JANUARYJLQF

PRESENTING NEWS AND VIEWS OF INTEREST T0 TEACHERS AND ALL OTHERS SEEKING IMPROVEMENT IN EDUCATION

NOIILITY OF TEACHING

i dersthose who might “Whitetails: from going into this rofession, poerless in its 099°!‘- p fies (o; good? Want of public tunlreciation of the profession. The $3,, at public appreciation of the “Ubpity of the occupation of the woman or mun who teaches school that is a definite hindrance to the jmpltflTflllPlli. of the schools and to thc choice of teaching as a pro- fusion when a young man or wom- m is considering what they will do. The next‘ drawback. which real- tv comes from the low apprecia-

tion 0i me Val“ at itgguttfgfgxig: We must not lose our Professional

“Qiélli-‘cisuzg; QT; lag“ and Sew pride, but we should be proud. that

Iighiai of tcaching, if applien u, we are teachers and are worthy of

other occupations, would receive the greatest consideration possible. LOWER FORT GARRY

Nowhere iii all Ollllfll. or deed on _ i; the duplicate of the Stone Fort: _.Lovi er Fort Garry-to be seen. It i: thc only stone fort of the early

fur traticrs, intact and in good con- it stands t-ightccn and a half miles west lunks of the Red River. between

(iiliuii, in cnisleiiice today, and itorth of Winnipeg on tho

the highway and the river, on the dividing line of the parishes of Si. Andrew's and St. Clement's a picture for the artist, an object of outstanding interest to the histor- ian anti the sight-seeing visitor.

The building of Lower Fort Gar- ry was commenced in the summer oi 1831 on the instructions of Gov- ernor George Simpson. The plans oi the Fort are said to have been nintit- by Chiflf FBCtO-l‘ Alexander Christie. a greatly respected offic- q- oi the Company and twice Gov- ernor oi Assinlboia. The Christie famlly has given over 240 years service to the Company.

'I'lic- builder of the stone work was Dunoan Mi-Rae, a stone mason from the Hebrides. with» whom in the works was closely associated John Clouston, a fellow Hebridean, MrRm- built the stone work of the Uppcr For! as well, while St. An-

SOME POINTS OF HISTORIC INTEREST

Within the gray limestone walls of Lower Fort Garry are still to be found a number oi old buildings and ri-lics of considerable historic lntcrcst, for Lower Fort Garry for a short period was the official as well as the social. headquarters of the Red River District.

In the centre of the fort. the resl~ derice attracts the eye of the visi- tor. ft is of the bungalow type of house, old-fashioned of course. roomy, with quaint fireplaces and heaters, and underground cellars sectioned off in a bewildering man- ner. The residence la set off by

CASSAVA

The starchy flour prepared from the underground stems of the man- lcc plant, a native of Brazil. now widely cultivated in the tropics. 'l‘he root-like stems. about three feet long, are poisonous before the

MACARONI

1t is a food prepared from a paste made, principally in Italy, kom the flour oi hard varieties of wheat, and generally forced

THE DAFFODILS

This poem was published in 1807. Dorothy Wordsworth. tho poet's sister. says in her Journal: “When we were in the woods below Gmv- barrow Park, we saw a iew daffo- tiiis close to the water side. Aa we went along there were more and yct more; and at last. under the Iiougbs of the trees, we saw that there was a largo belt of them a- iiiilx the shore. I never aaw daf- fodils so beautiful. They grew a- mong mossy stones, about, and a- bove them. Some rested their heads on the stones, as on s, pil- low for wearlness; and the rest Mud- nmi reeled, and danced. and seemed as if they laughed with the wind that blew upqn them over the lake."

