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Brighter Prospects _ he dramatic change in world ‘diplomacy which has taken place in s that twelve months sheds a bright glow of hope over the com- ‘ing year. Consider the score as it ‘stands today. The leaders of the United States, Britain, France, West Germany and the Soviet Union have ‘agreed not only to a single summit neeting but a series of them. There some confusion at present as to the date of the initial meeting, but mo doubt this difficulty will be iron-

out within the next few days. What is pretty certain is that, at fast, long-range comtinual discus- sions are to take the place of ex- ehanges of threats and recurring ' The, first summit meeting will " Iikely be on disarmament—exploring the prospects of lifting somewhat the arms burden from the world— ' rather than-on the stalemated Ber- "lin issue. The five Western foreign “ministers on the newly constituted 10-power disarmament tommission— the United States, Britain, France, Italy and Canada—are meeting im- mediately to begin co-ordinating the West’s disarmament position. Mean- ' while, President Eisenhower has com- /pletéd a global-tour and President | de Gaulle has set April 19 as the date for commencing a week-long ' Visit to the United States and Canada. ' Im the past year there has been | the visit of British Prime Minister ‘Harold Macmillan te Moscow, Mr. Khrushchev’s vist to President Eisenhower and his acceptance of ' an invitation to Paris next March. ' Various hilateral combinations — of ' visits between these leaders have been preparing and will continue _ steadily to prepare the ground so _ that the East-West summit meeting may have the best opportunity of whatever success is possible within its framework. :

. As important as this remarkable progress in East-West relations is the bringing into the open of the major elements splitting the Atlantic nations, such as the Franco-American differences in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. But equally im- portant is the growing split into economic blocs of Western Europe itself. This economic di-ision now includes the Atlantic Ocean as well 'as the English Channel and the North Sea, involving United States _ and Canada in the bridging operation. ' “We need not expect the millen- -nium out of all these doings; but ' they exceed the most optimistic fore- _easts of 1958 ‘and point unmistak- _ ably to a new spirit that is abroad

in the world.

Nears Independence

_ _In 1958 it was agreed that if the African Federation of Nigeria held : national_elections before the.end of #1959 and te new legislature asked for independence early in 1960, ‘the British Parliament would grant free- dom ‘as of October 1,. 1960. Now the new legislature is elected, And it is expected to act on an independence resolution quickly. The new prime minister, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, whose Northern People’s Congress won thé election on December 12 but did not get a majority, is busy trying to form a coalition cabinet and to start the government rolling. So a new natign is being born, another which plans to continue its links with Great Britain and become a full member of the Commonwealth. Like so many of the new nations, it will have a rough road ahead; but jt will be eased-by British training, st and future, and by a long felt

ire for independence. _ The British went into what is Nigeria in 1861, taking over the os with the view of ave trade. A parliamen- gment was formed im ’ Th 1914 the Nigeria was a single ad-

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country may be gathered from the fact that it is four

a~ Great Britain and its 34,000,000 | people are almost half of all those who live in British dependencies,

Lord Dunrossil’s Title :

When the recent Speaker of Britain’s House of Commons, Hon. W.S. Morrison, who is to become Gov- ernor General of Australia, chose the title of Lord Dunrossil of Vallaquie, a good many people were puzzled by it. Descendants ‘of the Hebridean pioneers in this Province will be in- terested in the explanation, as given recently in a BBC overseas service broadcast.

The name “Dun Rosail” was pro- bably of Norse origin and meant “hill of the horses.” A ruined fort of that name occupied‘a rocky hill on the’ north side of North Uist in the Outer Hebrides, about a mile and a half north of the town of Trumisgarry, near which was the ancestral home of the new Lord Dunrossil.

