,_V

.1t:‘ .

T’-——

<’

1

r.

the prlvationl ofanotlier winter. This the fjnnqr

' V lietosce e,

, the ti-its vshua she '

4-':'::.‘%::.'°.t.-':'i.‘.'.'='.'..':l°..'r'.§';"”’

Y

s"

us

it ll , "

il

-l.’.

\

T‘ n‘:’*§1oi;niotietiwn,t Prince Edward Island, 'r:u=.«d.-.y,. elanttary-lll,_ 1853.,’ 4‘; ,

.E_..i'>.."'.:UE~5hhA1la.-’. can commune. ~tiarnns*risna’.. V

Kl

,, Statics. No. 2.

' !_Iaszard's Goz_et1n- , GEORGE T. HASZUID. stub Publislns-. II. B. lllflfl , «lit-is-. _ Ptdilishsd ev Tuesday evening, (and. ‘alter the lat Feb.

wll lie publis ed eve Tuuhy evening and aiprning.) Ofline. side Queen 8qdnre,‘l’.E.|s - _- Ts'.a.us—AIvIt|sl Subscription, lbs. Disoosssisr all in advance. , -

‘fill! or aovnrt-rrsrrro. Per‘ the Irst insertion, occup ing the space of 4 llrtes, including licatl, 2s.—-6llrien,fi.&.--9. Ilnc ,H.--Illisisa. ...:....... .; ~:.o~’*=* '-~.r...- Q. .-—I -- ' fourth oftheabove for each end , , -Adm-tisarueunsentivliaatli-altst:.on,vi until fu ' . - p . . :3

»

tinttsnsc. ill he continued

SCIENTIFIC!’ Con-rarnrrrtoirs -rovunrie -run -an-rto.vaasa:rr1~ or Aoarcvta-rrau rss Nova Icon-ra, as J W. Dawson. Supertnteiideuf f

iiducutrsn, Nova Semis, Cor. ern. 'Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. Piotou, Pnblislied by J. Dawson and Son, 868, pp. 99. (Printed by G. '1‘. llassann, Char- lottetown. price ls. Gd. currency.)

We beg to call tlip attention of our Zcottlntry

lenders to the following extracts.

With respect to the efl'scts of the winter on stock. we have these to contend with in continue with all the lrihabittrnts of the northern parts of America and Eu-- rope; and though this dlfliculty nest‘ always, to a greater or less degree, he felt, it may srillgbe

gredtly alleviated by attention to’ tliefollowing lists. I.

I. More comfortable housiri of cattle, whic cause a less consuni tlen of sod. 2. The more ex. tended cultivation turnips and other green crops for winter‘ feedi 8. Greater attention to the se- ving of manure and collection of compost for the pur- pose of promoting the growth of green crops. hny.stsd straw. it is no exaggeration tossy, that with as lit- tle attention to these points as they usually reeeive here, the winter keeping of stock would be nearly as difficult in Scotland or Holland, as in Nova Soetis. Professor Johnston's opinions on these subjects are well worthy of attention.

' ' It is acknowledged at present by chemical phy-, slologists. that warmth gquivslnnl to a certain per- tion effood—tbst an anrm l which is exposed to more cold will eat more-and that one that is better housed and warmer kept will eat less. To keep an animal eornfunsble therefore is to save feed. and this alone ought to he sufllcisnt inducement, where a sehrcity of winter food is complained of.

In my tour through the l’rovinoe,( New Brunswick.) Ihnve frequently obser little attention sp-

a

ared to be id to the prpper housing of the stools. Wild]! chinks tween the boards_ or legs, of which the‘ cart e

houses or hang, .-he I...orls e n‘ s

about their fast, too onenuhdmtgcurrstitydogldfir

in the‘ winter season. e m t

winds also find their way through the walls. slid the

eenifort of the cattle l‘:l.Il egiatinually liabla to be

.3‘. ,anco tirriv‘ ‘Q _,wjtb.

uni J’. ' . “teen who

. allow such a state of their settle-lieussri to continue. Iltjuully blame the winter for what arises from their own want of care.

