HASZARD'S, GAZETTE. JULY

16.

AQIOULTUII. INTIIISTINO 1'0 FARMERS. Prof. J. J. Hall, in the forthcoming No. of his W ' ,. the following sum-

Is peat elemental truths %mlstry. which he introduces is hem one of I.iasio'a fami- liar Lsttsi-seaC inistry, and is a s nopsis of Ill tb kacwisd of the esent day it relation b tesarchsaii y. so much of which Edi sri in the original writings of the

t .

F‘.‘.Hs shnds forth now the reviewer of him- self, and gives us in the most loconic manner, almost in a like form, the very rudiments of know this ‘th

. oar , , ap wi all the improvements and observations oi‘ the

these writers whcu‘h:xve mm toast: b review r a racy an ohashsrnw ’ want of oopiiiismucy, by

for i'l‘a'psssui‘°ticio' reed th hm

“ s our era as e ps-

r on Seienfihc Agricul re we have ever seen.

e recommend that it it may be studied by run, its truths fiirni the basis of their alter- ticn. We fbel proud of belonging to a. fusion, the merits of which should call forth 3 sogrsa amindso eat on short. We be‘ it as a declaration of independence for Sci- iculture With modest we would and with a full ecknow edgemeut o

to ual th

2‘

t ori nel, still

we fearlessly throw the . £iil.et togtlhose who

:vho.u‘ldn;vish to attack the octriues contained in

o wing r.

" We beg of‘o!i)i.r readers to study it line by line, and when they comprehend it all, wit

such cleeruess as we be the me at a single

careful reading‘ they w l fin the they have a grammar for air art, a foundation on which eve observant e culturist may build a re-

'7 tionele which w' accord with practical truth ; and despite the sophistr of those who would rob the t original of a due credit, this let- ter will vs so long as language has it property to recommend it. The following is Lrnio’s synopsis : In the immense yet unlimited expense of the ocean, the animal and vegetable ' cans are mutually de- sut upon, and successive to each other. The animals obtain their ceastituent elemeats from the :::a, and restore em to the water in their original . when they in serve as nourishment to a new generation of plants. The oxygen which marine ani- mals withdrew in their respiration from a air, ‘a- solved in see-water, is returned to the water by the vital of site; the air is richer in oxy- gen t n atmos heric air, containing 81 to 88 r csat.; while the utter contains only 21 per cent. x- ygan, a , combines with the products of the patro- acticn sf deed animal bodies, changes their carbon isto carbonic acid, their hydrogen into water. and ' ‘ n assumes again the form of ammonia. rve in the ocean a circulation takes place without the addition or subtraction of any element, unlimited in duration, although limited in sxtent,inss- much as in a confined space the nourishment of plants exists in a limited quantity. We well know that marine plants cannot derive a supply of humus for their nourishment through their roots. Look at the great causing, the fiscal gtgantiur: this plant, ac- cord’ to Cook. reaches a height of 860 feet, and a single s imsn, with its immense ramifications, nou- rishes cusands of marine animals; yet its root is a smell body, no lar er than the list. What nourish- ment can this draw runs a naked rock, upon the sur- face w ’ t isno perceptible change! It is quite obvious that thus plants r3 ire only a hold,- e fastsniq, to prevent a change ,—es s coun- ' their a ' h ' .. is less than as

t tas- hmsnt, and re-

aeld a ammonia,

gsssgates audcerbeaa required by these plants r t is grdwih, and which we always and as constant constituents of their

.. 3

, a sarreeade with appropriate nou- rishineatsvsrypertcftbeir _ ,——outhecontrar . reqairutwoassdis. of'w ichoae—nainel ,i e