The other part of the title, Val- laquie, was certainly Norse and meant a fold or small enclosure. It was the name of a beautiful stretch of land between Sand and Trumis- garry where wild flowers grew in profusion and the Atlantic washed pure white sandy beaches. The island of St. Kilda could be clearly seen some fifty miles due west, and on the east side, close to the shore, was .@ nameless castle. In 1718, Vallaquie had been held by four tenants, but in 1912 the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries had bought it and divided it into a small-holdings for ex-serviee- men. -

EDITORIAL NOTES

The Financial Post is now worry- ing about the need for “keeping the (businéss) boom within bounds.” It quotes James E. Coyne, Governor of the Bank of Canada, as forecasting ‘another big jump in Gross National Product and as warning against in- creasing the upward pressure on prices and resources. For a country that has just emerged from a sharp recession, this news ought to be en- couraging.

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Christmas did not pass with- out its tragedies. 32 Canadians died in accidents across the land in the 24-hour period following 6 p.m. local time Christmas eve. In Halifax three persons burned to death in a frame dwelling; in Quebec three persons died wheh their car was in collision with a freight train. Elsewhere traf- fic, fire’ and other accidents took their holiday toll and only Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland were accident free.

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The halfway mark seems to have been reached in Bible publication in the world’s languages. It is now pub- lished in more than 1,000 tongues and experts estimate that there are probably another 1,000 languages and dialects still without any part of the Bible translated. In London at the headquarters of the British and Foreign Bible Society 320 different translation projects are at various stages of completion and organizat- ion. The Society began its work in 1804 and its first venture in translaf- ion was the Gospel of St. John into Mohawk for the Indians of Canada.

In the quarterly magazine “Foreign Affairs’, Adali Stevenson proposes that the free world pool its resources for a 40-year, 200-billion- dollar investment program for un- derprivileged countries. It would be nearly 20 times costlier than the post-war American Marshall Plan. On the other hand, it would pay en- ormous dividends in international goodwill, which is the most needed commodity in this troubled world today. As Mr. Stevenson points out, the multiplication of nuclear weapons is only one of the most dangerous realities we are facing. Another is the disparity in living standards be- tween the rich countries and the poor. The only final answer to the threat of war must include a solut-.

‘papyrus

STEREORHONIC SOUND

OTTAWA REPORT Canada’s Trade Problem

; By Patrick Nicholson

It has been suggested here and in Washington that the new tariff free trading groups in Western Europe have protectionist objec- tives.

But the Europeans themselves have declared that they. do not intend to raise tariffs against ex- ports from other parts of the western world, including us.

That is apparently true. Our trade with West Europe will_nol be handicapped by any new tariff wall. But nethertheless, through the mutual elimination of tariffs and of other barriers to trade, the European partners will inci- dentally render the trading po-

sition of outsiders less competi-.

tive. This could be very damag- ing to Canada because two- thirds of our exports, other than those sold to the U.S.A., are now purchased by nations included in “The Six’ or “The Seven.”

WILL DAMAGE CANADA Those two mass markets in Europe will encourage the adap- ation and enlargement of their factories to modern semi-auto- matic production methods. Their unit cost of manufacturing will be reduced. Their lower prices

will not merely pyramid onto the-

elimination of tariffs inside West Europe to cut our exports to that area; they will also enable many European products to hurdle, our

own tariff barriers, and so eut into our domestic market. :

Those two trade groupings are already competing successfully with Canada for U.S. industrial capital. U.S. corporations estab- lished branch plants here only partly to sell to our small mar- ket; many were more interested in Canada as a back door into the big Empire Preferential market. Now they find the even richer European markets more attractive, so they are building branch plants there. ;

If we do nothing te change our present trade policy, we may find ourselves doomed to increas- ing isolation on our high-cost plateau. And as we increasingly lose_our attractiveness for direct Investment from the U.S.A, we will be forced to curb our pres- ent trading deficit with that coun- try. .

It would be, beneficial thus to halt the annual increase in the mortgage on our national future; but the resultant curtailment of our present unearned standard of living would be painful.

