Jill iBliiBitflii—N—x_

FARMERS, S

KIHQHQWZVZIII

f i l Farm Notes

IA‘! IOUI WIIGIII.‘ IN MIA’!

W953i

_ tlocsdioos consumed “Me m. of met psi’ person curios mi in to um lbs. per peg. io i000. Iocreesp i; t“ p‘. Piicc of ecrls. musics-ace b were shows with o dswessc

lo the consumption of

to for the m» ms, III. old m0. ‘mess iisurie

Flflfl GOMNIIVIW the gem"; contention c! clpcrts that the nos- Iscl healthy individual sets m; "5 Wilht in roost ovary peg, 1g is cisimed thst the lndlviduq w. Holly consumes his own weirnt in foederch month. sbdcnthisbe. sis it would cooler that inset sup. bliss about one twelfth e! tbs M- UHF! 799‘ 1Q! the hum“ gm, rmwiment oi curriculum.

l. IJ-Jllilil Illllll IN M51‘

ruoberriee Ind eth- I berries from British 001mm‘ will be sold in Esstern Osneds this yell’ for the first time. Already rbubsrb grown on the Western Muslim cosst is on eels see

" 7.1mm- from the eosst to m. 7.. "~ trek and Intern Censds this aeo-

son have reached over 100 core. lost year imports of strawberries. "lvbcrflos. lusou berries sod other edible berries totslleci over 4,050,000 lbs. values n. epnresimsisly sell.-

-.-.-..-..-.-.-..-. "WHY OUT HAY IAIIJI

The formers of Eastern Ososde. ore dependent to s mat extant um other provinces for their blob crcisin concentrates. hley c!

W . homely. Protein.

mum,“ The lenlth of tilltment necess- , m“ errie clematis direct proportion us undertook u determine 0.. to the rinse o! weiuriiy- Willis t,“ , u my 1,, Wm". M, m“, which hove sssumed ins greenish

“mom, m white bloom. which swoon iust iwereeunncufymgggmm before tinted pigment bsginsto cs from cdioccnt cross w... became evident. will risen in from

st Nsopon. Nova eeetis. to

_ led cf clover,

. ed 1.e percent ewe m. _ sccl s-es per cent loss fibre

other

ripening tcmstoss.

u: effective

nature-cl ‘

tomatoes. And mops still. It! 11111157 of the ertlficiclly ripened fruit is equoi in flavour to thet of the fruit ripentd undo! conditions, ncture green fruits ore used. ‘the w is ‘w; sometimes secdcuelitycsnbs ueedhsrs 4° ' rflmlih"

‘M u,‘ W”, fl m. l}! sdvoiitsdc in tlist the stem end, I; ngcgggfl-y pg uwmv’ gym‘ IQ INN “ndlf 110W"! theimost expensive food: nutrient it 99mm" 9‘ ""5511 l‘ “M”?

The Ripening of Tomatoes With Ethylene Gas

(klfhfiflfl IIUNINMD)

m II". Hi0 QM Iillllilso o! tensions has icoressed wisely. owing lonely to the desire in the pore of the houolwife to include this Violinist-whistling limit is he! dfllrhunu averse 1"!‘ I mt of the seas so possible. nu boo resulted in MOW ioiwrt- siious o! tcsnssoss from the south during the winter mouths. These bro picked green. ehlwsd. end ripened usueily by sidiieetins them to warm isenporeiures Ilveryooe is "iiusintsd with the Mk of flavour oi such mute-c. which in sddition. are frequently deficient in rcd colour. 4t ell times. Mich fruit is markedly inferior to thsli ripened natursily on the vine, pnd until recent yocrl. stir-system of srti- fieiol ripening hid Pen developed cepnble of even approaching the effectiveness c1’ natural ripening.

Owing te favourable reprints from investigstcss ca to the effectiveness of ethylene gss u c muss c! artificially ripening tomatoes. enactments were initi- ated at the Upssirnentsi station. Irederiotos. N. l. in the spring s! ilictotastitcvsluesssmesnscf and several other fruits end vegetables as well.

Experiments over s. period of two yum hove demonstrated isirly eoitdiilsivcl! that ethylene gas is menus of riocnicg importlnt

almost fully colomed.

cuslity will not be equal cc that oi -. results of these analyses "t! field 7199006 0M7- Pmvidihl

. thst the early m; .19.,“- tho ouit is picked st tho proper sills. the quality is all that eon be

a

t uwvidius

Build Machines As Needed

i?

