ITHE GUARDIAN

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Sarajevo 1914

A war party was in power in Germany in llili. Resentment against France and Britain had been acute since 1912 when the dispatch of a British warship to Agadir had forced Germany to withdraw the gun- boat which she had sent to take advant- age of revolt in Morocco in 1912. The Germ:-ins had long been concerned about the Russian menace-the "barbarians from the Flast."

The murder of the Aiistrian Ai'chduke Fraiicis Ferdinand and his wife, nephew and heir to the Emperor of Austria, by an obscure Bosnian student was a slim excuse indeed for starting a global war. An of- ficial Austrian investigation could not eien

plicated. Germany was ready for war, however, that June 28, 1914, forty years ago, and the incident served as well as an- otheif.

It was also necessary to knock France out before turning on Russia, so that coun- try was given no opportunity to remain neutral which she was only too eager to do. lTnfortunately from Germany's point of view the violation of Belgium's territory which was intended to bring France into the war also brought in Britain, the Brit- ish Empire and finally the United States.

France, in spite of German expectations, did not go under in a matter of weeks, al- though it was touch and go. Germany found herself in the position which above all else she dreaded, fighting a war on two fronts.

That war led to disaster for Germany and near ruin for all the countries of Europe. It changed the whole balance of world power and economy. When Hitler tried to repeat the Kaiser's tactics with a I faster-moving harder-hitting army he suc- l ceeded in the particular objective but was - faced by the fact that the United States ' and Russia had become enormously more

, . powerful in the interval between wars. As 5, soldiers have been accused of doing from I time immemorial, he was fighting the last war over again.

' P-liaraoli's Solar Boat

Pharaoh Khufu's huge stone-encased pyramid-the largest and most enduring monument in history-has renewed world- wide interest in the religious beliefs of ancient Egyptians. To many people there is something pathetic in a great king's idea that a boat weighing tons and rowed through the heavens by spirit servants would be useful on the journey through eternity. But to Egyptians of Khufu's time, 2630 B.C., the notion came easily. An analysis by William C. Hayes in the National Geographic Society's volume, "Ev- eryday Life in Ancient Times'g', shows that E':ypt's religion consisted of at least four unrelated cults or phases. None, in the

ever passed beyond a primitive stage.

The Egyptian had two important con- victions: tli that he was immortal and that not only his spirit but his whole e20 would live on after his earthly existence ended; and (2) that his life beyond the gi'ave was to be an exalted version of his life, on earth. The first convici.ion, elim- inating as it did much of his natural fear of death, combined with his innateiy sunny disposition to make him one of the mo. clieerfiil peoples in the world's history. The second led him to provide his spirit not

gorily with a home in which to dwell but also all the material possessions and sur-

')roundin'zs which it had needed and loved during its earthly stay.

The line of royal pyramids, stretching from Cairo some 60 miles up the River Nile, are the most striking expressions of these Ideas. At the same time they are A poignant witness to the futility of it all. Built to preserve the dead at enormous cost

"'16 the living, the great tombs have almost without exception fallen prey to the ever- ii) present. grave robber. Both the kings and their treasures have been dragged from their resting places. leaving the empty stone monuments as memorials to men's

its people loved to collect and!

r Khufu

find that the Bosnian government was im-

'i7eliefs. To this simple faith, however, the, At eighteen he became leadelnof the Grand museum! of 010 W0?” We "'9" E3Vi'""”'Duke's band at Welmar and four years lat- ' I )

. I9 0' "'9 ""93" 0' ll"-'.lof Hannover. He appeared year After year 38991 F Perfect 3t0"eh”"” mrtln London and founded the Joachim quar- Ol l"'""m9”bl9 "9C9"d9 Md) tct, famous for their wonderful playing of

was preserved the veryi " ' mother, whoncimqjox.

name was Hctep-hei-es. was carried on vis-l

Her jewels and the i ' A , chair have come down through nearly 5,-ll I ' 8' Egyptian? From other tombs spar-l led by ancient grave robbers have come

its to her royal son.

000 years and are safe in the

Museum in Cairo.

filmy linen, delicate furniture of reed and wood. textiles. papyrus and paintings which

would have perished in the damp climates .

of Greece and Italy. In Egypt they have ,sui'vivcd with texture and color undimmed by time.

