t ju—r

backhand-How ill:th to grow rich and powerful? Very one will answer—By cultivating and making ‘produco, tive what nature has given them. So long as their lands remain uncultivated,” no matter how rich by nature, ,they are still no source of 'wealth {but when they bestow labour upon them, and be “a to plough the fertile earth, they then me a source 0 profit. Now, is it not precisely the same case with natural powers of mind? So long as the rennin uncultivated, are they not valuelss? Nature gives it is true, to the mind talent, but she does not learning or skill ; just as she gives to the soil fertility, but not wheat or corn. ' In both cases the labour of man must make them productive. N , this labour applied to the mind, is what we call educa- a Word derived from the Latin, which means the edit:- eating or bringingfortb the hidden powers of that to which it . is applied. In the same sense also we use the word culti- aatwn—re say,“quva the mind,”just as we say“ cultivate theiaoil. a a From all this we conclude that a nation has two natural sources of wealth: one, the soil of the nation, and the other, theatisd ofthe nation. 80 long as these remain uncultiva- Mthey add me or nothing to wealth or power. Agncul- ture makesthe one productive, education the other. Brought under cultivation, thcam'l brings lbrth wheat .and corn and good while the weeds and briars and p018000“5_])lapt8 an all meted out; so mind brought under cultivation brin forth skill, and learning,“ sound knowledge, and principles; while ignorance and prejudice, and bad passions, and evil habits, the weeds and briars and poisonous plants of 1% are rooted out and de-

Ayn ignorarn‘t man, therefore, adds little or nothing to the Wealth ofthe country, an educated man adds a great deal ; on ignorant man is worth little in the market, his wages are low, because he has got no knowledge or skill to so ll. Thus in a woollen factorya skilful workman may get $10 or 815 a week, wliilcan unskilled workman must be content ,with 81 or 82. In a store or a counting house one _ clerk gets $1,000 salary, because he understands book-keeping or the value of goods, while another who is ignorant, gets no- thing but his board. ' ' \Ve see these differences too when we look at nations. Thus China has ten times as many inhabitants as England, but England has a hundred times as much skill; therefore England is the more power- ful of the two, and frightens the government of China by a

' e ship of war. . _ ‘ bus, too, amongtbe nations of Europe, Prussia is 'more powerful and prosperous than any other of the same size on the continent, because all her people are educated, and that education is a Christian one, making them more] and indus- trious as Well as skilful. If then, the education of the. pelt:- lc be necessary to the res icrit ' of the nation, it is t. e Ruty ofthe government 05 milieu do provide for it ; that is, to see that no child grows up in ignorance or Vice, becaps'e that is wasting the productive capital of the country. '1 his education tooshould be a Christian education, in order that children when they grow up should be honest, faithful, and temperate;for if a man be a liar or a drunknrd his know- ledge and skill is worth little to the country, because he Will never be trusted nor employed.

None know the v f education but those. who have received it; it is re the duty of every child who has been wefl attested himself, to use his influence when be

up, to extend it to others, and if he be a legislator, to make it national and universal in his country.

CORN FROM AMERICA.

A large meeting assembled in the Corn Exchange, Man- chester, in September last to bear a statement, by Mr. James cans, of Ohio, on the capability and willingness of America In) supply Great Britain with corn. Many hundreds ofper- sons were unable to obtain admission.

Mr. Cobdcn was the chairman ; and there were present several leading members of the Anti-Com-Law Lea ue.

