASURE
Cieaper Than Imported Ready Made.
D.
A. BRUCE,
¥2 Queen Street, Charlottetown,
UARY 21, 1884,
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
A LECTURE LY THE HON. DONALD) FERGUSON, PROVINCIAL SECRETARY, BEFORE THE Y. M. C. ASSCCIATION.
(Concluded. )
Among the educating agencies now at work amongst us, the butter and cheese factories recently started are deserving of notice. Notwithstanding our excellent pasturage and the facilities we possess for good winter feeding, it is painfuliy evident that we are absolutely nowhere in the pro- duction of really first-class butter for ex- port. Should the article known as ‘‘shop butter” by any possible chance escape un- spoilt in the churning or washing on the farm, the finishing touch is given by the store keeper, who acts generally on the principle that abundance ‘of salt, like the mantle of charity, covereth a multitude of shortcomings. From the smallness of our farms we can scarcely hope for the early and general adoption of scientific methods of butter and cheese making in private dairies. The factory system will, I believe, do for the dairy interests of Prince Edward Island, what Dairy Colleges have done for Denmark. The educated or trained hands who operate the factories will train their customers how to handle their cattle and milk so as to deliver the latter at the fac- tory in good condition, The butter and cheese made in the factories of the Island have already earned a good reputation wherever they have gone, and | hope the day is at hand. when Prince Edward Island will have won the reputation of being a large exporter of the choicest dairy products. A novel method of dairy education has been recently tried in Ireland by Canon Bagot, a clergyman of the Irish Church. With a Model Dairy mounted on wheels he has travelled throigh the country, stopping at the farm houses giving practical illustra- tions of scientific butter-making with the most approved appliances. The butter dealers of Cork now declare that they can trace Canon Bagot’s missionary tour through Ireland by the superiority of the butter coming from the districts visited by him. There is no reason to doubt that this plan would be productive of much good in this Province.
The educating power of the newspaper Press is, no doubt, very great, and its assist- ance in disseminating information regarding farming interests is freely and cheerfully rendered. The great want of agricultural education is, however, quite as often and keenly felt by the intelligent editor as by the intelligent farmer. A theoretical and practical acquaintance with the principles of agriculture would enable an editor to rise
‘to the full stature of his position as a pub-
lic educator in an agricultural country like Prince Edward Island. Besides the power which it would give him to write origina! articles bearing on our owt methods of farming, it would enable him to use the scissors with better effect than is often done. Mark Twain, as an agricultural editor, strongly advising the farmers to pick their turnips from the trees with their hands, as the fruit is often injured by being knocked down witha stick, is a very good cari- cature of the flippant confidence with which persons wholly ignorant of farming will undertake to write upon it. The prejudice existing among farmers against ‘*book farming”’ is often strengthened by reading agricultural items in our papers containing advice wholly unsuited to our soil, climate and staple crops.
The publication of a really first-class paper devoted tothe discussion of agri- cultural questions from a Prince Edward Island standpoint, would do great good, but it is useless to talk of this, Our consti tuency is too small to support a periodical of that kind, ana we should therefore make the best pdssible use of the facilities really within ovr reach.
If Farmers’ Clubs were generally insti- tuted, at the meetings of which the most intelligent and practical farmers would read papers on questions affecting our hus- bandry, a spirit of enquiry would be stimn- lated, and the newspapers would gladly publish any part of the proceedings of these meetings which might possess sufficient merit. But at the base of all agricultural improvemerts must lie the instruction of the common school. When the work now beginning to be done in the schoolroom shall come to bear fruit, there will not be wanting intelligent farmers to discuss the most intricate questions relating to agri- culture, nor newspaper editors to lead the way in the paths of higher investigation.
The agricultural history of Prince Edward Island naturally divides itself into three periods. In the first place there is the period of settlement coming down to 1850. During this period improvement was not very rapid, yet considering the difficulties of clearing the lanj, the barriers to pro- gress in our geographical separation from the Mainland, and the injurious land system by which the settlers’ energies were shackled, it must be admitted that fairly satisfactory progress was made, Roads were laid out, schools opened and ‘churches erected. The wants of the farmer were few and the means of supplying them were limited in proportion, The neighbor
enjoying a friendly chat before the fire of blazing logs: the young men and maidens combining the stumping and spinning frolics in the ‘summer and the thickening frolic in the early winter, constituted the social enjoyment of the people. A ready cash market for oats had not yet presented itself to tempt the farmer to exhaust his land. Part of the energy which at a later period was directed to raising oats to mee a foreign demand was then applied to the cultivation of wheat, and the farmer had no_ difficnlty’ in rais- ing his own bread from a_ soil still abounding in the elements of original fer- tility. Science in farming did not count for much in those days. Stiong arms to fell the forest, swing the scythe and ply the flail were the requisites for success on a farm.
The second period extended from 1°50 to 1874, and may be called the period of growth. it was usierw im by thee jou of
koleeing with neighbor of a winter evening, |
SINGLE Copies Two Cents,
1) oR VOL. 14.---NQ, 51.
ib'e Government to the Island which was fol- lowed by the adoption of a practical syst: m of common education, The establishment of Reciprocity w‘th the United States, the break- ing out of the Russian and American wars, land the construction of the Prince Edward Island Railway caused a great demand for our |staple proaucts, arousing the industrial life of lonr people. This was a period of unprece- dented growth, but it was a growth at the ex- | pense of vital force, because under the stim- j ulus of an active demand the farmers sowed their lands to oats year after year without ‘making a suitable return to the soil to keep up its fertility.