Slanted History

Under the above heading ,Canadian Business calls attention to a recently pub-

lished book by Professor T. S. Ashton, Brit-I

ish economic historian and professor of economic history in the University of Lon- don, which gives numerous examples of how not only capitalism but the truthful record- ing of history has suffered at the hands of many economic historians. For example, he says, in describing economic reforms the government has invariably been represent- ed by historians as the hero of the piece. It was the government which ”abolished child labour"-little attention being paid to ,the fact that the higher productivity of adult male labor under capitalistic develop- ment was also a basic factor.

o Prof. Ashton believes that probably the greatest harm has been done by presenting capitalism as an impersonal, inexorable lforce. Under this interpretation of econ- omic history, it is no longer men and W0- men, exercising free choice, who effect change, but a spirit conjured up to repre- sent an abstraction.

This is a point of view Professor Ashton icannot accept. "I do not believe," he says, i'”that the centuries have held nothing but

cruelty and exploitation. I believe, with ,lGeorge Unwin, that it is from the spon- 'taneous actions and choices of ordinary lpeople that progress-if I may use an ana- ,chronistic word-springs and that it is not itrue that everything rolls on to A prede- .termined end under the dynamics (what- ever that meansi of an impersonal force known as capitalism. I believe that the creative achievements of the states have ,been vastly overrated and that. in the ,words of Calvin Coolidge. lwhere the peo- ,ple are the government they do not get rid

t l

t ithem on the government.' Looking around me, I feel that men are learning by bitter experience the truth of those words."

,.EE..

EDITORIAL NOTES

Treaty of Versailles signed, 1919. O O O Canada is again to have A nickle nickle. Present five cent pieces are of steel and have been minted of that metal for the past

luled for Jan. 1. 1955. O O O

A climatological atlas published by the meteorological division of the Department :of Transport indicates, among other things. ,that Victoria, Toronto and Halifax are the ;only Canadian capitals having A higher 'average temperature than Charlottetown. St. John's, however, has the same average. l 0 0 0 l The Dominican Republic's first ambas- lsador to Canada is anxious to restore his

-country's sugar exports to this country as,m,mo,.m ,0 we

Vwell as find markets for coffee, cocoa and possibly tobacco. It need hardly be added

lpotatocs and other goods to the Dominican Republic. 0 O o '

An Ontario Member of Parliament has made the charge that "Maritimers were subsidized and allowed to bring potatoes into Ontario." He needs to be reminded .that Ontario cannot keep out. potatoes grown in this part of the country and that ,all the Federal assistance did was prevent ,our farmers from suffering very serious loss.

It was a seaman who was directly con- cerncd about a recent decision of the In- come Tax Appeal Board, but many others .will have cause to worry about the prin- clple involved. The Board Added 35228 to his taxable income for board and accom- modation. Everyone undertaking duties ,which require them to make use of facili- Itles not their own could presumably be

t

similarly taxed. O 0 O

l Joseph Joachim, Hungarian virtuoso lvlolinist. conductor and composer. was .born this date 1831. As A boy prodigy he lvisited Vienna, Leipzig and London, his

ltalent winning Mendelssohn's recognition.

er director of royal concerts at the court

Brahms' chamber music. Perhaps his finest work is his Opus 11. Violin Concerto in A

of their burdens by attempting to unloadl

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Page 4 The Guardian

Monday, June 23, 195..

I NOTES By

in; more ”t.ree conscious." On the other bnnd the number of drivers who become troo- unconscious

-Edmonton Journal.

Vicloi-In Day (hi: you was not involved in the problem of obser- ving holldnyl on Monday. The date And the day coincided but it will be different in 1965.-Port Ar- thur News-Chronicle.

The Chicago Tribune llyl war between l-londuru and Guatemala nppeau imminent. That can be t.Aken with A grain of salt. but not too lute A grain. Relations be- tween the two little countries are what. might. be called strained.- Brnntford Expositor.

On returning from Mexico. 1 French Actor reported that many of the hotels in that country keep rattlesnake: to destroy the rats. The reptiles are quite tame and friendly toward patrons. However, the first time B patron encounters one in the hallway he is. under- standably. A little nervous.-Hank llton Spectator.

Canadian newlprlnt production hit an all-time high in March of this year. The April figure stood at An increase of 3.9 per cent over April of 1953. but. was three per- cent. down from the All-time Min-ch record. so what happens? A news- pnper heading herald; the April production an "off". such is hu man nature.-Fort. wllllam Times- Journal.

Gerhard Mmlcnun. a. Dnninh mathemnticlnn. demonstrated he could multiply numbers quicker than A business machine which

' Wt? K

I

, Qwzeir l NOVA SCOTIA SUNSET Flarmnzo clouds cradle the golden I west.

