'v

a

H

k“ be $311.; it

, Man

' 5.0!. ,,

' r ’ (Abridged neai‘ the armour.)

'l'l'b‘e more attention is cameras to Egypt, the more important and interesting will its position appear;_t'or the of events, and steam navigation, are rapidly ' Red Sea the high road to India. Egypt, is on the'confines of Africa and Asia, yet so adjacent and accessible to Europe, itself a’gardeu and a sure-house, imperious, by the necessity of things. one of thegmat baaars of the old world. It must be a'eslttb' ‘3‘ i , self-supported, or de IIndtng onlyl 0“ this. ‘tr'comaiercial relyion‘ a iv time in _ * tough it. I

Tl.-

presant lation of E is estimated by the t

V et', .000, but as the Pasha has a great _

in stating the population at a high figure, I

lb“ is doubt that this estimate is much over-stated. t in. ' ° ofthe best informed is, that the number of inhabitants is from 2,000,000 to 2,500,000. Of the Cops-Missy be from 150,000 to 200,000: or these _ i that. anabth who belong to the Rotuish church. I Mamba careot' a bishop, who is nominated by the Pope. The-timber of Turks is between I8,000 and 20,000. The are about 2.000 Jews, aornevrhat under 2,000 Ar-aaisas. 7.mroebs, and 6,000 Catholic Franks. So strong are the _i\lus- to a census, that Mehemet Ali has

c

m A ly failed in his attempts to take one, lltblgb WI!

the number of its inhibitants. I _ t l r the my with its irre u artttes. tie system 0 W: with all its sufferings, are founde 6n the ' as to the number of people. The pro- ductivopoivera ot‘ the human race in the valley of the N00,“, no doubt. immense, and whenever there has It“. I short period of rcpose, the number of children MI ll surprising. lo a very few years, were the coun- try il a state of rest, the inhabitants would be doubled, so easily is life supported, and so constant is the demand for labour. The present disproportion of the sexes is I incredibly great. Even the government returns state the ulatton of women to men to be as 130 to 100. 0.0 o the causes of the exhaustion of the Pachs‘s armv. is the prevalence of the nostalgia or home ache. The number of men who pine to death, sinking under the influence of this ttnmedicable malady, is very consider-

' could be more desirable for the better pt, "than to ascertain approximately

plasters per badly paid. to its cultivation ; not subject to the is obliged pays him _ according to the quality} is deducted his contribution

been_psid in Egypt. other districts.

Egypt, with its great capabilities, should not be an ex- porting country.

a little to the south of Manfalcnt,

could casin be obtained. were, in 1837, 3'2l.sterling. sugar-refinery. . ' ruin ofa fair quality, and there Is little doubt the pro-

‘ di too will lar I increase. The Whale "mm" or soiiiel tolerable ngllla; the white resembles Marsala ; red, the common wine of Spain.

ture, as his father has been of manufactures, has also planted 200.000 olive-trees, yield considerable revenue. _ profit estimated at ti dollar per ton of oil, or about 20,- 0001. per annum. managed by two Scotcliuien, Mr. Trail-and Mr. M‘Cul‘

produced fluctuates much, the estimates varying frotn 15,000 to 80,000 okes. Indies, superiiilend the indigo works, a||.of which belong to the Pacha. wise produced. duced, but sufficient is barely mdnced fortho consump- a' AL