Mr. Cobdeu, in opening the business ofthe day, 0 served that the ruling classes in England were taught to pore over the past history and obscure geography of ancient Greece, with its paltrywivers; but they remained profoundly igno- rant of contemporary history—of America, and its natural wealth and vast streams, where the best flour was sold fora penny a pound, while unskilled labour commanded 45. to Be. nday for wages. The knowledge offsets, however, mlist bear down the com-laws— ‘

“When it comes well understood that in America, which now, b the magic of steam navigation, is brought within a fortnight} sail of us—that along the whole sea-board of America there is now stored up abundance of flour, abund- once of pork, and abundance of beef; and that the Ameri- cans themselves are anxious to send that pork, that beef, and that flour to feed you, and are anxious to set

our spindles, and your wheels, and your looms, and your

miners in motion, to take in exchange for these things

our manufactures; when that is known, and sufficiently

aown through the country, I have that faith yet in the force of truth, and [have that faith in the energies and in- dependence of my countrymen, that [believe it will be im- possiblefor an act of parliament to dam up those supplies which Divine rovidence has intended for you.”

He quoted a letter from his brother, written a few weeks since at Baltimore—

“It is useless for Britain to expect a lar e trade with America unless she consents to take the agricu tural produce of this country. Ispent last evening with a large provision dealer, and he tells me that the warehouses are full of bacon, bread, and beef, and that he can hardly sell it at any price. He said he had just received an invoice from the in- terior of the country of one hundred casks of prime bacon, consisting of ham; and shoulders; and he did not believe, when theyarrived, that he should be able t-i sell them for as much as would pay the expences.”

Mr. Girtis delivered a long speech, showing, by the evi— dence of statistics, how America could provide, to the point

. ofsuperfluity, for the wants of Britain, increase as they might, tosn indefinite extent. It is impossible, in our pre- occupied space, to give an outline of Mr. Curtis’s able ac-

. count;and it is the less necessary, since we quoted lar ely from bias iccch on the same subject delivered at the an- chester uti-Corn-Law Conference. He reminded those who Mfufid for independence of foreign nations in the sup- ply of ood of an apt precedent to the contrary—

“He asked those who doubted whether Britain could be supplied from abroad, if they had looked at the capabilities

. of other countries for doin this? Had they looked at what India could produce? ad they looked at what America could produce, or what Russia could supply ? There was Barbary, a country which once supported Rome in its great- ness. It was new comparatively waste; but it was just as capable as ever of cultivation, and only wanted the hand of commerce to hold out the inducement."

America, without encoura meat from a demand here, already produces fifteen mil ion quarters of wheat ; and so anxious is she to furnish the supply for Britain, that Mr. Cur- tis is confident her citizens would confine their own con- sumption to Indian (mm, were it necessarv, in order to re- lease the whole amount of wheat requiréd by this country.

- Already some is sent through Canada, as colonial wheat, to $28 of the opposes and trouble of that circuitous course. In vastand ertile lsins ofthe west the labour of one

man can_produce . _ for thirty. 0n the other hand, the hilly mum “WWW 0“! new country promotes un- csastng labour among the American citizens; and this labour, hem, productive, gives the mean for satisfying the wants consequent on wealth; so that the American agricul-

Wrists may he made the best of all possible‘ consumers of

manuficmm Though the British have not universal suf- frage, as they have in America, he believed that they could not combine against the law which prevents the interchange

Ind fall In procuringits repeal.

Captain Letaoaannet, of the w-haler Roland, who rescued

the passengers of the India, Cam bell, which was burnt to the water’s edge, near Rio Janeirg, on her to Port

Philip, has been presented by the En lish merchants there with a gold chronometer, as a rewar for his meritorious

exertions in reset-via the lives f ' m T g 0 so many ofhis fellow

. e-conduct of Capt. Cam bell ' k f ‘ the highest terms; he was the last W’lIO qui's s thinlzdllt: and s; was then at the peril of his life, for his clothes were on

1

i

From Late English Paper!-

511’“th ‘d' " d at smyr

A a ' Pas the ci cator 0 an is, arrive _ ‘ na'ldnhi‘lie 7tlifat clean o'clock. His EXceIlency’s W85 saluted with 19 gone by aTurkisb frigate, an Austrian ogr- vette, and a French brig, in the roads. A few hours 9. gr his arrival the be walked in the Frank quarter 0“ .3 town, wearing -t e magnificent sabre which the sultan pits- sented to him, and which is valued at a thousand P0“, 3 sterling. 0n the 8th he proceeded to Constantinople 1" the yacht placed at his disposal. Before quitting Sought} Tahir Pasha left a sum of 20,000 plasters for the bene t 0

the sufferers by the late fire.

