ol al 1 meme

Che Guardian

Covers Prince Edward tsiand Like The Vew W. J. Hancox, Publisher Burton Lewis Frank Walker Executive Editor Editor Published every week day morning \excep! Sun days. and statutory holidays) at 165 Prince Street, Charlottetown. P.E.1. by Thomsor Newspapers Ltd Branch offices at Summerside, Montague Alber ‘tor and Souris Represented nationally by Thomson Newspapers Advertising Servic Toronto 425 University Ave. Empire 3-8894,; “ontreal 640 Cathcart Street UNiversity 65942; Western office 1030 West Georgia Street Vancouver (MA 7037). Member Canadian Daily Newspaper Publishers Associaton and The Canadian Press The Canadian Press is exclusively entitied to the use for repub

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PAGE 6 THURSDAY, A APRIL L 5, 1962. 1962.

A Fight For Equality

The subject of federal respon- sibility for education has been rais- ed by a select standing committee of the Legislature, which has urged that, in view of rising educational costs, some special assistance from federal sources be sought “without infringement upon our constitutional provincial rights.”

There is no reason in the world why federal control should follow federal support of education. That is an old alibi for inaction, arising from the fact that under the British North America Act each provincial government was given the exclusive power to make laws in relation to education within its boundaries. This has not stood in the way of federal support for technical and vocational training; why then should it be insisted on with regard to academic training?

The Canadian Teachers’ Federa- tion has consistently opposed this interpretation, and much valuable information on the subject is con- tained in its booklet issued last September on “The Cost of Educa- tion.” Therein it is emphasized that equality of educational opportunity is a basic Canadian right and that, since the prosperity of the country is intimately linked to our educa- tional system, the federal govern- ment must be concerned with the adequacy of the education of its citizens, irrespective of their geo- graphical location. Consequently, it cannot ignore the obvious differ- ences in educational standards which exist between the provinces.

Apart from the flimsy object- fons raised under the B.N.A. Act to federal support for education, however, there is another and more basic obstacle, in the Federation’s opinion. This obstacle is publie apathy. “The typical Canadian citi- zen,” it says, “is either unaware of, or undisturbed by, the gross in- equalities which now exist ... When a sufficient body of Canadian tax- payers forget their geographical location and demand that equality of educational opportunity become zomething more than an empty slogan, then progress toward this goal will be realized.”

So, the more said about this matter at every session of our Legis- lature the better. And why not at Ottawa as well? The goal to keep in mind, as the Federation booklet points out, is the obtaining of “sub- stantial equalization payments on the national level in the field of elementary and secondary educa- tion.” This objective will undoubt- edly be realized some day. In the meantime we should lose no op- oo of keeping it in the fore-

“The Electoral Pickle

Among the criticisms voiced ‘th

regard to the report of the Royal Commission on Electoral Reform which was tabled in the Legislature recently, the one most frequently heard is that the report does not go

provinces, and would undouptediy simplify the whole procee 2.

| But it was a unique problem which

the Commission had to deal with in this connectiou, and it is worth noting the reasons given in the historical introduction to its re- port for recommending retention of the old system.

It is noted, first, that this odd combination of Councillors and As- semblymen was the only solution which would meet the wishes of the two old Houses when they were consolidated in 1893. .n the second place, and more impor- tant, it solved the perennial prob- lem of making an electoral system work in a very small province. Thirty members seemed the only logical number: more meant too many for the voting population; less seemec insufficient to maintain a proper balance between the num- ber of members and the number of cabinet ministers. But thirty con-

stituencies would mean thirty very tiny areas in which the amount of politics per vote would be imprac- ticable for the efficient conduct of public business. Consequently fif- teen constituencies were set up with two members each, elected on two different franchises in two separate contests.

The nature of the Executive Council has also had a marked effect on the Assembly and its ele~+’-n There are nine ministers, and this has been found a workable figure: more means too many and not enough for each to do; less means too small an executive for discussion and administration. But nine minis- ters in a 30-man house is one of the highest proportions in the world, and it imposes severe limita- tions on the Premier’s selection of a cabinet and the power of +he Cabinet in relation to that of the House. This point, it is emphasized, has had an important bearing on the composition of the House.

It is noted, moreover, that de- cause of the lack of county ad~in- istration and the limited amount of municipal administration, the method by which some 50,000 Island voters elect thirty members is affected in unusual ways by the functions which members are ex- pected to perform. There is no doubt that these and other factors outlined in this section of the re- port played a large part in shaping the Commission’s findings.