The daffodil is one of the love- liest of the spring flowers. The "liver crows singly on tall stalks. Each daffodil ia enclosed in a light iirown sheath. which stands erect. But when the growing flowers itlve burst their covering. they “will! their heads. Each flower has I short yellow-tube. divided about 5'15""? down into six points- ‘flieae points do not fold baQ: "i!!! enclose a long yellow trumpet. which is beautifully scalloped a.-

o

in- the American continent.

feet high and are three feet

‘shot was ever fired from the stone

‘?EE§EEwm€m>

1.4 SATURDAY FEATURE-

in them much larger compensation in money than when put into "keep- ing school." People say, "Schools costta great deal. even with thc small salaries paid to teachers now." What of that? In so far as I save the seed to that extent do I make it impossible to reap the harvest. Instruction and training in youth are the means of bringing abund- ant harvcsts of national wealth as well as of some better fruits.

Let us es teachers remember, the teachers are members of a noble profession. and are doing a big job-

drew‘; Church and other iinjdl- ing old stone buildings surround- i-ng the city of Winnipeg bear tes- timony to the quality of his handi- craft. Lower Fort Garry was nanicii a!- ter Nicholas Garry, Deputy Gover- nor of the Hudson's Bay Company during the pcriods1822 to i835 who visited the Red Rives‘ in 1821. The walls of the Stone For: are of limestone, quarried from close by. They stand seven and a half I'll thickness. Including the bastlons. they extend over a distance of 2.000 feet. forming a quadrangle and encompassing an area of about four and a half acres of beautifully laid out grounds. whose YIQPICIIIIUYHI beauty in the summer time is a de- light to the eye. while maple and pine trees provide excellent shade. The walls of the fort are loop- holed for rifle fire, but no hostile

Fort, nor did arrow ever spend lt- seif against its defences.

The bastlons, four in number, are fifty-five feet each in diameter and were used in the old days as bake- house, powder house, ice house and cook and storehouse.

wide varaudaa. Guarding the main entrance are two muzzle-loading three-inch cannon. dated 1807 and l8l0. These are said to be part of the equipment oi Colonel Crof- ton's regiment, part of ivhii-h was giarrisoned there in 1846. One of the guns is spiked, this having been done during the Riel Rebel- lion of 1870. The residence was thc home oi Sir George Simpson for a short period. The late Alexander Grant Dallas also dwelt there. while many oi Canada's Governors- General have been its guests. (To be continued).

milky juice is rcmoved. Whun dried and ground the flour is used for bread-making, or washed and dried to form tapioca, wh'.cli is exported from the West and East Indies.

through tubes which give it a pipe- like form. Smaller kinds of maca- roni are known as spaghetti and vermlcelll.

round the mouth. Inside this trum- pet are six stamens with large yellow heads, and the slender stalks of these stamens cling to the sides of the yellow trumpet. There is also a short pillar aris- ing from the fat green seed vessel, which you can see outside the col- ored petals, below the yellow tube.

Imiely ‘The poet's loneliness puts him in the proper mood to wel- come and enjoy the companion- ship of nature."

The simile employed. of a cloud floating far above the earth, is a beautiful embodiment of the idea of solitude. Milky Way. The Gal- axy. A luminous band extending around the heavens produced by a myriad of stars. At several points there are dark spots in the midst of ‘aomeiof the brighter parts. A

ing glory. Conduction: Ths stem conducts (a) watea- absorbed by the roots from the soil, (b) dissolved, inorganic substances also taken up from the soil by roots and (c) various foods manufactured 1n the‘ plant. In flowering plants the ves- sols are the chief carriers of water and inorganic salts from tlze roots to- the leaves. This function I is shared to some extent, however. with thc trachelds; anti in pines, spa-noes, firs. and other gytnno- sperms, which lack vessels, trach- elds are the only elements for con- duction of water and inorganic salts longitudinally.