FRANCE.

Quénisset, the real name of the rufiian who attempted to assassinate the king’s son, has been plied wub Wine: and has: opened his month to his keepers. Ile has accused sever accomplices, and is hourly adding to the list. It is said t at he has already accused twenty-five, and that seven of those are seriously implicated. They all, however, .deny deny knowledge of him or the conspiracy. The correspon alt of the Morning Post says that four pfinctpals were lfflme. l" ntely enga ed in the attempted assassination—Quemssetz “ second, w o lent his shoulder for Quénisset to take airs from; and a third, who took Quénis'set’s second Plsmli 3“ handed it to the fourth; who dropped it_ in the crpwd’; The correspondent of the Times gives an “ lticoulm‘fe'fnble statement of the scheme, of which the assassination was but the beginning. Quénisset was a Communism-—

“ You will recollect that I wrote you on the day ofthe 1“? tempt a brief account of the procession of the Seventeenth Light Iiifiintry, and ofits escort of‘meu in blames ifhat ‘some ofthein preceded the troops, while others were mixed up with the soldiers.’ I was struck With that fact; as it ap- peared to me, who know nothing ofimlitary athtll‘Si that an observation I heard from a competent Judge at I‘euiple Bari the day on which the funeral ot'Queen Caroline took place, applied—namely, that ‘ the people were so mixed up With the Guards that not a man of the latter could have acted had an order to resist the populace been given.’ Such was pre- cisely the notion of this proceeding of the men an blouse, of whom I spczik. Qnéuisset was to kill one of the princes, it did not matter which ; and this was to be the Signal for the armed conspirators, who were in very great numbers at each side of the procession, to aid those unarmed, when the latter should turn upon the soldiers, and (attempt at least to) wrest the muskets out of their hands. Ifthis failed, enn- tlier calculation was made. The soldiers, infuriated at the murder of one of the Royal Dukes—upon their own Colony]. perhaps—and at the attempt made upon themselves, would probably have butchered every man, woman, and child With: in their reach. A general insurrection throughout Paris would (as the conspirators calculatedlI take Place; and scenes would ensue of a character too orrible to contem- plate, and be wound up Ileaven only knows how.” .

The Court of Peers met and formally constituted itself for the trial of the accused, on Tuesday. It is expected that the preliminaries of the trial will occupy some time.

GREAT BRITAIN.

The Queen has been pleased to appoint the Right Hon. Sir Charles Bagot, G. C. B., to be Captain-General and G0< vemor in Chief of Her Majesty’s Provinces of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, and of the Island of Prince Edward; and Governor-General of all Her Majesty’s Pro- vinces on the continent of North America, and of the Island of Prince Edward—London Gazette.

Thomas Didhiii, the dramatic author, died on the 16th of September, at his house in Myddleton-place, Pentonville, aged 70.

The effective strength of the army in Ireland, up to the 15th of September, was 15,294 rank and tile.

The board ofcustoms have received a treasury minute to admit the guano manure at a duty of55. per ton, the parties entering the same to give bond for the payment of any other or higher duty that may be imposed upon the same by any future net of parliament.

John Pirie, Esq., alderman and plasterer, has been elec- ted to serve the high and important oflice of Lord mayor of the city of London for the year ensuing. The new sheriffs are Mr. Alderman Ma nay and Mr. Rogers.