Since the report will not come up for discussion until the next session of the Legislature, there will be ample time to study its implications. Meanwhile, public reaction in the way of constructive criticism is to be welcomed, and should be of ser- vice to those responsible for de- ciding, ultimately, upon its merits.

The Determining Factor

Canadian manufacturers whe complain that high wages are pric- ing their products out of foreign markets should take a look at some of the evidence produced at the U.S. congressional hearings on President Kennedy’s request for au- thority to reduce tariffs in the neighboring republic. Wages are higher there than they are in this country, but that, according to Secretary of the Treasury Dillon, is not what counts. What counts is the unit of labor cost—the cost of the labor required to produce a specific product.

Wages, Mr. Dillon emphasized, are only part of the total. Heaith, welfare and social. benefits must be figured in, and they are generally more extensive in other countries. Most important is productivity— the amount that a worker and his machinery can produce in a given time.

Mr. Dillon gave this illustration: Wages paid to American coal min- ers are approximately eight times as high as those paid to Japanese coal miners. Yet the U.S. sells ters of millions of dollars’ worth of coal to Japan every year. An important part of the reason is that the Amer- fean miner, with high speed machin- ery, produces coal about 14 times as fast as a Japanese miner, so the over-all unit cost is smaller.

This is striking confirmation of an old truth which was recogr’- -4 back in the days of Adam Smith, but which has tended, nowadays, to be forgotten.

| EDITORIAL NOTE

One slot machine you can gom-

ble on without breaking any law, .

notes an exchange, is the one in

IN STEP,

ARE WE ALL

THE SPIRIT OF ‘62

OTTAWA REPORT by Patrick Nicholson Great Program Of Rehabilitation

The philosophy of Canada’s prison system is undergoing a Christian change, from the bru- tality of the bear-cage to the benevolence of a Big Brother.

A significant milestone was

the recent opening a” Justice |

Minister D. Fulton a ‘“min- imum securit pec) near the site of the incarceration criminals, Montreal's St. Vin- cent de Paul penitentiary.

This 650-acre farm is the first of six planned across Canada. It will house up to 90 prisoners who have earned minimum se- curity by their good conduct, There they will be able to earn maximum rates of prison pay, working as farmers. They will sleep in dormitories, eat togeth- er, and even be able to take

correspondence courses to im- |

prove their post-release earning capacity.

Freed from the corral of high walls, floodlights and guns, the farm-prisoners would es- cape comparatively easy. But this too is part of the new phil- osophy, intended to teach con- victs to discipline themselves.

TOWARDS THE LIGHT

“These camps are a forward step in the organization of our new penitentiary system,” Mr. Fulton.

Only one in every four Cana- dian convicts is by nature the gun-toting type, dangerous to

society. But even the gun-toters up for life so

the best protection to society is to reform them. Under our me-

dieval bear-cage system, young |

and old, hardened criminals ne first offenders, sneak thiev- es and sadists, were all herded together and treated the same

way. The contagion of criminal- | a ity snowballed with resentment |

against punishment, to convert

of |

“an eye for an eye” type of re- venge. KAMLOOPS CRUSADER For this, all praise belongs to the man who has built himself in 17 years from a young Oppo- sition back.- bencher to Minister of Justice; who in five consecu- - elections has increased his peal in his native Kamloops = "ae his majority has risen from a mere 177 to a stagger- ing 10,990 which forced all his three opponents to forfeit their deposits. Not only me -_ his ore on y, he is

| the one-shot offender into a con- | sistent sinner - as the high rate | of recidivism has shown. | But our new system of plac- | ing more emphasis on psychia- try than on punishment is eli- minating contagion and ee | ment. Thus Canada, it is hoped, | will be made a safer and more law-abiding country, through the moral and vocational train- ing offered to prisoners, and hence through a hugely increas- ed rate of true rehabilitation.

e have changed the basic concept of imprisonment,” says | Hon. Davie Fulton, who is one

of the most enlightening mem- | bers of the progressive govern- ment. “Instead of letting the punishment fit the crime, we are attempting to shape the imprisonment to fit the crimin- | al.’ |

a ares: aa rhe has mealannad the prestige of the unheralded Justice portfolio to, say, the ro- strum in the spotlight which Paul Martin made of the Health portfolio. Similarly he had ro ed that his political ambition: Despite all that has been done | and ns unquestioned abilities

to help our old age pensioners, would be better served as a fed-

our farmers, our manufactur- | eral Minister than = Conserva-

ers, our Maritimers, our unem- | tive leader in the B.C. provin- | Ployed, and other groups, there cial field.