One of the opinions regarding the winter, which I have inserted above, makes it a tsidtter of complaint. that much care, attention, and experience are required to kse cattle-in condition while the winter lasts; this is no oubt true. but the saute qualifications are no- enasary to success in any other branch of hnslisndry;» and he who is nnwillingqo beptow all he possesses of there upon the business in whidi be is engaged, ma . happen to thrive, yet scarcely deserves to prosper.

' According to some, an acre of land in turnips will three times as fhr as the seats acre under hsy.- reps: vary so much however. that no moral rule eaa baeualilislied. It is certain only.i t by feed. esttln srtly with turnips and partly with buy or or er dry . not only will the sanie estsnt of land nap on more stock, but the snare‘ amount of feed will rtber than when either of the two is given to eat-— ii: singly. Nor is thegocd as was the faruisr by large green crops, cenlined to the immediate iaflu. gee la.ead upon the srtent of land as. c'esssry to support theta; but the runners ofs rich ality, which: they are the rnesns_ of placi ' at t e ;hrtner's disposal. enables the same eatsnt lan aiorecorn than before; so that in a double sense he is benefited by this nu;lture—-He em loys less land than before in feeding his cattle, and ‘ aiose eosa person on» the remainder of his farm." By these and similar improvements its hu ndsy, die winter way in fast he eliestesed. or its evi steers on stcstt renevedr The present dlflcsltles are not so- uincb to be attributed to the ellunts. as to the at. tenrpt to keep stock. vntliest a eat on ‘ e of green crops to furnish succulent food in winter. The Qjluj-ffldyavfl dry food bccettw In winter almost wholly anprofitab|e.and in spring sre.tarnsd out half "furnish- J, to gain in summer, suflcient strength to nude“

0-7 0

beeorrisslhe slave ofhis stock, and, “ the winter shts= up the summer." ‘ Buster Jlltldsw.-A reddish or rusty enbstdnat sttnebed to the straw and leaves of wheat. in the end ‘sfiuihnier er in autsrnn. Wlien examined by the it is found to be a parpsitie fatigue or ‘fluid, w s tnlnuts and invisible seeds are we by Id winds, hr bprae into the lant with the w or it asssriai noun‘ the sell. an tslt ng root in these ind vessels of the steal and esf, weaken or kill it by feeding on is t“ h r u -. ~ it attacks are fives b t e‘ clle pagan.‘ Bret. dsnp adsusld wsaclYrsr'seeesedin“‘warmth. at is alllssfi ed gnieyrlieng

any i

stats protects the sntfeonvsfith- ram, C an arm - burned or if“? clrtfbe rived o l" dsr. it should V '*""' ""9" ”“”’ '“':a~..*.‘:~...:'- ".:.-r‘.**.:=.....i°.~-~* .ii'.°i”.:i' » W est .oo nuns rnsypt "'1 I 'i‘ ‘ , . and whale alltslies in the soil,ifra.fia,,s_uu’u:.‘e‘n"n”|‘ ""!‘hvd’rnetllo't!i:&tt° l arises no_loss, '°° ""°".°"‘° '°"'::‘° '.r‘:".-. -:.'.'""' ::‘.'.‘n'''''''".''1.'....>”°''° :' :x:~.”“i. Iltw, wet on runs stats «- ~ 0 , on a tie

enp.to belate and fiilsh w"b.iv'ai'ery wn vil. t is wgr h of atterltl n,‘s"vi)‘é'ii ‘in’ ‘doses

jarices. 2|‘|h.t‘rdly. it ‘lprsbsbls thtdwnhatfgfim *wh:r§"tiis ‘clot/‘fs‘tiH{y'Ifl'di:l€'r‘l"‘ (fa ‘is ahll extent.