Casting flamed patterns on the

, turquoise hay AA motley fishing craft, in bright

array. Broadside. on the cool waters, calm- I ly rest. While overhead A seagull in its quest. iwheels wide white circles as it I turns away, .Thaart.ed. denied the pleasure of its prey, To disappear on the Atlantic's l crest. Up near the shoi'elinc.. lmrnarletl 1 and wet. tTall piles ii)).”lSll)g crudely stark and sheer lsupport sagged planks on which A 3 herring net. I: draped. cocoon-wise. All About the pier Where an Oltl man stands like a silhouette, A seashell held unto his ricafeiicd ear.

--Hazel Firth Goddard. Dartmouth N. 5.. in the Albei-La Po:-try Ytar Bonk.

Keats And Shelley

(Ottawa Journali

John Masefield. the English

--Solar hm." disco.-9.-ed recently near his three years. The return to nickle is sched-lPoet Laureate. made one of his

rare public appearances last week when be unveiled twin plaques in the Poet's Corner, Westmin- ster Abbey. commemorating Keats and Shelley. A short speech was given by the American Ambas- sador, Mr. Winthrop Aldrich. The Marchiuness of Crewe, chairman of the Keats-Shelley Memorial Association which puts up the plaques, says the American group lot the association shared the ex- I

pemie of commemorating the two

poets. This ceremony almost com- pletes the tasks of the Keats-

Shelley Memorial Association founded some fifty years ago. From the beginning its members have striven to get A London two poets. In ll9.'ilJ they had-arranged to get .1 lKeals plaque in the Abbey but the war interrupted their plans.

opinions of archaeologists and theologians, that this country is equally anxious to ge1loAt the time they made no effoii

ttn have it Shelley plaque: Shelley. after all. was once A vigorous atheist.

The last Aim of the society is to raise funds to endow the home in Rome where Keats died. It is at Rome that members do most work. They keep the graves of Keats and Shelley in Wrder at the Protestant cemetery where the poets were buried and at times buy manuscripts for the Kc.-its museum there.

In Praise Of Fish

(Ottawa Jourmli

Mr. Pickersgill. Canada": See- retary of State. is also the mem- ber for Bonnvistn-Twilllngntei and though he was born In Ontario, he cAn no more escape the herit- age of the sea than if he were brought up in A dory. His rc- marku in the Commons the other day on the pleasure: of the table when fish hi the entree were well taken; indeed they were rein- forced by the fact that although he tilts for I Newfoundlnnd riding he was raised in Winnipeg. For iult II the Prairies hAve Always

pplied A large proportion of men for the Royal Canadian Navy, they have been notable for their high per unit: consumption of fish.

Apart from Addiction to fresh water fish such Aii goldeye. ciirp. pickerel And whltefilh. the Prairies 7.5 or 30 years IIO Atiil consumed lnrge quantities of nit herring. possibly because of the many thouxnndc of Eaiif European im- migrants who helped people the Went in the first decade of the century. A number of Winnipeg wholenle housu packed Alaska lien-tn; in -brine. In bnri-cl: three feet high. uch consignment weigh- ing About too pounds. Thrifty householder: stored them In their bnument for the winter. And the herring would be eaten raw. After being cleaned. Few muln could equal A nit than-ring. eaten with baked or boiled potato and

pei-hApA A piece'of nippy cheddar eiiuu to top if d. all being.

t Christianity and Bombs

(The London Times)

. l (The London Times)

I The worth of the Archdeacon 0. London's whit-Sunday sermon in St. Paul's on the Christian doctrine of warfare and its application to Vuncoiiventional weapons" consist- ed chiefly in two s.mple and es- sential points. The overwhelming authority of Christ:an opinion through the age! has been non- pacifist.

Tlhs being so, Christians. in con- Jlderlllg the new weapoiis, cannot uvnld the duty of estimating, not merely the. consequences winch would follow from. using them but also. and with no less gravity. the consequences which might. follow .rom not using them.

Ultimately, the Christian pacifist position. which has always been that of an eccentric mll1Di'll.y ii: .he Church. rests less on the literal interpretation of Scripture than on a perfectionist npinicri which leads those who hold it to believe that

human nature, linwover depraved. will always respond, in the long run. to the power of defenseless charity. 0 O O

The New Testament, which re- tnunks the rejection of absolute goodness by the world, lends no authority to the view; to try to

support it by Christ's refusal to lead his disciples to the establish- ment. of an earthly kingdom by military force in to ignore the fundamental distinction between the role of the Church and that of the state which Christian thought has always emphasized.

The Church is R divine institu- tion with the office of winning and heating souls; it cannot use physical force, because physical force is in its nature iinfittcd to the attainment of these ends. The State exists for the purpose of maintaining A just order in human affairs, or the nearest approach to men an order as human imperfec- tion makes possible.