The Scylla, sloop-o ~war, and Bramble cutter, to act as a tender, have been commissioned at. Plymouth, by Captain Francis Blackwood, for the purpose of surveying Torres Straits, a place of frequent passage, but very imperfectly known. Captain Blackwood’s attention» is also to be direc- ted to the whole south face of New Guinea, and the many islands which lie between that Island and New South Wales, and which now give shelter to hordes of Malays, but which, with our increased commercial connexions, must be cleared of these pirates, and rendered useful. They present many fine harbours, and are capable ofyielding an infinite variety of valuable products. ~

The Earl of Shrewsbury (a Catholic peer) has just pub- lished a pamphlet “ On the present posture of Aflhirs,” in which, condemning those “ who make the presumed inte- rests of religion a plea for the extreme of violence in their political opinions and conduct,” and, alludin to the call made on the Roman catholics, “to unite against Tory vio- lence,” he says, before he follows this advice, he is “ much more inclined to consider first, whether the new government may not administer the affairs of the country full as much for the true interests of religion as the old.” His lordship adds, “ At any rate, religion has nothing to gain by a state of anarchy and revolution, or, indeed, by any success of the movement party.” Denounciiig the proceedings of Mr. O’Connell as full of mischief, he observes, that be “ must either mean more than he tells us, or that all is charla- tanism ;” and, though still calling himselfa Whig, the noble earl will give his support to the present government—to the opponents of whom, particularly to the anti-corn law peo- pde _(fi'om whom his lordship totally dissents), he gives some

vice.

James Craven, of Richmond, has produced in his garden, this year, from one potato, the astonishing number of 3891.

The Duke of Leinster has taken the total abstinence pledge from Father Mathew.

Tuesday, the 12tliof0ctober, is the day named for the prorogation of parliament.

Amon the pensions granted on the civil list this year by Lord Me bournc, are—one of £300 to Mr. Snow Harris, the distinguished electrician, the inventor of the ship lightning- conductors; a pension of £200 to Mr. Carey, the translator of Dante ;_ £150 to Dr. Anster, the translator of Faust; and £50 to Miss Clapperton, sister of the celebrated African traveller.

A meeting of tlie Repeal Association took place in Dublin last week, when Mr. O’Connell said the motto of the society was that “ Everything coming from England should be burnt, except coals.” N 0 one should be admitted to its

meetings who was not dressed altogether in Irish manufac- tures.

c

. . House of Commons, Sept. 24.

An interesting conversation arose in consequence of a su gestion from Sir C. Napiér that there should be a naval 0 am: at the board of ordnance. In the course of the con- versation, . Sir C. Napier declared that, in the whole course of his life, he had never seen a good musket or a good cartouch- box on board a British man-of-war; and be challenged any naval ofiicer on either side of th to say that the arms were of any but the very worstlfvvfissible description. So vzity bad wed-e they that, in Syria, the mountaineers would naggcipé't em. The same might be said of pistols, cut-

Capt. Pechell said it was notorious that th ' this respect very badly supplied; and, in minnyavdeszgstli: swords supplied were little better than iron boo ’ and wesre Oéilyvfit _to [Le uzedhfor that purpose. pg,

11‘ . apier ope t at the no would

ed to than it bad hitherto been, iii-r some firgifiggfigg; would occur that would astonish the country. He he ed that vessels would he sent to see better manned than 1B3 had been for some time; for, bad the fleet in Syria Whicli was not fully manned, been attacked by a fleet fully man-

33:13:; one could tell what would have been the conse-

; cac- etotouiat

Captain Fitzroy said the arms were, the same as

" 'I'ta . - ‘ lmfigdtxhfidghLXZid that, if the same kindoti'fialrlf 3:1: 'iven to 'th'ek‘navy as to-tbe army, he, as a mnemion had gi'onld say that nothing could be worse. As a 1 would be HOW been drawn to the subject, he hoped the en