When the scientific fsrcur leaves i-hs resins c! the ordinary sud as. hi‘! the fluid of specialised ro- seamh‘ be is cohfrolltod with on en- tirely new stow of offsirs Ind one to which in most cues ordinary urchin“ c! ciluioment do not or- D Y:

An interesting crumble of this is supplied by the ingenuity and on. terprise of ccrcllidi-b l-t the federal Esrrflmeotsl Station st Swift Our- rcni. desk. where ocnsiderobls at- tention hos been given to tho de- velopment of specie; machinery to oid in carrying on plot work.

000 0! the probicliil is the cli- iloditiouc and economic plsntisg of seed in rod-row plots. fa this connection improvements to the mil-NW tyres c! seeders hove been made, producing a machine highly eflicieni and now coucide..- cs- esuiioi equipment for cores! oun- ory work. closely allied with this is tho construction, of a "conveyor belt" tyne c! seeder dcsirned to sow fertilizers and secdl in rod-row and smaller plots. m-

Oonaiderome progress has been mode in the design end develop.- ment of n “Rotary lheer" honest. or for cutting single mvls of groin. Power ia supplied through sivht- inoh lawn mower strive wheels. With o low minor sdiuctmcnte this machine in operation shows much promise es e. valuable and priwtioci plocc of equipment for ems! ours- ery work.

Most mtcrectinl cf Ill is probably the 24-inch Cylinder PM tluosher. "Wlolly designed sod constructed to meet the hoods o! seed produc- tion work. 1n this machine special ours h" been token to prevent seeds from becoming lodscd to the cischina sod istcr becoming mired with other, vsricties; e. mobbed which was simplified by construct- ing the machine nearly all of me- tal. Practical tests show much of promise for this niece c1 equipment and further improvements new bo- ing made ere expected to result in c. y-dlcululy efficient mschine.

' Buckwheat

(Experiments! Isms Note) luckwheet. while on important form mp. is frequently crown es on sftorthflliiht. Requiring only from ton to twelve weeks to ma- ture. ceedlus my be dons during on otherwise more or less idle m- oon of the summer. It is one of tho most suwcssiiu poor lend crops. prosnerinr relstlveiv well on poor

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NOTES

.__ xs=i

LEG-FWD OI I081! I00!)

Where three Iioeiisb counties- Netiicehanhirs. Derbyebire end Yorkshire-meet, steeds whet is left of lherwcod Forest. In the 10th century it wss much more cs- tensive and was the seeos of the exploits n! "Bold Robin Rood."

The qucintoollectlco known so "Gerry's Iteiieuss of Iogiish Poetry" embodies. omens other thinll. the most complete account of Robin's deeds (or misdeeds). His true nsme and iii-is. i! we my believe tradi- tion. was Robert. lard of Hunting-

uloudod the ling in some woy. 1nd suffered a sentence o! outlewry in consequence. With I bond of fol- lowers he retreated to the fsstnes. eee of the Shire-wood (for so the some signifies) and there defied U"! Henry III. by shooiins the King's deer (en offence punished 177 lliltllltina in those days), osp- turiae his sheriffs and bishops end holding them to ransom, and, in scucrai. setting the low of the 10nd at nought. When be robbed the rich. ha eedssred ‘himself to tbc cssssutry by distributing his booty sinoag them. Many srs the balludl recountins his adventures with all monster 01' Moll. end llwlcss o: we would now consider such a charco- tel‘. the bound-makers hove written in sympathetic eirsin of his revolt ogcisut the iniustico of bis sen- teoca.

At lest Henry determined to end this situation by sending against him e company of srcners led by a "WOW Koilht." lomewhcre nee: Wsitsflcid Robin and his “Merry Men" stat the intruders end s pitched bsttlo was fought. The 160W VII lndeelclvc for the Knitbt’: porty retired to London, gccording to the ballad.

“And R001!) H0001 he to the Green

Wood Tress.

Mid there VII token i1l."-— fill! ll. h! W88 curiously wounflid.

In his extremity he ordered his mentobeorhimiothelfiirklcu Nuonery, where his cousin was Yriorcss. The bsllcds agree thst the Priorcss wilfully allowed him to be bled in such an extent thst ho felt his end wso near. culling for his bow he shot his lest grrow through 3M 900i! Window. with the request m“ t" mirht h buried where it fell. It monument was raised over his NetiM-plsce bearing this in- scriptioh:

"He" uudoroead did Ieitl stean

lieu: end ha is understood to have.