Europe is largely an industrial processing area, deficient in most of the raw materials need- ed by her busy factories and dense population. Our mines,

woods and farms make us natur-

Greek Author Rediscovered —

Nine Frank

For centuries, Menander, one of the fathers of the Greek comic theatre, hence of the theatre as we know jt, occupied a paradoxi- cal position in the history ‘ of literature. He was regarded as the leading poet of the New Co- medy. Yet all that was known of his works were a few frag- ments, some of uncertain sour- ce, quoted by grammarians and other writers, and the influence which his plays had exercised on those of Terence and Plautus,

The son of a wealthy Athenian, Diopeithes, he was born nearly 2,300 years ago, on the banks of the river Cephissus, where Aph- rodite is said to have quenched her thirst. Menander was a pup- fl of Theophrastus and probably had Epicurus for a fellow stu- dent. He died at 52 having writ- ten no less than 105 dramas the list of which has been preserved up to the present day.

But the fate of his plays was less fortunate. Up to the 5th Cen- tury A.D. more than a hundred of them were in the great lib-

rary of Alexandria. But those}

which survived the famous fire, disappeared later on, either com- mitted to the flames by Egyp- tian monks, or destroyed by scribes who used the precious as writing material, when they. were not used for fertiliser or to fill the bellies of sacred crocodiles. In any event, for more than fourteen centuries, only the fame of Menandeér re- mained, with scarcely a scrap of writing to support it.

FEW FRAGMENTS FOUND Then in the middle of last cen- tury a. few fragments of his works were found in the Sinai. This find was followed in 1905 by a very important discovery in Cairo of fragments of four plays Epitrepontes. (The Arbitration), the Hero, Samia (The Beauty of Samos), and. Perikeiromene (Glycere with the Shorn Hair). This last play had been suggest- ed to Menander by the fate of one’ of his mistresses, and the work, in turn, was to inspire @ contemporary French , author, Guillot de Saix, to write The

Beauty with the Shorn Hair,

Franco - Greek fortnight organ-

fm Unesco Features

where has it suddenly appeared from?

Mr. Guillot de Saix has photo. stats of the papyri containing the five acts of the play which ‘incidentally figures on the list of Menander’s works. Menander wrote it for a wine harvest festi- val when he was twenty - five years old. The manuscript, which which has come down to us, is a copy made in the 2nd century and is somewhat mutilated. One scene is missing, but Guillot de Saix has replaced it with one of the fragments found in 1905.

NEVER IDENTIFIED

The play was among a mass of old manuscripts belonging to a collector and it had never been identified. It was only in 1958 that it was recognized for what it actually was by a Swiss scho- lar, Professor Victor Martin, who

+ many determined to merge. her-

al economic partners with Eur- ope's factories.

But as we are not a member of the European trading areas, our raw materials now face fav- oured competition by Europe's associated territories. For exam- ple, North Africa contains unde- veloped deposits of many miner- als which western Europe now buys from us. These will be de- veloped under the Common Mar- ket programme; hence Europe will reduce, or cease, her pur- chases of such minerals from us.

There is also the likelihood that Russia's threatened export drive will damage Canada first and most, unless we have assur- ed markets, :

The industrious and _ skilled Germans are equipped with the most modern industrial equip- ment in the world, as replace- ment-for that destroyed in the war. Even so, when they had to face the problems of the switch to mass production, they decided that a home market based on their population of about 50 mil- lim consumers is too small to support a modern industrial ec- onomy, and could not give its citizens the material plenty at low cost which atitomation and mass production offers. So ‘Ger-

self into a larger trading group.

It seems improbable that Can- ada, pith 17 million eonsumers, can achieve what Germany could not. But we have rejected the British offer of mutual free trade; our forbears rejected re- ciprocity with the U.S.A. Is there a third course open to Canada?

translated it with the help of his studefts and published it at the Bodmerian Library in Geneva. It is a charming brisk comedy describing the’ misadventures of a miserly old man ‘who manag- es to fall down a well) and the triumph of the lovers whom he had attempted to separate. In the prologue, the tone is set by Pan, who talks about nymphs who live, it seems, no less than 9720 years. Centuries before Mar- iveaux, Menander gave the main role in love to chance, though he

says in one of his verses: ‘Does |.

one really know what one is do=- ing when one is in love?"