' i the cost of antars mi ht casil be obtained, at _ I g cantar.’ The cultivator of cotton is not

soil of Eg‘ t is generally favourable The that in thgliieighbourhood ofthe Nile. inundations, is preferred. V The fellah to deliver all his produce to the ’pacha, who from 112 to 120 piasters for each 120 lbs» from this payment, however, to the miri, or landotnx. h ' ' ob'ect to which some attention as R." silk ‘9 m land is likely to brushing ogogrela; eafter. In the district 0 uat y ‘ ntu_ [0.203322% feddstis of tnttlb‘erfy-trees, and 7,000 he quantity of silk prodpced aunua ) it about 7,000 0 es; but the production is ttot equal lto he internal demand. There is, however, no reason w ty

of late assumed considerable Egypt. At Rhoda, Ibrahim Pacha has

The sugar-cane has mportance among the products of

2‘2 f ddans occu icd b' the cane. under the '“l‘m‘ge' da 3 before, , . ' mletiteofrt superinfendenl, from Jamaca, who NE"?! “'9” placarded {mils iny which Mr. 0’90"“ll was thus of the undertaking. The produce of sugar is 27; can- w'orktnigi 0 355 t . "(cal

~ ddan' btit with better machinery, 30 camera plcll'll'e_- _ , I . g, 0,00,1“8”! sold the poi l ""3 1’” re ’ ” I‘his friend. Dante

The ,net proceeds per feddaii Atileyrcmon there is a Ibrahim has also manufactered some

He has also produced the

At Rhoda, Ibrahim, who is the encourager of agricul-l

which in a short time will Mr. Kinnear heard the

His liighness's gardens at Rhoda ate

och; and are very extensive and beautiful. . Indigo is cultivated to some extent; the quantity

Armenians from the East

Opium, to a small extent, is like- lu 1825, madder-cultivation was intro-

0 but 1 _ dry Jiltetlngr' and. a Moor in the morning.

carried 1”

‘of the county 0 se amlil'smdand’ repre b ed, do hereby reso ptt t

da fory any measure, of

Universal Suffrage; as one man’s properb vote, the owner of suc to exercise a chise; to be conferred, or

‘setl leaving a _ fligrriwnegs of suffrage property , fact, was the one ’ev by the Reform Bill.

lavished _on

rig a seat proc'ured the tttr

9) . . ‘ . en to afiy wager. - a I = " - , era taken "1‘0 01’ ~ before the new PM . t

W - < w, ,w.. . . . - ' .’ " WW“ ’ t‘h the demonsiratlans a! the mean.» efi'ect,110“bgridge a grea‘ swear” o? ‘

I mi i 7‘ m if 7 1 ' ‘l d e two or meddle \Yt . ran open quarre r [ternatelyr Water” wo o’clock Scott lath { i ., v a i”: ' '1'], “MI” ""1" “1‘”: mm, 0mm 30:13::nter P“ Pa'mersmfimdprivgilthe two 83°00” spake a prelimin- minutes Pas‘vytraterloo-brid’ge' m' ' m Reviieiil‘imgizgzriiyxirieor cultifllliont five ing’ iii: Gifting; were determined to 23:: :t lbec acceded to d shirt, white canvass; .1?

I i i ‘ ‘ e an; t . .

t 3,000 assent b(ii/Iben the followm

'ding ' le of the West Rt ther‘btikknig iit‘ia‘ll’ as the rest of England

' ' dele ates I'll nted by their several‘ve’ fgom {his

any agitation

g resolution “’35

u That we,

0 meeting assent

forth. "0" m Jomhieli" than the accomplilshtmettltonog ‘, ' ed t a so

bein well convmc , I ’ I

y cogstitutes anothev man 1.12:2:

h property will have it in lit‘swpfmn-

destructive iitflueucc over the elec t .

. - be s- tbereby (however speciouslydyghtsn‘tgz mav be however sec ‘ v J of

- l in the hall 3 . n unjust COUII‘OU I . ' tof divhtch "1 Pm,“ an ’ e abolished

or..countenanc¢i

il principle sought to b ’ ’ ‘ Meetin r‘was the abuse mnsnc onhgl‘he Toéwn had been with an address to the

The chief cltarac

M; O'Connell.

freeholders ofIrelatid, for If and his tools; and thus ir holdings upon the Wide thousands upon

' hts of300,0.00 forty-shilling in Parliament for htmse ning out ofthe world, as vagrants and wandercrs,