The third period extending from 1574 to the
present time may be called the period of con- solidation. For some years previous to this |the farmers began to see the folly of raising 'oats year after year without adequate manare. |After a hard winter’s subsist-nce on straw, cattle were wont to leave the stables mere |\walking skeletous to eke out a summer's existence on fields yielding little but sorrel and natural grass. It was at this junctuve that attention was directed to the dep site of mussel and oyster shells in the beas of our |bays and rivers, and means were devised to bring this fertilizing substance to the sui face and make it available for menure. . The presence of this valuable fertilizer at our very doors, rich in the elements of which our soil is most deficient, illustrates in a striking mapner the care with which Providence bestows its blessings. The great benefits arising from the application of mussel mud to the land, are evident to-day all over Prince Edward Island. These benefits, however, would be much greater had it been in the power of the farmers to obtain analysis of their soile and of the different qualities of mud in their vicinity. They would then have used that which was most suitable for their soils, and they would have been guided as to the proper quantities toapply under different circum- stances. As it is, the application of carbon- ate of lime in the form of mussel mud, has transformed our formerly dry and unproduc- tive pastures into a closely set xbend of the sweetest and most nutritious grasses, and by increasing almost ten-fold the bulk of our hay crop, it has made our Province a_first- class stock and dairy country.
We should not, however, allow ourselves to be carried away by present favorable results, There never wasatime when our farmers needed scientific guidance in feeding their land more than they do to-day. While Jime in all its forms is to some extent a food for plants, y«t its most im»ortant action is in decomposing organic matter already in the soil, and making it available as plant food. It therefore follows that the continual use of lime will, through time. thorough'y exhaust the soil unless organic matter is supplied in some other form. If the growing of oats for export was bad farmin before the application of mussel mu was commenced, it is downright madness now, when the lime in the mud has made the land generous, almost to a fault, ready to part with all the organic matter whieb it contains, The old adage is strictly true, —
**The use of lime without manure Will make the farm and farmer poor.”
There are other substances such as phos- phates, potash, and ammonia, which neither mussel-mud nor ordinary manure can sapply to the land in sufficient quantities to maintain fertility and which it must be necessary to apply in the form of commercial fertilizers, Todo this effectually and with profit is the great agricultural prvblem of the near futures, it was thought urtil a short time ago that a farmer might submit a sample of his soil toa chemist who could by a simple analysis deter- mive what its elementary constituents were, and who could give in the form of a prescrip- tion a list of the substances ——_ to pro- duce from it the best crops. lf this were so, the common farmer needs education in his profession no more than every man re- quires to be a physician, But the chemist cannot, by analysis alone, arrive at full and positive conclusions as to the fertility of soils He can, it is true, resolve them into their elements and ascertain the proportions of each which they contain; but he cavnot{distinguish, by analysis, between substances which are active and those which are dormant in the ground. The land ma contain all the elements in abundance whic are necessary to ensure fertility, but these substances may not be in a condition to be used as plant food, and the soil may be com- paratively barren. The intelligent farmer who has studied agricultural chemistry, hav- ing obtained an analysis of his soil can conduct experiments in the use of fertilizers which will lead to sure and positive conclusions, The investigations and experiments made b M, Georges Ville on the experimental agricul- tural farm at Vincennes, in France, have thrown a flood of light on this subject. The chemist in his laboratory cannot finally settle agricultural problems. It ie only when the man of science and the practical farmer work hand in hand, or better still, when theory and practice are united in the game individual that the best results are obtained. Without education the farmer cannot accurately con- duct necessary experiments, nor protect him- self against fraud in purchasing commercial manures,
To understand the distinct or relative func- tions performed by the soil and the atmosphere in the growing of crops, and tobe able to ap- ply tothe work of the farm with discrimina- tion, the lessons of chemistry under varying circumstances and different soile, demand a training of mind, and a power of observation as great as the requirements of the learned professions. ;
The decline of wooden shipbuilding all over the world and the consequent loss of cheap facilities for the transmission of bulky pre- ducts to the Furopean markcts bave brought our people face to face with the ques- tion: In what market and what form are we to find sale for the products | of our soil? The answer which every intelli- gent man has given to to this enquiry cannot Ibe better expressed than in the heading |adopted by the Honorable Daniel Davies to ‘geome excellent letters to the press, seme two lor three years ago. ‘“*We must improve the quality of our exports.” Inetead of trending away large quantitics of roots and cerealy with little intrinsic value, it is our ipterest to increase their value by skilful manipulation, giving our countrymen the benefit of the ‘employment arising from the process, and ‘leaving, a8 far as practicable, the monuial | properties on the farm. I» this way we are ‘now, far more than formerly, turning oate, ‘potatoes aud hay into horses, caitie, starch,
utter, cheese, and eggs. In this matter we ‘are moving in the line ot true progress, but we are not moving fast enough, and our people ‘require to be taught that the transition which is now goingon is a most whoksome and beneficial one. They must be educated to uudervtend that the pooply who Webnud