' ‘ sass

shssntfrom the medium sarr . Isii

ate were not regard- ir vitality. Has not on the surface of

rently without recovering any sa y of aaecrprpp» material, they deemed it worthy o ualoua enquiry to ‘scorer the and of old, and the earth iieco-vusur_i' for its dsvslcpsmsnt. I the metal seeds were once ob- tained, might they not sutariaia hopes of their growili 2 Such idmsceuld only be entertained who nothing was known of the atmosphere, a its partifiation with the earth is sdniinimsriag to the vial prnesses of lame and animals Laden: Chemistry indeed produces the elements of water, and, combining them, forms water anew; but it does not create those elemeats—it derives them from water; the new-formed ertlleisl water has been water before. Many of our farmers are like the alche- mists of old: they are searching for the miraculous s — w ' , without an lurihav supply of nourishment to a soil scarcely rich enough to be a ielilsd with ind'i‘ganous pie s,a ll oee crops c grain a hundred old. The experience of centuries, of thousands of years. is lueufllc eat to avd men against these fallacies; our only sacuriiy roni these and similar absurdities must be derived lroin a correct ltuowl of scientific principles. In the first ' net ' y, crgaaic life was so i derived from water only; afterward it was admitted that certain elements derived from the air must be supsradded to the water; but we now know that other elements must be sup lied b the earth, if plants are to thrive and multip y. The amount of materials contained in the atmosphere suited to the nourishment of plantg is limited; but it must be abundantly audi- cisnt to cover the whole surface of the earth with a rich v station. Under the tropics, end in those parts of our g else where the most genial conditions of fer- tility exist—a suitable soil, a moist atmoe here, and a high temperature-vsgetaiion is scarcely imited h co; and where a soil is wantin , it is gradually sup lied by the decaying leaves, her , and branches ofp ants. It is obvious that there is no deficiency of atmospheric nourishment for plants in these ‘ions. nor are those wanting in our own cultivated limm; ell which plants require for their developement is con- veyed to tlism by the incessant motions of the atmos- are. P The air between the tropics contains no more than that of the arctic zones; and yet how diderent is the amount of produce of an equal surface oflatul in the two situations! This is easily explicsble. All the plants of tropical climates—tlie oil end wax palms, the supr cene, etc.-contain only a small quantity of the elements of the blood necessary to the nutrition of animals, as compared with our cultivated plants. The tubers of the potato in Chili, its native counIry,whsre the plant resembles a shrub, if collected from an acre of land would scercely sufiice to maintain an Irish family for a single day. The result of cultivation in those plants which serve as food, is to reduce in them these constituents of the blood. a absence of the elements essential to these in the soil, starch, sugar, and woody fibre are pcrha formed; but no vegetable iibrine, albumen, or caseine. If we intend to produce, on a given surface of soil, more of these latter matters than the plant can obtain frcin the atmosphere, or receive from the soil of the same sur- face in its uncultivated and normal state, we must create an artificial atmosphere, and add the needed eleineute to the soil. The nourishment which must

be supplied in a given time todifiiirent plants, in order to admit a free and unimpeded growth is very unequal. On pure sand, on celcarious soil, on naked rocks,oriIy a few genera of plants prosper. and these are for the most part perennial plants. They require, for their slow growth, only such minute quantities oi minera substanceaas the soil can furnish,which may be totally barren for other species.

Annual, and especially summer plants, grow and attain their perfection in a comparatively short time; the therefore do not prosper on a soil which is poor in mineral substances nesema to their deva- lopsnisul. To obtain a maximum in height in the short riod of their existence, the nourishment contained in the atmosphere is not snihcisnt. If the and of sul- tivation is to be obtained, we must create in the soil an artificial atmosphere of carbonic acid and ammonia; and lhis surplus o nourishment, whisli the leaves can- not appropriate from the air, must be taken up by the corresponding organs, that is, the roots, from the soil. But the ammonia, together with the carbonic acid, are alone lnsuficluat to become part of a due- tined to the nourishment of animals. In the absence of the '

be sued. old of the phosphate of lime, indispenaa Is to the csralia and other vegetables in the forinafion of their seeds, is separated as as excrement, in great uautitiss, by the rind and bark of ligneous plants. ow difercut are the ever rasn plants, the o iuous plants, the mosses, the srns, an pines. roni our animal graces, the csralie, audl lnous vegetables! The former, at every time day during winter and summer, obtain carbon it their leaves by a ' carbonic acid,which is not furnished by the barren soi on which they grow; water is also sheer _sud retained by their coriaee- ous or ileshy leaves with great force. hey lose very little b evaporation, compared with other plants.

On the ct er hand, how very small is the quantity of mineral substances which they withdrew fro soil during their almost constant gun in one in comparison with the quantity which one step of wheat oi‘ equal weight receives in three months! It by means of moisture that lants receive the noose- sar alltalias and salts from soil. lndr

i

plants list developed a

nearer the surlkca of the soil. shrivel a and become yellow, lose their vitality. and fall oI'w ' the nt is in an active state growth. without any a cause. ' p cmenon is seen is years , nor in evergreen plants, and but rarely iaplaats which hawelswg|lddsspNOtl.lIG'llltlsu ' in autumn and winter decay is no

sheets a , °t:.vitality cf the

y ceases. w -hate traces of 'eelable salts,

tell.‘ I

I.--.-'

Ni

13% DIBSQNTIOI. IN THE CABINET.