Destroying the pith and (lie tis- sues outside the woody cylinder does not interfere with the upward conduction of water and solutes. Although complete girtlling of a tree, that ‘is the removal of a ring of bark of the trunk, does not shut off the upward movement of water,

Tiic Phylum Nematode is known principally through its -,iarasitic spci-ics, which have long been fa- miliar. Only recently has it been appreciated that tlicre arc, ill ad- dition, many species of free-living trematodes which occur in salt and fresh water and in moist soil. They exhibit great diversity of structure in contrast with the parasitic spec. ies, which show the simplification that is characteristic of parasites. For example, the head and mouth- parts of a free-living nematode may be highly specialized in cor- relation with the mode of life, whereas this region in the para- sitic species is much simpler. al- though it may be well 5ilit€d to the needs of the pamsite. Organs of chemical sense. sometimes call- ed amphlds. are practically uni- versal. and tactile organs and eyes occur in some species of the frec- livirig’ forms. The skeleton-like cu- ticle. which is universally present, la molted periodically like the skel- etori of an arthropod. Most: species are capable of active locomotion by body movements, and locomoior ap- pendages arc found in many i-n- stancea. The occurrence of striated muscle la to be correlated with the active movements. The nervous system, which consists of a cir- ciimphnryngcal ring, from which iicrvc cords extends postcriorly is not elaborate, but, thc scnsoiy neuro-miisculai‘ system must be ci- fective in vi-ew of thc activities to be observed. The internal struc- turc is much more complex than that of parasitic nematodes.

Anabolism: All thc proccsscs by which the cells build proiopiasm from food.

Ngc-rongoro, north of Lake Tang- anyika, is the largest crates- in the world, This mouth of e. once ac- tive volcano is eleven by twelve miles in diameter, while the crater of Mt. Aetna. is only one mile across and that of Mt. Vesuvius is less than half l1 mile in diameter. The steep walls of this African (‘i‘~JIf‘l‘

the downward movement o! foods

THE N EMATODA '

NGORONGORO

‘i!

IZON ~

is interfered with, and the the 11- nally dies. This probably results from the rather prompt death of the roots. because of their inability to get food. The glrdling of stems often results in increased growth above the girdle; it ll a common practice to girdle tho-stems of cur- raats in order to increase the ylcld of fruit. In both cases the" result is probably due to the girdle restricting the movement of food away from the upper part of the plant.

Tracheids are single cells which die soon after they are formed.

The gymnosperms are all WODFIY.‘

i

perennial forms and with few ex- ceptions are evergreen plants. They are oi‘ great economic importance as sources of timber. rosin and tur- pentine. Gyninosperms 'are regard-I ed as thc most ancient plants.

of seed}

Catabolism: The processes in- volvcd in breaking up the prolo- piusni of livi-ng cells.

Metabolism: The processes rclut- ed to building up (anabolisin) and breaking down (catabolismi the living parts of plants end cnimflll-

Assimilation: The process o! changing digested food into liv- ing proitoplasm.

Dissimilation includes the dc- structlve reactions, chiefly oxida- tlons, which occur in protoplasrn and condition the transformatloni of energy with the production of , heat and certain waste products- Protoplasm is the living substance of a cell. Plasma is the liquid pa." of the blood. Phylum is one of the , major divisions of the plant or the animal kingdom.

Photosynthesis: the process by which chlorophyll using the sun's

i

energy. manufactures carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. and releases oxygen. Imbibition: the passage of water into dead cells and into the microscopic pores and spaces in ccll walls. Osmosis: tho passing of liquids or gases through moist cell walls or other membranes front places of higher coho-entra- lion of a substance to those oi luv.- cr concentration of it.

Reflex actions: bodily "ictlons t-cntrolir-d Il_V spinal ncrvc (cuts-rs ivithoui conscious direction from tht- hriiiti.

\\'ii|l a constant body temperature, ‘hat is, a temperature that docs not vary with the environment. Cold-blooded animal liawng a ‘iody temperature that varies with that of its environment; examples are fish, amphibians, and reptiles.

on its floor is a blue and iittcr rest nf the crater is t-ovcrcci with luxuriant vegetation and Hl-lilflii with red and ivhiio clover. In this natural sanctuary reside probably 50.000 head of big game, irz-ludlng the zebra, gazelle, gorilla, baboon.

ara and the Grand Falls in Libra- dor are larger. The main fall is

seventy-four‘ feet high. The walcr drops straight down into a narrow

There are two usual ways of‘ spending the winter. Many tnimals remain active throughout the cold months. and do not seem to be greatly bothered by the low tem- pcifiitures. The rabbit ho about nibbling at roots and drie leaves; and the owl sits in thc trees watch- ing for mica and smaller birds.