_ ' , ' ‘is ‘d ' ‘ ' f‘ , or ev rr

Q run," ‘ W .0‘. l.‘ ..'n' I‘ &ff';&‘.'f°'g.dn rillterititiii, and it ls only’\v ,'s_t.tmn '

d>i "iii"ii"ii' hit: us run... groan nwcwest,srse in arlfeot bywa- . rust units lttl ttthrseedsv-res .hs iussslii‘ 0’ "I _ shsvefoss are; First. healthy ' drainin

the prevailing :.

spews‘ as

f l , .,. ..::; ;:..:.'..:mIe...

g u‘ ‘.(',h.,du,.tb. gong pl‘ wml‘ destroy corn in yamps. },t,is oal ,_bya'capnfhl,susdy of,t.lielisluts of_ s creatttteol: this‘ . .. 5'} 03%‘ l‘.°l’fi l .¢°““‘ I re’! ilp gvpgon. . tliersfqrp git-e‘ bore the su stance to n" a iér eorttlrib led by me to |llI,~{‘¢=|d?"')' ‘ll N9‘ tn.-fir flit.’ ' iindelpliiti, ‘ tlelniiuig lliu rein in grasps ehu on.ib‘a liz-bids arid'd_n olopen-on! of the with ' ' " ' V '

rand . " . ' ' . ‘ 'l'bs'eli " icnl ‘et"blirrrhtIists‘hi'Fnglund. where the eseaterehesibooiirstsvlt-M180" l‘‘"‘’’'' ‘h‘‘'‘ 1" Agigigs, use pqvsd_.,tbst the destroyer vlsttlie In-rvin .sr grubof I tl|tlWP'_IN.d£e. which ",'l‘L:“ " cg;m',‘.,u,.,.-.|.yg,,;;_,g:_pn°&1gn eh; ms. . W once 9,, |“y!,,_ ‘mi, gytmn yup‘ creeps. itixunrttzlhto l.lIl9 °." ‘""'l~ on wlmsc J‘l’c1¢'""" the riitiiiii|e’i point on which any uricertttiri y rtariila gm‘ 1- III vi-Inch the animal .1ias_ssa the tier _ P'°"" ie_g opinion on this Itlrgtntlieing,-that it enltershfihel ground In s-nut-in. though trim 90“! P0“ 8° '_° spa ceofir by as rltneat. l‘o etermine this pgllllu mors_ precisely _nude the follbwlnz 0390"- men .» . _. _ . . o ' lg rocuredva qusiitity oftlrp larva», full grown ruitl in I at illlQ__li0I|l¢s_tt‘ and torpiil_‘s,tn_to in it-lueh_ they usually ‘appear when the grain is ripe. A,por_tion of these er'vn-fwere plhced an the sur ll e‘ of Ullildl soil in‘ ll flower pnt."ln ; er-.o_ars‘s oftwo .-tys, the great. or number of them itd tl_e‘rclindi-ii into tl_re.§rourrtl, prevhiuely-castlngtlt irelttns elhic rerruuo at the ear ace. _ nscerirrinedrthat they had pe- nsteslsd to-tbu'deplt'ol'~hiore than an inch. and were ofa nan‘-n celourusolter and more hctive than they had previously been. 'l‘lie_ fact is tlibe establi.-he . that these apparently tnspid zlarvsywlreln they fall from the ripe .IlUll~ in sntamn. or arenarslessly swept out from the threshing floor into the burn yard. at mine resume their activity. and bury tlscrriselves in the grout; . _ , . ,_ _ '1‘ l_ lprytn tl_ius buried iu_the g_rottnd, were nllowt-d to remain uaiitstprbcd »durtrig,\-rixitur urtd syn-ing. the flower-pot being: occasionally wulerqd. . limit the and of true they lie ap_'to re’-apps.-or above the sur- face; in the winged orm; the little ‘ rtili-i steeping to the surface, and pr "acting p’liout' Elf their bodies sbeve‘it,when’tbes la ti the‘lippc'r_ part huntsnd the hill grown wirlged inirlge came Vcrilr’ and (low oil’. This-enruplslelthe round efollbhgedwr icli each ge- nerktienr of tbemlittls evneinresiuadw es and vi have thus actual ‘evidence nfeseh stage from the egg to the perfect insect. V The dybeiag sfn hrightyelleiv colour like tlnit oftlie litr- vn, its two I _ . ascent veflectrens. its eyes black, tirid its aiilcnrut: or ‘feelers lon tindjointed-', the male is am.-iller than the female, and has its antsnriu‘. Oflllflleftlfitl with linira. 'l‘lt'e flies are‘ most active in calm and warnveveriings, when jhny-may setnelimes be seeii inLclouds over ‘the wheat -fields. nriristi observers sky (list there- rv‘ialo deposit: heregge wiil‘ihl* the ‘c inf; but here, I s appear s as sneretl e tell wi limit. iiotvsvnv we mxay dread tbgpdhatructwe powers of the rnidge. we cannot withhold our admiration from ' UlliI'Ul|.E.ll it has.liuen endowed. a female rnseet dsposaung liar eggs where food and shelter are provided for We youig brood; the larva: when shaken from their summer sbsdsb the alonrrrs pI'anttmiri, at oacessitnrin on a new so nutried I’. in the soil; and the cbrysaiids vvprkirig their way to the surface in the ensuing summer. to« assume their winged state in time for the new crop of wheat, dis-_ play a series of adaptations which may convince us,