It. iii entitled and obliged to use physlcal force. because human sin makes physical force essential to the attainment of its ends. The functions of these two institutions

was on exhibit at Copenhagen. But. the machine manufacturers twill not be worried. Fortunately for them there Are not enough Mortcmens to supply the market 'dema.nd. - Fort. William Times- Journal.

nu public. it u said. Il mom"-;

THE WAY

"A survey in the U. S. A. lhowg .that. most wives do not. get. up in I the morning to make breaking: 'for their husbands. If Auch women

seem: to rennin About the IAme.ldo not think they are living in

.-Peterbarough Ex.

sin, we do." Amlner.

some U. l. unlversltlu an no. selling their alumni souvenir dish. es and cups with pictures of the campus painted on them. Possibly one could represent one'A mom chipped and battered china as 5 memento from the University of Hard Knocks.-Edmonton Journal.

Mm'A Atrivinn my be getting somewhere after all. Consider, for example, the invention reported in Australia. where B new-type cir- cular saw with tiny teeth assert- edly leaves no sawdust. If no wood dust from I saw. cannot we hope for no plnnlnga ,from a plane, no borings from An auger or bit, no chips from an axe. and so on down the line? The charge most often thrown At. the home repairman is that he causes A big- ger mesa than he presumes to fix. In the brave new world ahead he can hope at least. to be t-1dY- Even the f1remim's axe of the future may leave no debris behind.- Windsor Daily Star.

A nary from the Edinburgh Scotsman concerns a school teach- er, newly lmporbed from the city. who showed to I class of chil- dren in the Scottish Borders a picture of a. flock of sheep. when she naked the children to tell her what the Animals were. there was dead silence. A picture of two sheep was produced. to be greeted by the same unhelpful silence. Even one sheep appeared to DWVE too much for the class. Finally a gnmll boy asked permission to have s closer look. and alter :- igngthy A c r u t in y volunteered. "Please, Miss, I think it's I two- yeai--old Border-Leicester." -Halifax Chronicle - Herald.

repugnant to the Christian mind. both in respect of its corrupting effect and of the Attitude to hu-

geese on his farm As most: fum-

Thlnn are Ipeedlnt "P III "10

I A I I Charla: I-Zlmhirl of lnin eepa commumcanom Held. A ulegmpg

man life which it reflects. than the 9" do but mm; of chnliey ya me Aystem tranamimnl 500 W97”

destruction of A city for -strategic .

lJUrD0568- , that are crossed with wild geese. He tells of the cross breeding re- sults in stronger, healthier birds and they Are good, strong fliers. when it. comes to eating them, minute

. . .

A new casuistry of warfare is needed. and it will present; many questions with which the Christian intellect. must. grapple faithfully.

but. Above all, It must start from bit. darker than the tA.me'varlet.y.

the premises which the Archdea- con has set out. But, though Chris- tians cannot shrink from the re- sponsibilities of power, there Are dangers Also in the A1-chdeAcon's invitation to enter the brave new

statesmanshlp must be to surround these new opportunities for de- I-h structlon with safeguards cgnlnst the weakness: inherent in human nature. It is A task which calls for th patience and realism As well as 3! faith.

while but always come back to feed.-MacGi-egor Herald.

noylng and At. world with head: ralsed'hlgh. more uncomfortable

The highest. aim of -temporal covered by black fly bit-es. we hav- en't. experienced it. After singing

summe for the put. few weeks. we had completely forgotten about

were totally unprepared for the

9. minute now is being tested be- tween New York and Boston. It is being used by The Meocmed Prggg to transmit stock market reports. The rate of 800 words A is ten times faster than

little different. He hu some

they Are tuty the men; being I. that of conventional teletypes ' now in general news wire service. The birds fly away once in a (The above paragraph contaim

sixty words. Ten times that num- ber are transmitted every minute by the new system). The trial run of the new system will determine its reliability Ind the degree to which it can be piacecuin zeneral use. The transmitter equipment consists of two cabinets. one con; tnfnlng a liighspeed tape 1'95” and the other an electronic ap- paratus whlch speeds the signals over inter-city circuits. Receiving equipment consists of I highs speed "punch" which PTOWFE5

If there In anything more In- the same time than to be

e praises of Spring and early

e dreA.dful little lrrltatlonnauch black fly bites. And as A result

Old Charlottetown

CIVIC ADMINISTRATION

onslaught. When and if we ever return to nonnnl AIM! beln8 '1' most. eaten Alive by flack flies in A week-end, it. Ahould be Juatuln time to fAll prey to the mosquito. All we need now is to Acquire a sunburn on top of our insect bites zln which cue it. might be up- derstandable if we start yearning for Winter and its freedom from