" v tr‘ymen. usands ofhis brave coun. _ . ld_ th?‘ This hollow-hearted friend exerted his blood at

life-bound power to prevent the establtshmentaoufrzgtgggg aroundcd Poor-law {pr the reliefeotfilteh;seoy¥ file time of n ‘trtustosar in. tlhziimtlhey might no longer remain ltvmg-m- death monuments of his unparalleled treachery£1 himself “ This personification of Deceit, conBthitute Old their the ‘ Factory Child‘s Chancellor, and£t| 3305” Which blood, their tears, and the" lives, for p , M . . hester he received, full tale, from the tnlll owners of ant: u": though conscious that every copper of the sum was

. . _ , devil’s price for an immortal soul . I “This foul-mouthed traduccr of everything gogd, everything virtuous, had the monstrous hardthood to e- clare ‘that out of twenty English women who were

‘ t m or. married, nineteen of them were moth .. , . .

before the die, they fall into a listless and inactive ata e. " ‘4 physician to Dr. Bowring, “ when they giti to speak and talk of home.” Although the mortality of Egypt is undoubtedly great, the most intelligentinhabitants are ofopieiea. that it is decidedly diminished oflate years, to the establishment of medical schools. It is worthy of remark. that the Turkish race seldom per- atu itselfin Egypt; the children almost invariably die, and the Turkish population is kept up by impor- tation.

The agricultural production of the country is in the hands of the Mohammedan fellahs. The Christian Cepts exercise all the functions of scribes and account- ants; the Turks are everywhere the paramount rulers ; the Franks and Levantines, in lheir multitudinous varieties, traders and shopkeepers; and the nenges airport! wholly engaged in domestic servitude.

ET” reductive powers of the soil of Egypt are Mahala ; wherever water is scattered, there springs up a rapid and beautiful vegetation. In two’ years an agreeable garden may be created in the neighbourhood 0 Alexandria, which is the least promising part of Egypt. Aperpetual struggle is, however, carried on between the desert and cultivation. In many parts of the Delta the desert has invaded and mastered the soil; in others, however, the down has been vanquished by oultivation.’ In fact, were there hands to plough and water to irrigate, it is not easy to calculate what an immense tract of territory might be rescued from the waste. At pr'escnt it is estimated there are about 3,500,000 feudans, or acres, fit for cultivation. In Egypt, one necessity in agriculture absorbs all others; for unless the inundation ofthe Nile irrigates the lands,‘in vain through immense districts is the seed sown—in vain the sun shines. It is generally thought that the agricultural produce of Egypt. has increased of late years. The richest disirict is that of Es Stout; such is the fertility of the soil, that it could, under proper management, produce a sufficiency of corn for the consumption of Egypt. The land in cultivation in the ~ district ta about 600,000 feddans. Wheat is the princi- pal article grown. The qtfantity oflwheat produced in Egypt may be estimated at froml,000,000 to 2,000,000 of ardebs, or from 630,000 to 1,260,000 qrs. In abundant years the price is 25piasters r ardeb; but it has been as high as 190 plasters. «withstanding the heavy expenses of cultivation, the retina on wheat production for capital are not less, on an average, than from It) to 20 per cent. per annum; it can be probably profitably produced at a cost ofl0s. per quarter. In good seasons there is con- aidcrable exportation; the pacha iii one year exported

1,00,0000 srdebs. In 1837-38, owing totlte failure of the inundations of the Nile, grain was imported to a lar extent. .

n the distribution of agricultural productions, the government generally take the initiative, by determining what quantity ofa particular article shall be cultivated in a given district, and at a price fixed before the time ofdelivery. When the fellah is poor the prices paid by government afford him but indifferent living; but with a very small capital, the prices will give him 15 to 20 per cent. on the outlay. In bad seasons the government furnish the seed. The lazy habits of the fellahs are so strong, that were there no despotic stimulants applied to them, they would only produce the articles necessary for their consumption. Whenever a greater liberty of action has been given to the cultivator, his produce has been less, The ordinary motive ofthe love of gain is not i? Egyptian labourer so strong as the unwilling- ness 0 labour. " My peasantry,” said Mehemet, in answer to n remonstrance on this point, “ are suffering froniThG disease ofignor cc to their true interests, and I mustactthe panel a octor. 1 must be severe when anything goes wrong.”' ‘