a“

creature so gillsd canii t be witlieut important uses in ‘tliebeoiibvny df'Providbnce. ' ' ' his evil, that lf*no'check‘w'si'e opposed to the increase oftbese creatures. tbey- must ti titsuitaly in cvery country where the 9.C¢\ir, c‘0slJl.llll0 the whole crlnearléy the whole oft _e wheat crcp. 'I'l_iere are beweve ‘suslr checks, "some! in natuial causes, and others'ia_wspedinrits which may as ndn ted by‘ man. In Earn the larvwrofh srn'all‘parasl 'r:iri.dect,PIts- tyguqer |'p‘Ifl,"tl€y'Ml'lll'l‘Od ofthe ir_iirl'ge, and no doubt greatly llarltrtir-lr.inerea_se. ‘trams not observ- ed this stsstsre'in‘this.t'lbvinee, but protialily. it may oeeer here-nleu. In-tlris—'r:oua'ts~y, in cold and bare Aviators, it«’in.prebehlo that lfany parish; though it is quit an error.Ii suppose. th£l.wet weather can kill the stat when in the’ ground. hlehture , in the ound, iade_ed,appeagnto be essential to their life. iady o'r atorrny _ws_atltei' at the season when they ‘green lhe wiryg, must ilso greatly interrupt tgiem is e We e " .' ccordin I the Iron serve rnmutnabaisdirft inehelreied-htuatiuns. tad ele- vated _snd.alry places are less liable to sutler frotn tlsskatiseke. -V U . _ Itnppears lr_orn wknthee been said above respect- ing the ltsbju ut',_the siidaa. that daring the greater rl'9".‘ ll‘ Ollllolttn ll isbeyond the onntroul of the fsrtuerv 1B0 oun_net,pravonr it than depositing eggs, nor can lie.extryL;:._tlie lurvsr from the gim- ing prep; and is Idld, round, in autumn, and winter, the_t'sra‘ at t eqtahy lteyiust his molt Ru-an 'hoa7ct‘c'r dis ray us‘i'riuny of llmn arlur this house tnt'lplt's rifln. In this country, lis_lri liritsin,the fill &Jlil’Vfl Mihllih ii the cltitlfumtil the grain is rips, or until the are shaken _to the libs Jay the flrst Wlolenf slot‘ of auto tn’. . \Vbh'nVgvnrn is Oh- served to be infected it sgbttld l'ili'afténtivel watch- Cd all is on

was been ‘edit hi doiisl wit rout se- rious loss. In this country, wheat is often left till it Is toe‘ri ; bvei rlps“'g‘i.1igi‘ being much inferior to tint ch is“ e’ ,la lhelquylity and quit- : oflfl’ our; ' Whoa’ th| wig’! '_il_is'I resent. t are is a de bl sin i ear ‘c _ihg. won also bb"ndvlea|ibl’d‘ ‘ft ' 'r_ it ih:"osiib_le.‘Io reap.

brie -rather lhll crud ," “rain, int" of lo nvoitl_ nlin- king out the“ I" I ‘wheat tliofild belhreslied II‘ Close‘ bu oofwhictt will nbtjsllow the lar- lin_ the gyiilif is cleaned