, ., Mlllihtly acid." If the paper turned

deep red. the solution wee ‘strong. ly Mid!‘ Ii’ it turned blue. the so- lution was "slightly" o; "gtrongly" slkellne. This oioihod was rcush bod ready, and very vogue. for what. in the opinion of one worker, might be "siilhtiifl ‘acid, to another might eoolu "strongly" so.

‘those fecmrss-widlty end alke. iinity.—hcve o very marked effect in many modern industries. Agri- uulturists, paper makers, sugar re. liners, electropletors, sanitary en- gineers, biologists. bbuterlolugists. pathologists, and others, hove found by experience that "the yield and F ouciity o fthsir products, the growth of bacteria, the diagnosis of dis- ease, etc," are dependent on these two factors at some stage of the in. dustry or research.

In order therefore to ovoid losses, iind to make their prmesses reliable, it became necessary to employ g. more accurate indicator and to in- vent some sort of seals qt degree; by and in which the acidity or al- kalinity could be conveniently stated.

In dealing with tho 513115 9f d9- I"!!- Wc mly for illustration use the familiar thus ometric scalp. On thil 508.10 32 dpgreog g-Qprggqntg the freezing point of water, and we shall assume that the value obove 8nd below that figure Iflpfgggnfl (u. flees of heat and coldness reopen. tivcly- 1'1"". 34 dog. 80 deg, 4o 0103., 6:00., denote u) mom"; 1n hoot, while 30 deg_, 20 deg., 20 1193., eto. show increosin, coldness u the numbers decrease.

In on e “_ sinulcr the degrees of acidity ma “gummy u, expressed by the "Hydyogsh m; colic." but instead of ceiling the unit vfldcsree." cc in the ease of the thermometer. the units on mu scale are celled pH values. This we; whet puzzled me in the met m- stonoc, yet on reflection it is no more necessary to know the mem-

lioe c! "pH" than 1c n m m... m,

derivation of "degree Fahrenheit." Norman the Hydrogen Ion souls, it hoe been fllreed that a value of PH 7.0 represents neutrality. 7mg means that if the material tested hi8 a PH 0f 7.0. it is neither acid nor alkaline. Following the ther- Ymmotric illustration, any values hlkher than p}! 7.0, such as 7.2, 7.4, 7.6. etc, denote increased alkalinity; whereas any values lower than p}! ‘L0, sluch as 0.0. 0.0, 0.4, 0.0, 4.0, 2.0, etc, denote acidity, the deg". o;

Shgep and Lamb

A new record in volume of mar- kctinse 1n recent years was estab- lished by the sheep and lamb in- dustry. ltlhio the twelfth annual review of the Origin me Quality 01 Comments! Live ltock ldsrket- e4 in Ceqeds. recently issued by the Markets Intelligence Service of the Dominion Live Stock Branch. The output exceeded the previous "W!!! libido dlirllll, 1920 by over 10.09" bead. 0nd exceeded the out- put of m0 by sbprurimster- ea.- 000 hcsd. Two features distinguish- Qd the supply-acne o very material improvement in the numbers of good handywelght lambs and the other, perhaps more satisfactory, e, reduction of the number end per- centage of bucks to the lowest point 1n history. There were, how- ever. fewer hlndyweight sheep marketed, and there was some in- crease in heoviee and comrnon sheep. Alberto. contributed approx- imately 2,000 to the increase, Bask-

etchewan showed e very big Jump and contributed e surplus of 15,- 000,500, Mmitobq. the liberal in crease 0i’ approximately 10,000, on- terio 12,000 and the Province of Quebec about 10,500. The Marl- time Provinces in total showed an increase over the previous year, due solely to the very marked in- crease in New Brunswicq. the co- toi for the your being some 4,000 more than the previous year. While the Alberta ntribution to the in- oorase in New Brunswick, the to- bome in mind thst lost your Ai- berto showed en upturn of over 20,000 head and it is very much to the credit of that Province that she more than msfntsined the in- crease during the pest year.

quiremcnis, the latter being solely doiiefmlliod W the DH "B1119. Thus the faintly ciksline soil with pH 7.01 needed only I00 lbs. lime (GeO) per sore ; morons the soil with pl! 4.01 —very acid-acquired 5,580 lbs. of lime to the lore, to bring it to the some condition.