Opr the agricultural produce of Egypt, cotton is the most important, and it is an article whose introduction is wholly due to the enterprise of Mehemet Ali. The avg; e growth of this article; as regards her relations in I oretgn countries, may be said to fluctuate from lwim ‘0 150.000ba1es per annurn—ethe bale being

by!“ 9 Own; the prtce varying from 8 to 20 dollars per ‘qutntal. Unless ft“ the despotic interference of the pacha, cotton would not be cultivated by the 'fellahs. The enctroasand tmposit'mneptaeti’sed by the cole t m] .gonts of government, would alone prevent its bid. 3

cultivated and most productive objects of kingdom, is the date-tree; it is spread all overVEgypt. and administers to the comfort ofthe natives more than any other product of the soil. yearly fruit alone ofthe average value of from 89. to lfis‘.

"(185.

J vino In rnx7 um

I

the vegetable

Each tree produces Revenue is collected on about two millions of date-

To the Pacha and his son Ibrahim,the horticulture of Egypt owes much; not' only are their own extensive gardens watched over by intelligent and skilful botanists, lint they have sent travc‘ling gardeners to the East Indies, and other parts, in order to collect specimens of such vegetable productions as are likely to suit the Egyptian soil. The star-apple, the gums, teak, the papaw tree, arnotta, the custard-apple, the India-rubber tree, turme- ric, arrow-root, ginger, cedar-wood, fustic, benzyiin, cajepttt, yarn, and the bamboo-cane. have all been aboli- mated during the last ten years. The coffee plant has also been tried, but itthltimate uaturalisation is very doubtful.

Egypt breeds but few cattle ; the parts of the country which are cultivated can be much more profitably em- ployed than in growing herbage and corn for the purpose of feeding cattle : there is no pasturage except in those. parts where the soil has ceased to be cultivated, and what herbage the desert affords. Horses and cattle are generally imported; the Bedonlns, however, rear a few. In Egypt, Saltpetre is made in abundance from the ruins of ancient towns, and salt from the inner parts of mummies! After the nitre has been extracted from the ruins, they become saturated again, after afew years, and may be passed through the pans, depositing almost as much nitre as before. At Eslt Mouneoen, out of the ruins ofIIermopolis Magna, about 2,700 cantars of salt- petrc are made per annum. The Pacha has a large manufactory of gunpowder at Mekyal, in the island of Rhoda; it produces fifty cwt. per day. - ;

We now come to the manufactures of Egypt. ’For nothing has Mehemet Ali been more severely censured, than for endeavouring to make Egypta manufacturing

or unnecessarily. Had the scriii-civilized Paclia no other excuses than thatofhaving been desirous of rend- ering his country independent of foreign nations. or of having been fascinated by the prosperity which lie else- where saw proceeding from manufactures, his justifica- tioti would be ample. And even had his manufactures wholly failed, they must have been productive of great good ; through them Europeans have settled in Egypt, and by their presence diffused civilisation and toleration, and led the Pacha into a policy more agreeable to the principles of political economy. But, in fact, Mehemet All had no alternative but to comm'ence his improvements with manufactures—~the amount of the population of Egypt would not have allowed Egypt to have become an agricultural country. .