' rufsdlfpom it should be

ltlf loss, ensues, that atgeen t ere pa‘rtinl losses _ ' " ‘ destroying the

i tvlilcb' dhly ottrth ‘of the crop 'perRe'fi" raven!‘ 'Iolni loss in the ml “ t is flue, stgw ‘ri"thls,pi:er-aution is

e, kinder to as further than he

. ’ - - .8 F In raosrw rfhqt piidge is it pretty little creature, its lio- ,

e wlugupdrfootly truusptwent with iri- ’

making a large deduction for dust uiixed with them. this quantity» must have cotitaiued about 150, millions of, Ilse insects. If these insects, instead of being burned. had been scattered ever the round. they uiight,if the ensuing season had proved svourtible to them. have destroyed the greater part of the wheat cm on the farm. arious other expedients for the destruction of the rnidge have been proposed or adopted. hen the files are observed to be on the wing they might be prevented from depositing their eggs by kindling tires on the windward side of tlie held, or by agitating the grts_'ai by strotclicd lines carried by men’ 'btr_ve,'lti the calm evenings when the rnidges are most native. e ‘however are clumsy and troublesome expedi- ents, though. when they can be attended to, they rriay much good. it is also prnbable,tliat iftbs ground ‘were deeply ploughed, after the larva had fallen upon it in autumn, they might be too deepl covered to per- mit of their escape in t spring. n the ordinary svstem of rotaflon however, this could not be done without losing succeeding hay crop; and it is doubt- ful ifit would be very .efl'ectasl. Perhaps the most efl'ut:tunl remedy ever pro used. is that of discontinu- ing the culture of wheat or a year, and thus depriv- ‘ the uiidges of the necessary food for their l_ar\‘to. his is however an ex ensive expedient, and It re- uireti the consent of al the farmers in the district af- ad. in the great majority of cases, it might be rendered altogether unnecessary, iftliernethod of dee- troying the lsrvni already described were generally

Es 3

r?""€E O .-

’l‘be most popular remedy hitherto tried has been late sowing. This however subjects the grain to rust, and necessitates the use ofearly varieties nfgrsin. W "ch are not usually so h or productive as others. It is also probable, that in a few years the habits cftlio creature and the date cfits appearance will change to suit the lateness nfthe grain which forms its food, and then the late sowin will prove quite ineffectual. It is also deservin§‘o notice. that bearded varieties sufl'er less Ibantbe Id.as the aims obstruct‘ the insects in depositing their eg a.

'l‘be'fscte above stated may be summed up as fol- lows:-— '

l The insect deposits its eggs on the grain about the time when it is in flower, and usually in the eve-

run 2“'I‘he larva when hatched attaches itselfto the ‘young grain and prevents its growth. , 3 \Vlien full grown it becomes stiff and torpitl, and if left long enough falls to the ground. ' 4' [t buries itself in the ground and then passes the

w nter.

‘5 _ln July, it emerges from the ground as o perfect imoel. in which state, iftlie vvsatherbe favourable, it seeks-the growing wheat for the purpose of depositing the germs ofa new brood

Lastly. though there are many partial remedies.the only sure one is to cut early and destroy all the grub! found after threshing the groin. To stisurs safety, this should be kept up as regularly as the washing of seed wheat to avoid smut.

-. 5 The Hcs_sian,fly (Cu-idosayls Destrqctor) is a relative oftlis wheat mitlge, and at one time threat- ened likn it to destroy the culture of wheat. lts rava-

es have however in late years materially diminished,

t attacks the uterus ofths young or lislfgrcrvu plants, establishing itself at the base efths client or in the joints. and when abundant wltslly destroys tlis crop.

that, however annoyin in the mean time to as, n"