Another group of animals paaqps the cold months in what is called "winter sleep" or hibernation. The fat woodchuck in his burrow; frogs at the bottom of the pond; and in- sects in cocoons or in the ground.

bay. Ullswater Lake in the lbakc District of England. They flash,

written by Mrs. Wadsworth.

so much to increase the enjoy- ment of natural beauty by suggest- irig to minds less quick to rccclve impressions than a poet's tbag they can indefinitely augment their delight by cultivation the habit of thus remembering ‘passed joys.’

HLPHEN

The hyphen is used to- indicate l Mmvound Wflfdn-(l) When two iil‘ more separate words are as- Wlli-ed to form a single noun. ad- Imive. or other part of speech. as ‘iiii-ln-law, ninety-ninth.

‘bi When a noun has an od- ioctivs or participle qualifying tt, ‘he associated wordahave a diffu- "ii meaning from a normal as- "icihiion oi similar kind. Thus: "liking-stick.

“:0 When two addactives, both of mm‘ "JIY modify a noun separ- ‘Y- iiwiiify a no n as one ides.

‘This use of thc hyphen is neces- sary to give clearness. Thus we dis- tinguilli a red hot iron. from a rad-hot iron. Prefixes end suffixes are not joined to the stem word by. hyphens except in case of a prefix before s word beginning with a capital, as uri-Brltish. or as in the case of boll-like Whore a let- ter would be repeated three times. The prefix non is also always join,- ed to the principal word of a com- pound by a hyphsnfias non-conduc-

‘tor.

FUNCTIONS OF THE STEM OF A PLANT

e

The principal functions o. the iitm are (i) the support of the {Tillie leave; and flowers in posi-

iiha favorable ‘to the wterform- Jnce of their functions; (2) the aladuction of ruw materials (water M. mineral salts) from the roots

lch ibsorb them from the loll:

"5 (l) the conduction of plant

°i|= (for example. sugars. fats

"ti proteins) from the places where

"'0 hllliulleturad. to points " "My are anodes torsi-awth "liter processes, or whore they

functions, atoms may 99'1""! 1W- eral othur loss important func- tlonl. Green stems Iuoaienivnt ti" leaves in food manufacture. In some plants, stems act as storage organs, of starch. for emmpie, in the underground stems (tubers) of the potato. oi sugar ip the sugar cane, and of water in cacti; or as organs o} vogetativ rear ‘uction. as do the tubers of the potato. the bulbs (short stoma with fleshy scale-like mt bases) of the onions, the runners (creeping stems) of the

1'," i» mm for mist-um. I. ii addition to these principal

strawberry, the rhizomes (under- ground stoma) of tbs wild morn-

etc. This line and the next were, In-l ward eye. Few poems have done‘

Snails have their iv-w oi’ meeting bad weather or food depressions.

HIBERNATION

are nearly 2.000 feet high. while potamus. GRAND FALLS i The St. John River crosses (he gorge. through which the rivcl‘ boundary line Jnto the United rushes for a ntilc. At the li-l:'i'o\v- States near GranlFlalls. The Grand est part of the curse-libs Pulpit Falls of the St. ohn are the third Rock hangs out over the wtiteni largest falls in North America. Nlag- Near this point are the fame/us

Worm-blooded animal: on animal“

lake four milcs in lcngth- All the :

antelope, lion, leopard and hippo-i I

1 rack Blouses to cl

Several other i

PHONE 55.