For several weeks past a rumour oi‘ the exis- tence of a serious dlaasutlun in the Qbiset has been prevalent in most of the clubs “eQd‘£:lti- cal coteries of the metropolis. At ' was said Iiet they were not all liearti y agreed as to the course to ursued in reference

- on

PS

the iasui of new write to the hero which, r the invcstiptions now going or- werd, before Election Committees, were proved

to have been guilty of oorru it practiocs—at another time it was inserted the were all at variance with the line cl’ policy to ie aduptud in reference to the arrogant and overbearing pre- sions of Russia in the ecu rumours were probably not witlinut foundation. A co- r was at any rate given to them by the 0 site opinions expressed by the Whig and Poe its members of the Cabinet on the sub’ oi oi‘ the delinquent boroughs, and by t if‘ vuci lotion and delay exhibited in the transmission of instruc- tions to our uni iassedor at tonstautino lo, or eny specific orders to the Adm ml of the ritiah fleet at Malta, in reference to the dificultiea that have arisen in Turkey. But whatever the disagreement of the Ministry upon these ques- tions ma heve been, we must assume that they were on y of a temporary character, and that means were found of reconciling them without the loss of dignity or consistency to any one. At all events we see no further eilort made by Lord John Russell and the Whig section of the Cabinet to stay the issuing of new write to the corrupt boroughs, and we are informed that a decided and cner tic line of action has at n th been resolve upon as re rds the threat- ene violence of Russia in the at.

n ound of diseeution has recently ex- hibited itself umong the ministry upon it point which was not immediately ex cted to arise; and which, nlthougli appuren {got over for the time being. may not im roba ly turn out to be the rock u n which llltlll.li1lt‘ly the coalition Ministry wil split. The apple of discord in this instance was the old and shrivelled one of the Irish Roniun (.‘atholic' Church. Shall this Church be endowed by the State‘! and if en- dowed, shall it be by the ‘pippropriatiou of the plroperty of the Establish Church? Mr. G.

. Moore, the Roman Catholic Member for Mttyo, raised this question some nights ago in the House of Commons u n a motion for the appointment of a Select ‘ommittec to inquire into the ecclesiastical revenues of Ireland, with the view of ascertaining how far they are made applicable to the benefit of the Irish ople. T ie honorable gentleman did not disguise that the real object of his motion was to divert from the Protestant Established Church in Ireland, the whole or the greater part of its (property, and to uppl it to the maintenance an support of the Roman Catholic hux-c This proposal be justified u n the ground that the mass of the people 0 Ireland were Roman Catholics, and that they were kept in a. state of perpetual disloyalty to the Crown from the sense of op- pression and injustice entertained by them at the wholly unprovided and destitute condition in which their church had been left, ever since the Reformation s iled it of the property of which it was reviously possessed. " It has been the feab on," said he, " for members apeakin .in this House, to assert that the R0- man Ca olica of Ireland are a loyal pic. I wish at once to shake 0 ‘that hypocrisy oi'de- bate, and to declare that they are not a loyal

0 le. [will even venture to say that ifan ‘ng ish and an American vessel were engaged on any part ofdte Irish coast, a very in por- dog of the l ere-on would wish cri-

cena to win. is a use eir Church -—the Church the great majority of the king- dcm—ie all ' vcrty.

to remain stee , in pa whilst the Cli ch of the Esta lishmcnt with scarcely a con gation in any part of the coun- try, is rolling ui. wealth, from which no nation- al benefit of any kind is derived." To this mo- tion aud to these remarks Lord John Russel re- lied by repudiating the charge of mini] dia- oyalty attributed to the Roman Cat olic popu- lation of Ireland, and by drawing a distinction between them -and the Church of which they were members. The Irish Roman Catholic Church was, looking at its proceedings in fo- reign countries, loo ing at its proceediugsiu this country, looking at the mode in which that Church, acting under the direction of its head, himself a foreign IOVel‘OI%l, has aimed at poli- tical power -it has been nt too evident that it is at variance with. due attachment to the Crown of this copntry,end with a due attachment to the duties which a citisen owes to the state. I by no means wish to convey to the House the im- pression that the views of the Roman Catholic persuasion th in and in this country are not attsehed to the liberties which we en’ y, and loyal to the sovereign of these realms. ut what must say—whet I am convinced of—is that if the Roman Catholic cler in Ireland had an increase of war given tot m, if they as ecclesiastios, ccu d exercise a greater control and a greater political influence than the now asses, t influence would not be used ac- cordance with the neral freedom which re- Leiitlhs in tlii: . I belipyfi that nei r respcc re ous not w res tto llticel subjects .wou,Id y labour fcrptohiet ii-pa: dom 0 ac , . t energy and activit ndw ch itisths tendeuc an

s lrit of our constitution to promote. am, t ereforo, oblipd to conclude unwillingly, but conclude most decidedl , that eendcwuient of the Rom, lic re on is not a course which the out of th s oountr ought to nation." This on of opin on on the part 0 the noble rd coaiin at a moment when the disclosures de in tire Irish ttsss were sxhibitin the t pleypod theprlssts in the electoral couais of sistsrumtdry, was vs wsrml and ap- PM by the case, a u a l . Moore's incticn was dehetstfxlry e' large aiajcrity Int mark what followed. ' Our readers are aware thataui t thi: veri- is smen who as- of the 0rd- , and one of lumen bars ofthskemeu Outbo- cne was is Mr. House's motion was under dia- net use of the: ole lusssll. Why ocsades ofso mesh in- xso.s L Idea U. I 3| mutants Is the evdlaasy

,1. its

_,i ii!