_and for all those other qualities which feed the nspi

;‘ a into from l

is len land; ':e‘ rin‘g the nell'in such a neglected. Provident taaaaer has it hesidiently rich, yh aoi tilled is to hlursslf,-‘iris , y some of th nn ml causes al- 'witlI e ‘ "Ilfler. - _' , ' t- '- hhdy in?" l ‘QIN it ‘ #1:: destroy. It than Monrovia. waiter tam‘ ""‘."‘ » "' --“‘."‘ 13 ' °°"""' ’ M. wogmg uh "ii 0‘ N." M ‘fhflmflfl of safety "’ ' l °".fi“' °'” ‘° ' ‘ll ‘ lllfilyv 7 As an ills£IiIlnsl:bUsssi ‘which can be ef- ““"°“hI ‘° '“ I ‘"33 i 4’¢- '. ‘ hgdqsuoying -gflrhrnbwilci ere tamed with The must slugs or._ivs‘s-u. bptsoeyts. tn. , g iq.,t y. nut’ lltollisrid who far- ttet of sitar . hs:.i‘s.ssesnt, sl-as been the roast n y g, vr¥¢spooiai;’ai:s.ssisssnt. interned causative. all or Iliglits. It is ‘sis t I swing: ofiqgtus nghliadobteined eallsd wear 5 the wesvls. ‘di ' t Ouslels of larvae ofikjgqil. Alter

‘es.

The best remedies are careful tillage and preparation of the ground, and abstaining from sowing on lea land,‘ wlieat grown on which in especially liable to its rava- ges. It is probable, that several distinct species of insect are popularly known under the name ofHes- sitin Fly.

The total quantity efwlieat. reduced in the Pro- vinceip_l35l was 279.l57 bus els; efwhich 88,186 ‘or nearly one third was. produced in the scanty

_lctou; an evidence of the extent to ivliich this crop ‘has been neglected in most ofthe other counties.

0 "5

’ CORR‘£:SPONDENCE..L

To run Em-roii or llsszsarfa Gunn- Ii

it is a sub'ect that is well known. that the general Education 0 the youth of this island. is one which has attracted a deep and lively interest amen all ranks of the community; and as the Act for res Education, passed last Session, has received the Rrfial assent, the question is new no longer, whether . the body of the rising generation shall be educated, —tlrut is settled; we may now say, that they will be educated; and the question for all rsllecting persons to consider, is, how they are to be etlacated—wlrat direction is to be given to that education; for, accord- ing to the direction given toil. it may be an instru- msnt either ofgood or of evil. The realities of Edn- cation sonsist, not rnerely in the cultivstienvof each‘ lntslleeinal quality in rain; but the consist inset of all in establishing the supremacy o conscience over all. in regulstin the motives efrnsn, by well-ortferqd and well-grsirn ed principles; and this formation of principle, this regulation of heart. can come from nothing but Religion. We must be aware that there are certain features in Educatiou—certairi rcsultn_ which I-‘slnention proposes to produce, for which there is it demand in the science ofths world. The busiricps of the world will always have a demand for the skill oftlie artiuin, for the correctness of the accountant,

rations of commercial enterprise, or contribute to the welfare and enjoyment of man; and. therefore. we m:t'y safely trust‘, that the world will alwa it provide for its own wants, and that there will be rt wuyssunli a strong preasi deman for these objects‘, as will effectually as ea sup ly commensurate with the demand. The world w ll never allow Itself ts sulfur from the want of the things that minister to its own purposes But beyond this, there are eerrain other featurd in Education, for which the world has no demand. or one so cold. 8 slack, that‘ it never will produce. never will create a supply. It will require the skill of the engineer, the taste of the designer. the tsccurucy of the accountant; and will take cave. by high rewards, to bring forward talents of.these pecu- liar qualities, to answer its own euliar purposes; but all llitit is \\ ithin the man, all at which slisJl regu- te. his temper, which shall decide his cnurseto nrds the God that made sad the God that rsdnern hint, or which will make him valuable in devrtestic life.- all that shall make life a blessing hi the man liitnself, —-for these the world has no value, and firr these there is no denasnd in the business of the world. And llicrcfore, unless an education oeu be found to antici- pate that demand. or rather. to create that sup Lfer which there is no deniand in the world. we she I vs nlhtwsd that species of supply to fall rt, which lies at the foundation of all human p '

' nal Being and that

.sshibited. and developed. to the da

which all other use

that sever the rottesusss be Thus qaayrties are those which are the peuliar setisee e the Cross of Christ, brought home to st of lien in inhincy. and r alniest lnstlsfilve. by that ' close. their particular, their individual icatisn.’ . For. ufbsr all, what H Ddsntiesl Ilflw-evwly he '