“[13:12:1- CITY ELECTION.-‘The Srinaan informed house that he had received a letter, statm that it vgzblin intended to proceed with me petition against the ‘

e‘ec‘m' LIVERPOOL, Oct. 5. 1841-

: .The new Chancellor of the Exchequer, Mr. Goulbourii,

has hit upon a somewhat novel expedient for temporarily

meeting the demands upon the exhausted treasury, and it p

' east to as was “goggmli‘i3gdiilldlbg eigelctteiliccffgggsigieil ol'a pro- $22318; fund £5,000,000 of exchequer bills, or, 11:1: 3:; option' of the subscribers, half that amount in of eq — U“ ad half in money. This took the stock trial at com

I s a ‘ ‘ l 'm resston for the three pletely by surprise, as the genera l p M mere! or four days preceding was, that the treasury Waind fi .6” y order a supply for the amountof the declare b.4131 ci 0“ d, viz, £2,500,000, that a funding of -exchequer b i s_ (:1 .red entirely be dispensed with, and no fresh loan '6 reg “iv.th during the present year; but the proyect was Vlzggoo 0100 so great favour by the capitalists that upwards of ,k , . were subscribed for during the three days the boo sdwetili1 3 open to receive moufiy art] the Bang of England, an e

' ii'obabl to e t 8 remain er. I

ball‘lbdviilglit lion. 1gentleman deemed that this plan was the best for dealing with the present extgency, as there was nq time for a general inquiry into the state of the plum; finances preparatory to the imposition of new taxes , qt e pledged himself that such an inqmry should take hp 116%, and that, at a future time, he would he prepared Wit dent;l

measures as the comparative states of the revenue an i e expenditure required. The late Chancellor of the Exc E3- quer, Mr. Baring, gave a kind of half approbation to t e mode of meeting the deficiency which the new government resorted to, but at the same time complained that no glimpse or glimmering was afforded of the plans 'which the present chancellor contemplated. _

Lord Palmerston admitted that if the large measures pro- posed by the late government Were to be rejected, the pre- sent plan was better than immediate taxation. The country had been pleased, by returning a conservative majority, to place the present administration in office, and the first fruit was an addition of £2,500,000 to the national debt. He hoped they would not find the new ministers dear at the money. He thought the house had a right to know from those ministers—not, indeed, what Were the details of their plan, but what was the principle of it. Unles they had made up their minds about that, they should not have used the budget as the instrument of turning out the late ad- ministration. They were not entitled to blame the expenses of the army and navy; for they had ever urged increase instead of diminution in our armaments. What might be their intentions in the corn-laws none knew. There was an obvious difference among them on this point ; and though it might be reasonable to give them some time for agreeing

among themselves, yet there might be a limit to that delay, '

and parliament ought to be again assembled in the course of the autumn. The degree of the existing distress might be disputed; but none could deny that it arose in no small measure from the corn-laws.

All the members of the House of Comtnons who vacated their seats by accepting oflice in the conservative adminis— tration have been re—elected. In no case has anything like serious opposition been attempted. Lord Stanley made a very excellent speech on the hustings, and avowed such an earnestness of union with Sir R. Peel, as can leave little doubt that they will act energetically and cordially together. He declared that the new government was not to be a. promising government, like the last, but a performing go- .vernmeut. Ministers, he said, were reserved in what they ,stated now, because they wished to consider maturer and fully to understand what they were about before they pro- posed measures to parliament. They were, he said, deter- mined to do their duty, and he hoped in a few years hence the people would say of them that, though they did not promise much at the beginning, at least their performance was the greater. As to the distress of the people in the manufacturing districts, he admitted it was deep and gene- ral, but he denied there was any truth or justice in the state- ments which attributed the distress to the corn-laws. There was, indeed, a cause for it, he said, but it was in the rash excess of trade into which the manufacturers rushed, when, by banking accommodations and other temporary circum- stances, a large demand was experienced. Their ruinous competition with each other, and their attempts to extend their business beyond all natural limits, had produced sub- sequent stagnation and distress of the working people.