“welis", holes sixlceirfeet across! and tliirty fect deep, goiigen out by the action of thc water. Below the wells there is ,4 whirlpool (‘illi- cd thc Coiicc Mill. | I which go into hibernation, but re-i main only part of the winter. Thei raccoon and gray squirrel slcpp dur- t ing only the coldest part of thc. winter, then come out again Thci chipmunk occasionally wahcs up for something to eat. and thc red squirrel goes into winter seclusion only as a last resort, preferring (oi remain abroad nil winter. Br-ars may not hibernate at all if the win- (er is mild.

Some have contended that ani-, mals hibernate because oi lack of‘ food. However, some animals go into hibernation while food is still plentiful. Otlicrs say that it is due

whcthcr in winter or summer. Thcy simply close up the door to their Siiflii. and go to sleep. If one is Picked up in the woods, and put in a dry cage without food and water, it will close up house in mid- Slimmer, and rcmaln in this cor.- ditlon until moisture is again pro- vided.

Land snails have been kept in ti-y contblners for three years and were still alive. ‘rrlchlna may m. main surrounded by their cysts in living flesh fc-r ton years. Frogs and- toads hove been rcpoitcd to have been kept in this sleeping state for thirty years. Warm-blood. ed animals rarely sleep more than a iew months.

Home fish enclose themselves in cocoons of mud and slime at the bottom of thc stream. Earthworm; surround themselves with a secre- tion which hardens into thin shell called a "cyst" during certain sea- sons. "Summer sleep” is as common among many animals as is winter sleep among others. This ia called "aestivation". and ls usually pre- duced by lack of water or food. It is very common in ,, ,.ical regions.

The skunk ls typical of animals

EXERCISE I

Illl in the blanks in the follow- ing sentences using one of the words which is in the brackets:

1. It is not for such as --- to sit with rulers. (we, us.)

2. i do men say that X (who. whom). I

s. Tell ma --' you are looting for. (who, whom.)

l —-— do you think him .0 be?

‘am?

to sudden drops in tCnlDJiiltUPi‘. In reply, it is pointed out that toads may borrow into the ground for the winter while the weather is still warm. Turtles. cvcn ii pluc- cd in warm quarters. may no into a sleeping state until spring. The only remaining explanitl-on ls that hibernation is an instinct. Proof of this is pointed out in various rodents, like woodchucks. which continue to remain in this sleep long after the weather has be- come warm and food abundan’. Perhaps all these factors play their part, and dlfferent- animals respond to different ones. Hibernation, however has dangers and its hardships. ‘File hibernating animal is cold to touch. There is often 5 clenching of the jaws and a general tension of muscles. There is no-apparcnt movement. Breathing is almost ‘m- _pol'ceptibic; the hcort barely beats; the blood scarcely flows; and the senses are all deadencd. Mean- while. a gradual wasting of the body goes on in order to support life. He is just surviving until the warm spring days arrive. The ortlcul is o. brave one.

N GRAMMAR

( who, whom). 6. We do not know -- we serve. (who. whom.) 6. Marry nobody let -~ be who -- may. (he. him.) i ‘i. I do not know --- they were. (who; whom.) — 9. -- that honor no I will hon- or. (they, them.) l0. Let —-—- and -- go.

| l

its

(she,

i

oil, formed in the interior of (he earth's crust by the compression of

hydrogen and carbon from niuds

containing the rcniains of plains and animals. It is founu iuost abundantly in U. S. A.. Russia.

Venezuela, Mexico. Pcrsiil. Riman-

NATURE

What animal is the greatest enc- my of the fur (rapper? The \voi- verinc. It follows the trail cl thc trapper and destroys the animals which it finds in the tr-ip. Wht-rt- riu bats spend the winter? Tiicy citlicr hibernate in a hollow tree or in some sheltered place. or migrate like birds. Do clothes moths eat cloth? No. It is thc grub or cater- pillar of the clothes moth that eats the cloth.

1. What animal can wail; back- wards almost as quickly as for- wards? The badger.