are solid grounds for the beli Mr. Fulton’s next big achieve- held by some politicians that | ment, on whic it progress the greatest og of this | a already been made, may government hav en confer- | well be the final formality of red upon those whe were for- Gonndiie independence - the merly condemned to the biblical | repatriation of our constitution.

says |

Syrian Crisis Worsening By David Oancia Canadian Press Staff Writer

The Syrian crisis is beginning | easy peace in the Middle East. to show signs of developing into President Nasser of Egypt al- an international crisis that could | ready has offered to mediate be-

involve as many as six of her | tween the various factions. This | | neig : is a move that much of the Syr- ~Observers say that unless the | rn aed sos iit te tae dissidents at Homs and Aleppo | gyptians ae oe ve: padiiied raeiily: the Gotten oo Arab Republic, could hardly wel. tieiied could fester to a point | '‘ where it could jeopardize the un-

“Neither Jordan nor Iraq would like to see the Egyptian leader’s influence rise again in S

PUBLIC

Some authorities say King Hus- sein is keeping his army ready a takeover by Cairo.

FORUM

to prevent

“SLOPPY” LEGISLATION Sir,— Just a few lines to say we are still around to read your most interesting paper. At this | year we are interested in following the proceedings in the Hou

e but your editorial |

views on ee be all topics still take first

We know that a government

members are trying to do their best for us; yet, at this distance it seems to us that not enough thought goes into some of the

is that legislation which seemed sound on paper is ~y from prac- tical when tried o

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ISRAEL’S | until the problem is ironed out) Israel is also a factor that can- the government should continue | not be ignored | its cost sharing plan with the | has had a numbe: parent as it did before regional | with schools were established. ths. Some observers do not consider it improbable that the

And by the way. why not ‘re- vise and reprint the School Act? | Israeli army could take advan- As it is — there is a sheaf of | tage of the confusion to wipe amendm to be carried along of gun ee with ae oid "Ae and it would take a Philadelphia lawyer (No —a Souris lawyer would n dé) to decipher the thing when the words have been deleted and replaced again and again.

And this matter of the gov- ernment paying ‘“‘all the teach- er’s supplement’’. Our Minister | of T daeoe says: ama scale will re rom | triets the a neceaatty tee wane & |} @upplement to the teach-

. cts will

| im |

cents Syria eee cae the word “‘sup- ok eee eee | Seren, ne wee ee ee en | eae RE bes, Ge a No; the is paying headquarters around Homs, in Z central Syria between Aleppo | Ge baste t_ and in- | and Damescus. They call them- | @reased salary bat any teacher selves the “ land of free of | will tell you that unless the dis- Smaeee e | eee they ame | "The decisive factor in the in- | it supplement or additional sal- ternal power is said | aty) the teacher gets less (in ae eo teres Ge i | many cases) than in 1960-61. aa. oe |, We would like to ask our Min- | SO°51't gohreddin and hin stil | ister of Highways a question re- | oioias Sse0- | garding the weight restrictions es | on highways. (Anyone who infor- | travels the St. Peters road will be interested in the answer), | Which type of" vehicle causes | miost damage to the pa¥ement | a large truck with a reason- | able load or a small truck over- loaded? From the standpoint of ae ee canal overteadsa. eeska, gtoen aren't restricted, 7 yeneters Sarr ee, ry ae fe a Souris RRA 7 athe

Real Propiem Alcoholics Why He Drinks

anes to depend upon alcoho

drug. © Most alcoholics are under ten- sion, which must be relieved be- fore any form of treatment can be successful. In addition, must stop long enough to start a program of re-educa-

substituting ano tranquilizer, ey et These

‘oods tion. Some sreneeree _ » sea

lest one badihabit takes place of another.

the

a (Antabuse) or cit- ted calcium (Tem. posil) also helps the individual

indoctrinated into a new way of life. These drugs are deterrents

and produce extreme physical discomfort when even a smal] amount of alcohol is taken while under treatment. Besides dis- couraging the alcoholic from imbiding, they motivate him by demonstrating he can get along without drinking. ,

The majority of alcoholics are emotionally immature, and, like

t

children, must be to meet the realities of living and to assume a certain amount of responsibility. They must real- ize that problems cannot be es- caped through alcoholic ob:iv- ion. Furthermore, complete and total abstinence is the only an- swer.

A third method of re-educat- ing is through organizations such as Alcoholics Anonymous, This is a spiritual approach, leading to a type of tranquility that insures happiness and health for the future Whatever therapy is tried, the alcoholic must try to understand the attitudes that drive him to any cannot tolerate boredom, dissatisfaction, anger,

.or disappointments, Others have

hidden ambitions and cravings but lack the determination o. achieve what they want. As result they become irritable, ibe gruntled, and restless.