As far Menander's ability to stand the test of time is concern- ed, it should also be mentioned that Poenulus (The Carthaginian) by Plautus, recently staged very successfully at the Vieux - Col- ombier Theatre in Paris, is no- thing more nor less, by the au- thor’'s own admission, than a

translation of one of Menander’s

comedies into Latin. (UNESCO)

Castro’s Shaky Economy |

By Harold Morrison ag _.,,» Canadian Press Staff Writer

Fidel Castro‘ may be playing ith economic dynamite in pursu- ing his anti-American campaign. The result could be a heavy United States wallop aimed at his sugar economy. Qualified U.S. authorities said it is fair to specu- late the U.S. may chop Cuba's American sugar market if Cas- tro's regime continues his anti- American attacks and continues taking over U.S. property with- out just compensation. : About 80 per cent of Cuba's for- eign currency oomes from sugar exports, Half of all of Cuba’s su- gar goes into the U.S. under an American allocation pact which expires. next year. Congress will have to consider an extension when it reconvenes in January. State Secretary Herter told a press conference recently that he would not discuss punitive action against Castro “at the present time,”” But he observed that the

sugar agreement will soon come! as of questionable value. U.S. of-

up for renewal, requiring discus- sions between the administration and Congress. He would not spec- ulate how these discussions would come out,

OTHER SELLERS :

Herter, emphasizing that U.S. relations with Castro have deter- iorated, said Castro even refused, to discuss differences between

focates about 55 per cent of the domestic sugar market to domes- tie producers and the other 45 per cent to foreign producers. Cuba gets about three-quarters of this foreign allocation. The Philip-

jnes and the Dominican Repub- lic are among those pressing for . bigger share of the sugar mar- et.

A factor that might slow U.S. steps to retaliate against Cuba is that in the past about one-half of that country’s sugar plantations were owned by American in- terests. However, that now has been reduced to about one-third, U.S. authorities fear Castro may cut into the industry through ex- tension of his agrarian program, expropriating large farms and ranches and splitting up the land into small farms, \

Former owners, mostly Amer- ican, are being paid off in 20-year agrarian bonds, considered here

ficials, asking for money instead” of bonds, were told by Castro's men that Cuba has no money.

TOP POTATO GROWER TORONTO (CP)—Cari P. Me-

skin. However, most of these also

chemical compounds which have no alkaline action. They lather well and clean effectively.

and for some persons they .may cause skin trouble just as read- ily as soap does.

BATH OIL “

Perhaps the addition of a wat- er-dispersible type of bath oil to the water you: use the skin from becoming overly dry. Some doctors report that washing the face with bath oil and water—no soap—helped res- tore natural skin oil in even as dry a condition as atopic eczema. “But whatever method you choose, better check with your doctor to see whether he ap- proves. ~

QUESTION AND ANSWER J.C.: I have fair skin and have always treated it carefully, ut T am now getting fine veins in my face. Would a sun lamp help or would: it be harmful? Could_you suggest a

thse veins?

Answer: A sun lamp is more likely to increase than decrease the problem.

Attention to diet — avoiding spices, alcohol and excessively- hot foods — may slow up this process.

HELD BY THE LAND.

Compact of courage, stubborness and hope

Is that deep urge that holds man to his land

Dares him to build on a vol- cano's slope

Whose plume of smoke can turn to burning brand,

To put down roots along a river side,

Tempting the water's fury when in spate

It sweeps the shore in a tumul- tuous tide

And he. is left—homeless and de- solate.

Men have returned from war to farms they own

To find the buildings burned, the cattle dead,

Rebuilt a homestead painful stone on stone,

Steered rusty plow through fields v unharvested. From _ primal understood Springs love of land—potent as

ties of blood. —Christina Rainsford in the New York Times

OUR YESTERDAYS

(From the Guardian Files)

(Dec. 28, 1934) The province yesterday was visited by an old-fashioned snow storm which increased in inten-

sources scarcely

dified in the evening. Highway traffic in the city and in the open country came to a_ stand-still. The mail plane was unable to make its regular flight owing to the storm. ;

Mr. Wm. 8. Muttart hag built a lovely new farm residence at North Carleton where he enter- tained a number of friends at Christmas. The house and farm buildings are fitted up with the latest improvements. In-the cat- tle barn individual drinking foun- tains have been installed for the cattle and other new methods of operation have been added.