I have purposely refrained from

form the subject of another article.

testing for the pflvolue has been much simplified, and the “Field Set" of indicators ls low enough in price to be within thereach of every one.

FOURTH PRIZE

Queens County May 2, 1932.

To the Editor, "Feed the Birds

describing the indicsto ,which must .

1t m8? b9 sold that the process 01'

Yeasts/ind Honey spoilage

(Experimental Famis Note)

Most of our foodstuffs which are so volusble for human nutrition possess the disadvantage of being suited to the growth of other liv- ing things beside ourselves. The qualities which make them s0 nu- tritious to us render them equally so to microscopic forms of life, and honey is no exception to the rule. With suitable conditions germ life may find opportunity for growth 1n honey to such an extent that it may be rendered unfit for sale. Clomparcd with milk, however, which is the food most. susceptible

resistant by reason of its sugar content and its acid reaction. T111358 qualities mnkc it an unfa- vorable place for bacteria and most other forms of germ life. Yeasts. however, thrive in solutions u'h'ci1 are slightly acid. and though the high sugar content of hQnQy makes it unsuitable for most types, yet nature has evolved a race of sugar tolerant yeasts which are, as far as we know, the only forms of germ life which spoil honey. This they do through fermentation, producing the characteristic off- flevour and appeerance of fer- mented honey and causing thereby serious loss to the beekeeping in- dustry.

For several vears the Division of Bacteriology, Dominion Experimen- tal Farms, has been studying the occurrence, sources and action of these honey fennenting yeasts in projects assisted by the Bee Divis- ion, the Division of Chemistry and the National Research Council. Af- ter the types responsible for spoil- ing honey were determined, an in- vestigation of their source showed that many kinds may occur in the nectar of different flowers visited by bees, and by which they may be brought to infect the hive nec- tar. A study of different soils also disclosed the fact that while or- dinary field soil is free of these yeasts, apiary soil may become heavily infested to serve as a source of contamination. It ap- pears, moreover, from a study of freshly extracted honey from all parts of Canada that all samples of honey contains these yeasts, though in Mdely varying amounts. Under suitable conditions they may multiply and start. fermenta- tion. and whether a honey will ferment will depend upon the amount of moisture, the tempera- ture of storage and the amount of the original yeast infection. Pre-

to germ action. honey is rialativeiy,

tots-cg

GARDENERS.

Smut Diseases of‘ Grain In Eastern, Canada ‘

iEXneJdmenioi Farms Note) ..

Smut diseases cause csngidcnblp losses to groin crops in Eastern anada. being especially detrimen- tal to outs and barley. Satisfactory methods of control bf these dis- eases have, however, been devised by the Division of Botany of ihc Dominion Experimental Farms. In seeking to control smuis, iv should be understood that smut 0n barley is not the same as smut on wheat. and loose smut of wheat differs very greatly from bunt or stinking smut. Persons in doubt as to the identity of any particular smut disease should submit sem- pies i0 the nenrsst Dominion Ls- boratory of Plant Petrology where correct diagnosis will be made end the proper control measures des- cribed;

The must ilp-to-date recommen- dations for smut cuntroiare found . in Bulletin NO. iii-New Series, is- sued by the Dominion Botanist, Central Experimental Farm, Otta- wa. Treatments are given as foi- lows: "Wheat Bunt. Loose Smut. of Oats and covered BmutofBar1ey— The solution is prepared by adding one pound o! formalin to 40 gal- lons of water and stirring till the formalin and water ere we!) mix- ed together. Since this quantity of liquid may be greater than is re-

desircd amount may be prepared in the above proportions by adding one ounce of formalin to every 2 1-2 gallons of waixir."

“The grain to be treated is pluc- ed in a pile on a clean floor, and sprinkled with formalin solution from an ordinary sprinkling con Orbymeensofebroomflfhogrnin" is then shoveiled over into soother pile, the grain being mixed e1 thoroughly as possible to distribute the moisture. The grain is aguii sprinkled and shoveliccl over. This operation is repeated until the - grain is uniformly moistened. For- ty gallons of solution will treet from 40 to approximately one gallon to every bushel. The treated grain should

clean sacks or canvsslk ‘ Loose smut of Wheat and Loose

smut of Barley srefcontroiled by

the hot-water treatment as fol- '

hours and then the swollen grain _ is immersed for ten minutes in wa- tor kept during this time at a con- stant temperature not below 121 .

quireci for use in a. single day, any v_

50 bushels of grain. n

be covered up for four hours with

lows: "First the seed. is soaked in ., warm water (B6 deg. FA for four .

deg. F. and not above 120 deg. I‘. —-R. R. Hurst, Dominion Laboro- v tory of Plant Pathology, cherloi- _' tetown, P. E. I. ' '

"RWY 100N001!!! IA the numbopg decrease.