'1'“ was llisn no syintoui or hint of resignation. l"iuir and twenty hours afterwards, however, the tbrse grnilernen appear to have become suddenly, and for the rim time, convinced that they ouahi John

tube exceedingly indignant at what Russel had said, and that it was. in f quits iui ib for them to coatinua to be re of

s overnrseat which ihrou b the mouth ofcnc or its principal members had eslered that the Ru- iuan lfsiholic Church in Ireland was, “ under the direction of its head," hostile to free institutions and dislnyal to civil governments. Accordingly after the interval of lime to which we have allud- ed, Messrs. Munssll, Keesh, and Sadleir having, either from inward rsllsction or from external dictation. become aullicieetlv indignant sad patri- otic, sevsarlly sat down and wrote a letter in Lord Aberdeen resigning their pieces as members his aduiiuislratioii. ow comes the poiat at which the existence or rave diseeution in the Cabinet is made manifest. lord Aberdeen upon the receipt of the letters of resignation, held, it is to be presumed, a hurried communication with some or all of the other members of the Government, and then addressed himself to the recounts in these terms: “ it is with much concern that 1 have received your letter, in which you tender your resignation in conse- (“IQDCG of the proceedin a wliicli took place in the cure ol'Conimoes on ucstlay last. lhave to inform you that, while the vote on that occasion had the sanction of the Government. the reasons for that vote given by Lord John Russell, and the sentiments: of which you complain, are not she- red by me nor many of my colleagues. I wish this might be distinctly undera ed, as imiglit otherwise bsjuatly charged with cfiiure from t ose slings which, both in and out of oflice, I have held and still hold with to the Roman Ca- tholic body, and the open avowal of which had appeared to several Roman Catholic gentlemen to justify them in accepting oiiice under the Govern-

ment." As soon as these welcome words reached .

the hands of the three gentlemen who had so pi- ously bereaved themselves of olllce, they at once pronounced themselves perfectly satisfied, and rcadil y consented to re-enter the ministerial fold, and to resume the functions they had indi nantly abandoned. Lord A son thus succee ed in preserving the personnel of his government intact ; but he at the same time made it manifest to the world that his Cabinet was seriously divided in opinion upon one of the gravest quesisons that can possibly engage the attention of the statesmen and rulers of this Protestant kingdom. On a subse- quent evening Mr. Moore endeavoured to ascer- tain from Lord John Russel who the Members of the Government were whose opinion dilered from those ex ressed bv him upon the subject of the Roman stholic Church; but upon that point Lord John professed his total inability to gratify the honourable gentleman's curiosity, as he really did not know who since at his colleagues shared

his opinions and who di not. in reply to another ._

interrogation from the same quarter as to whether the votes only and not the opinions given by the leader of the Government in the House of Com- inona were to be regarded «as having the sanction of the Cabinet, Lord John replied that he concur- red in what he considered a very sensible opinion expressed by Lord Melbourne, that it was only necessary for a Government to agree as in a par- 'cular course to be taken, and not requisite that they should all be of one mind as to the reasons r which that particular course was taken. 'I‘lius then the matter stends—Msssrs. Mouscll, Keogh and Sadlsir have been reconciled to their placss—the Coalition Ministry for the present re- tains its integrity of form, but the broadest possi- ble divergence of opin n has . ii shown to exist between the I’esl'te P r Wh' -Liberal as House , s. t

circumstances the bgini of a considerable section of the Conservative flirty are be inning to revive, and another " Coalition,” of a character diluent from that at present existing, is already spoken of.

GIJAHIIGB F303 LATE PAPIIK

Aunicuuruius. Waals Aeaoan. The Despctch says that at Denzic, ag- ricultural labourere work for from . to 7d. per day ; in Holstein and Mecltlenburg, at 71!. per ii . “From these places we import large quantities of wheat, and, if prices advance in England, they can supply muc more. e agricultural labourers have been mnteriall helped by letting in forei n cheese and econ, the chea nin of a aorta of groceries and appare , an paticulerly by the im rtation of French our an potatoes. arm work is done at e vs low rate in soiue parts ofFrancc. In the vicinity ofCalias, the laboiireru work for 8d. aday ; at Bol a, 6d., an ar- scilles, from 4}. to 7 . At Brest, the la- bourer gets from £8 to £6 a year if his master boards hint ; at Calais. he gets from £5 to £6."