The Pacha now possesses forty-fourcotton-factories in Egypt ; they are divided into three departments—each department has an inspector-general over it; and the whole are under the direction ofthe Council of Public Instruction. The three inspectors try who can produce calico the cheapest, with the least expense for repairs; this system of c‘ompetition is very injurious: it' has brought the‘machinery, which was not originally good, having been made either in France or from French models, into a very wretched state; and as long as, it is continued, Mehemet will never have factories. nor machinery fit to compare with other nations. Besides the cotton factories for spinning,-weaving, bleaching, dyeing, and printing, the manufactures consist oflinen woollen, tarbouch, paper, type-foundry, printing, sugar: rum,salt,saltpetre, indigo, natron, penna, gunpowder, leather, mats,‘ pottery, glass, flints, aquavitae, chemical works, Oll, rice, flour, iron, copper, brass, muskcts small arm's, and accoutrements. ’ ,

r

Gsvncnmo or THE CHARTISTS AND Ramona AT LEEDS.——The great demonstration, as it has been styled —-took place at Leeds, on Thursday the 2lst January and passed off very quietly.—The objectofthe promo: ters of . the Meeting is to obtain an extension of the Franchise—the vote by ballot—and shorter'Parl'iaménts‘.

In fact to unsettle the s stern ofre resent ‘ . . . by we, RehaBm V P atton as defined

Wm; gums, cotton produces only one crop anuu:

TheChmij‘tlg. who-go the .whole hug;,.,,,,,o,},,;o

country; 'and iii no respect do we think more unjustly .

’ into, the Thames. ' Southwark and other bridges, but -n 0" Waterl‘mi

4‘ This cowardly trickster, when you sent a misSiohary to hold out the hand of fellowship to the working men of Ireland, in their ot’vn metropolis, in order to a good understanding and unity of action between both sections ofthe operative community, packed the meeting room with his hired tools, and refused to hear the votce of your ambassador of peace. . “ This disgrace to the human fortn, when your faith- fiil friend Frost was betrayed by Government spies into the hands of the soldiery at Newport, and when twenty of your brethren were laid dead upon-the field by their murderous fire, this ‘ man’ (’f) set up a yell of savage satisfaction, and blurted out, 'Serve 'em right! Serve ’ein right! 0! I thank God it was my own boys, un- der Sergeant‘Duly, who did it 1’ g I “ This hideous lump of hypocrisy took the chair at a public meeting, in the year 1829, in London, at. which the Political Union for the attainment of Universal Suff-

Parliament who drew up the ‘ People? Charter,’ telling you to agitate for, and procurcfits‘passtnginto'alaw; when you did as be bid you, and your agitation had become so formidable as to alarm faction, this horrible dissimulator turned round, and denounced both you and Universal Suffrage, and‘offered to bring 500,000 Irish— men into England to put you down; to force you to tamer bear the wrongs and sufferings which injustice

of a blue stripe

fScott,on ma

d observing.

rage was formed; he also was ~ one of SIX members of

The .a‘ora

hief tied Over. his head, bu"

silk handkerc A son of s“ L

' or stockings. . ' Shogfeil ' consisting offive pulm, twt’) pt; , ere if ,three crosswrse, at interva . o ,, 1y, an no another, over the centre of “,3. fhomllgiddlescx and Somerset-home t e A king hisappearance, w“ plaudits from the multitude:

ldin , and having bgiriZTiEith him to the top pole, 3....

' ' to make it c several of 31‘s tffilszdzou are all or placing his head In I ' 9 r0 e and suspending htmself by titan. thfee minutes. His next leaf was 0, evolution with his feet ttt the rc‘i‘pf.‘g he summit o the scaffolding g: at I , ‘ having divested himself of th: an m a, head and attached it to once It e Rely, . excla’imed at the top of his mice, w. 3

ore how I can dance upon no rot once‘m ith that be. for the »

' ’7 w . ‘ iii;v limit-in the noose and swung him

hung for three or fouv minutes, L ' Brown,- who was standing poor, on . n.

he was hanging himself in reahi y“, t Scott’s friends replied, “Oh,- no, fe as . t, usual time yet.” In an instant a‘ter, b- from the populace on all Sides t3 devil:e i“ ) h in this r. Brown asceii e ' . H ear g ’ hich, on his relinquish .