It is now apparent that if a solu. tion has a pH of 7.0 it is alkaline:

not. Undoubtedly the nativg crop sbowodeioseinpeemg ssnseput on fliemsrket st en 7pcrcsutondo sciniofibra clinlisrdstmhltwhetherihisersin .60 per cent. while couch lost in osliinoes is sufficient to ply for

Oontsst,"

Deer Sir: I em pleased to hove this oppor-

lud scid coils. It responds readily however. in [0011 treatment. HIM. well-dftsinod soils are well suited to this crop. An cxceue of nitrogen

vention of spoilage will therefore consist in removing or killing the yeasts or in storing honey under conditions which prevent their

lies rebort earl o! huntingtun, Neerucervereshesageud‘ on pip! kauld him robin heud,

M

,'- r cent protein sod coined "to oeet c! equipment. hes not been ' c M 7P0!‘ dentin fibre when out i;

A .- ~ sseoocpered with July.

r but the analyses ore not blo- However.

upusuqroegpleotfsisope- A Iiiliiscolorisrsllew-

definitely esiebiished lwwovsv. believes that it holds coo- ~ ilsr cuttings were suds is eidloblesrbmilefer the

Young. Dominion lsporl- ueeotsl listless. Ibodsrieiion, u. n.

r

Th. Wm” i may pmduce to much straw cod

fllibe lodging. It I180 "QM PHI}? ticolly immune to insect and plant disease pests.

Buckwheat does best whore the climate is cool and moist. At blooming time it is very sensitive to 11M! temper-stuns nnd to dry weather. Ueder such conditions meny flowers then in bloom rosy be "blasted" and produce no grain. ‘lb ovoid this as much ls possible

ecetelfcedfortbaper-

HBO" IVOIIIIG “IMO per

and the value c! the product. on Saskatchewan's stem"; . "I d! m. per 1b.. showed an

coUll-Npsr

hood. »

INQIIIII IAOON IXIQIII

.._.-..,.._ Ottowm-An increase of 5.780.000

be. or nesrly 300 per cent.

shcwnintlceexpert

Wll

soles of Osha-

dhsmtosilcoiln-

qusrbr of

thll

yeenleleethleyeeremouotedto

pared with first thrcd the week

‘ ., is delayed until lstc in June cs- csriy July, allowing the prin- cipal growth to tnke piece in worm weather and the fox-motion of seed when the temperature is likely to be a little lower.

As a firm crop buckwheat often proves relatively profiisbll. luck- whcst flour is used extensively for making griddle cakes. The groin makes elsoellsnt poultry feed. The straw 'ie sometimes used so feed when well preserved. ft should not b9 used ls a bedding for hogs. fllpoe the straw contains s. lugs lmount o! mineral matter snd rots quickly it makes s god mumps. As o crop buckwheat sppelrs sbla to utilise batter than do the cereal onons the relatively iuseiuble min- ors! oollstituoiets of the sou. A; q soil renovate: buckwhect when ploughed under has o. dllflnel vnlue. 1t mcyflsobeusedue curse mp with sweet clover, the lotto! 0441M to the boiling value of tbl straw. Mixing with ethos osrsolssuchuberleyneybeuea-

‘mbthobuckwhesttoisdingtoksep

thebsrlsyfrmicdsiueoodtlss

' barley lllistinl st harvest time is

oliowihl the strsvvic dry out more

sik outlawz u he and hi; men vii englosid nivr si glen. Obiit It Kal. dekimbrlo 124v"

900. b51100 ll found in dissent from this rsther aulcgiatie lpliinph by_ whet looks like s. modern ver- sion:

"W". Ill’! 0! Rliniilagdon,

Lice here, his labor being done: No ‘archer like him was so good, Hid Wlidildll dolled Him Robin

H“! For thirteen yesrs and somewhat more Those northern ports he vexed l0";