(Dr. Van Dellen will answer questions on medical topics if stam) lf - addressed enve- lope accompanies request.)

BRAIN INVOLVEMENT

M. Z. writes: Our 2-year -old had measles last year and he seemed to be no sicker than any other with a

ease. Now the doctor thinks the boy might have had an associ- ated encephalitis, Is this _pos- sible? “

REPLY Yes. We know now that the brain is frequently a aa measles but recognized unless the child : comes drowsy or complains of

headache or stiffness of the eck,

DOG LICKS Sandra writes: I have heard

when a dog licks a sore this will seal and heal the wound. Is this true? REPLY I assume you mean dogs ctnat lick their awn wounds. I doubi if it seals and heals but it does clean the wounds. Many ani- mals do this but I don’t know a. ta it helps or hinders heal- Injured dogs usually tear x the stitches of a large wound and remove the —— often to their own detrimen

TODAY’S HEALTH HINT— Be consistent in your com- mands to children.

NOTES BY THE WAY

that it was accidentally drop- ped by English traders in ivory about 150 years ago. A man never knows what he is oie to tuurn up, les earth- worms, when he starts digging in his garden. — Ottawa Citizen

Hunting The Mushroom . National Geographic Society

for

. It grows in the wild. In fact, just one mushroom is grown commer- cially in the United States, the meadow mushroom (Agaricus campestris).

ASSORTED FLAVORS Knowledgeable mushroom hun- ters, however. can easily find many edible varieties among the 2,000 species. They come in assorted flavors — peppery, bit- ter, -~ nutty. Some species exude aroma of ripe apricots and cig eae genus, Lactarius, produces a savory juice that may be milky white, blue, or

orange.

Botanists warn budding gour- mets to eat only mushrooms they are absolutely sure are not poisonous. The distinction between mushrooms

and toad- stools is scientifically meaning- less, though in pepular usage

the term ‘‘toadstool’’ often de- signates a poisonous variety, Actually, poisonous and edible species may be closely related.

Some mildly toxic mushrooms cause hallucinations. The Az- tecs and other early Mexican Indians ate a sacred mushroom (Psilocybe) that produced fan- tastic visions. Some Indians in remote areas still eat the fungus in mystic ceremoni

ecent research indicates the

Beserks, the Vikings’ predatory group of brawlers and killers who fought like men possessed,

OUR YESTERDAYS

m the Guardian Files

TWENTY - FIVE YEARS AGO (April 5, 1937) ae the 160 persons who ommended for admis- on to : tke Massachusetts Bar recently included Miss Kathleen A. M. Fairchild formerly of Georgetown, P.E.I. Miss Fair- child is the first woman native of Canada to be admitted to the Massachusetts Bar. Only 34.9 percent of the 458 persons who took the Bar examinations were successful.

Kenneth MacKenzie of the Bank of Commerce staff in Charlottetown was guest of hon- or last night at a dinner at the ae National Hotel, tender- ed him by bankers and memb- ers of the Gyro Club of which he was an active member. Mr. MacKenzie has been transferred to the Halifax branch.

blaze yesterday afternoon which gutted the Harwood Apartments, North River Road. Before the blaze was extinguish- ed seven of the 14 apartments had been badly damaged and suffered from smoke and water.

Mrs. Lilian Powell, Kent

Amanita muscaria te induce their frenzied state.

fod, thus must live on the

ganic animals. A few species parasitic, but most flourish . woodland humus,

The mushroom develops from a microscopic spore, which corresponds to the seed of green plants. The spore sprouts

to an underground system of branching thin threads and cord- like strands called the mycel- ium.

DEPLETES SOIL

The mycelium usually spreads radially as it depletes the soil of organic food. When there is a proper balance of warmth and moisture, little knobs appear, These develop into mushrooms, In a few urs, opt ene fungi rise from the r my- celium, often ach the ottainy ring” of olklor

Growing mushrooms are 90 percent water, and they surge up with the power of a hydrau- lie lift. Young mushrooms have forced their way through pave ing. °

The mature mushroom is the fruit of the fungus. Its sole func- tion is to produce spores. This it does prodigiously. Some species release a half - million spores per minute continuously for three or four days.

One variety of puffball, Ly- coperdon pyriforme, functions ingeniously. The pressure of a single raindrop striking the

| puffball will eject a million spore

es out of a tiny opening in the top.

Mushroom spores are so bu ant that a beam of light sh ed into a laboratory tube spores will cause them to churn up like smoke. In still air, some “ spores take two and a half hours to fall 100 feet.

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