will prevent}

prevent further appearance of

‘| men who have gained election

sity during the afternoon but mo-| retary to the Ministry of Health,

We're not sure what was prov- ed by the number of applicants who answered a classified ad- vertisement inserted in this pap- er by 4 man who described him-

self as a “‘lazy, miserable boss’’. His first mail brougt 30 replies secretaries who were wil- overlook these shortcom- $75 a week.—London

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Some 40 years ago, the first woman Member entered Britain's House of Commons. Nancy, Lady Astor - still, at the age of 81, a — to all our minds - made

House, with Lloyd George on one side of her and A. J. Balfour on the other.

She was not, in fact, the first woman to be elected to Parlia- ment. In 1918, after the First World War, ; the passing of the Parliamenf’ (Qualifcation of Women) Act, the Countess Mar- kiewicz, an uncompromising Irish republican, married to a Pole, was elected by a “Dublin constit- uency, (at that time Southern Ireland was still eligible for re- presentation. in the Parliament at Westminster) but, like others of her opinion, did not take her seat. So the honour of the pion-

no formal impedimen their way, those in the constit- uencies who choose candidates do show a preference for men. The proportion of women in the of Commons has never been higher than four in a hun- Election

passed, 76 women Parliament and 25 were

INFLUENCE IN LEGISLATION But the qualities of those wo-

has, over the years, given them an influence - particularly in the

bers, and more may well be on the way. The presence of women M.P.s has enabled the house to have a much better appreciation than formerly of problems touch-

Lady Astor’s pioneer enfry into the House of Commons - that the first woman Cabinét Minister was appointed. She was Miss Margaret Bondfield, who became Minister of Labour in the Labour Government which took. office that year. (She had already been the first woman to become a member of the Government, hav- ing been appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of La- bour in 1924.) ‘

Eleven women have Ssttice serv- ed as Ministers of the Crown. Five of them have been sworn of the Privy Council - the latest being Miss Pat Hornsby - Smith. Miss Hornsby - Smith, who is Par- liamentary Secretary to the Min- istry of Pensions and National In- surance, has as colleagues in the present administration Miss Edith Pitt, who is Parliamentary Sec-

MAXIMS

Ne accidents are so unlucky but that the wise may draw some advantage from them; hor are there any so lucky but that the foolish may turn them to

Women At Westminister

By Ernest Atkinson United Kingdom Information Service

| the saints in light: Who hath

ee et

It was in 1929 - ten years after

their own prejudice,

NEW YEAR DAY LEVEE HIS HONOR MAJOR THE HON. F. W. HYNDMAN, E.B.

Will Receive At

GOVERNMENT HOUSE

On Friday Jan. Ist. 1960 From 11 A.M. To 12.30 P.M.

/

and Miss Mervyn Pike. Assistant Postmaster «General. —

EXPERTS IN MANY FIELDS

There was a time whenWwomen M.P.s were somehow expected to assert themselves in Parliament merely “‘as women.” They were supposed to concern themselves almost. exclusively with a some- what limited range of topics. That line of thinking has- pretty well died out.

Today Lady Tweedsmuir, for example, is listened to as an ex- pert on Commonwealth affairs. And Mrs. Evelyn Emmett, who has in fact been in Parliament for only four years, is- always heard with attention on foreign affairs;

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she was a full British delegate -

to the United Nations General Assembly in 1952-and 1953. And

in domestic polities she has been _.

chairman of the National Union of Conservative and Unionist As- sociations. ~~

Broadly, then, the picture is of\a comparatively small number of women who have surmount- ed the initial difficulties that the British electorate, in its wisdom or its prejudice, puts before wo- men candidates for Parliament, and who by their intellectual and political resource and diligence

carry more influence than one —

might expect. There have been and are honoured names among them. They stand well in the life of the nation.

December 15, 1958

The Age Old Story

Giving thanks unte the Father, which hath made us meet te partakers. of the inheritance

livered us from the power darkness. 5

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