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' e e n Indian Trails The tenth of a series of articles specially written for The Guardian By Lucy Gertrude Clad-kin

Many writers wishing m make 8.11 1111b‘ study of the Scuth-westcm tribes have lived in their towns and "mixes, some or them for years, and they all present the same pleasing picture of Indian home life.

W9 are told that in all Pueblo tribes women are hunqred and pro. tocted, thus giving a. black~eye to that old, old fallacy that “squaws curry the loads and get the kicks." This mﬂy have been true in earlier days, and. was undoubtedly true in latter days among the rough tribes oi the north and east. In Blackfoot, (a branch c! this tribe lived in Canada.) traditions a. “Beaver Chief" could beat his wife ii he ﬁrst sang an "appro- priate” song; but if she sang the “De- fense Bong" ﬁrst ii: made her safe. One admires the wonderful self- control o‘! an enraged husband who waits to sing a. song before punishing s naughty wife. Somewhat in line

vorees granted, and the plural mar- riages among Mexicans in this state.)

Sacred Birth-Fire

. - ,

When a child- is born in a Pueblo town the lather has a. curious duty to iperiorm. I-Ie must start a fir‘! in the ‘fogon-a quaint, adobe fireplace-and keep it going for eight days no mat- iter what the weather may be. It is fnot supposed to go out,—tliis sacred birth-ilre-but if it should it must be rekindled in one of the religious ways (as ii; was kindled.) l-le must use a ﬁre-drill, steel and ﬂint, or a brand

.(Head priest or Medicine-Chief.) It is believed that if this fire were re- kindled in any other way the child would die in its ﬁrst year.

Centuries ago the Pueblos had a curious division o! sexes. ‘The system was in existence when the Spaniards

ten" when "our angry passions rise.” The Pueblo man is not above mind- ing the baby when his wife is busy. The younger men are nearly s11 far- mers. and occupied in the fields most of the time, but they take their share o! caring for the children, and when they cannot help, the grandfather or greet-grandfather usually can. '4 write;- who lived in fsleto tells us: “The white-haired governor, the stern-faced war captain, the grave principals none of them are too dig- nified to "tote" the baby up and down the courtyard, or to public nuare and solemn dance; or even to dance e remarkable domestic Jig, if needs be, to calm a squall from the precious riders upon their backs." The children of the Pueblos are not foolishly indulged nor pampered, el- tliough they are seldom punished. Obedience and respect to age seems to be born in them, and scolding is never heard in their homes; the mother rules but in absolute gentle- ness. _

1 have watched muiah children following their mothers around in the Woolworth store here, and their home training was evident to any ob- server. Whils children of the superior recs were bowling their heads oi! for everything in sight, the Indian child- ren gazed wlstfully at coveted toys and passed quietly on.

changed this system and made pos- sible the home life that the Indian enjoys so much today. Thscommun- ity houses were used by the women, girls, arid young children only, the men and boys slept in the Estufas; the wives and mothers canted meals

hers, but ate with their children at home.

ies used at the burial of an Indian in old days and some of them are still

used to throw witches oﬂ the track oi the departed spirit, Iood is provid-

|days journey to the Happy Land.

Tribal Beliefs

The Indian believes that their dead, once they have leached that goal,‘ take up the same occupations they followed in this world, and they provide enough personal property to give them ‘a start, there. j; the de-

and arrows are broken, or "killed," as the Indians express it, that they may go along with him. His clothing and dancing costume are burned for the same reason, and if he has been a

also. If it is a woman some of her household furniture, and cooking

Marriage Ceremony

The Pueblos marry according to ziic- lsame Way’ and h" b°dy L‘ ‘inked

laws of the Church but they use a

marry without They must have travelled far and

things, Judging by the number of di-

ceremony of their own as old as the cimturi. "The betrothed couple are given two ears of raw corn; to the youth a. blue ear, but to the maiden a. white one because her heart is sup- posed to be whiter. They must prove their devotion by eating the very last hard kernel. Then they run a sacred foot-race in the presence of the old councilors. Ii the girl comes in ahead, she “wins a husband" and has a lit- tie ascendancy over him: it he comes in first to the goal, he “wins a wife." If the two come in together it is bad omen, and the match is declared oﬁ.“ There are no prolonged courtships nor engagements between the young people of the Pueblos. They are not allowed ‘to even walk or tall: together only in the presence of parents or guardians. A casual shy greeting as they pass each other, or what they may say before others, is the limit of their Mquaixitaneeship before mar- riage. -

when a young man wants to marry a certain girl he tells hi8 intents; through them the proposal is oﬂercd nnd all preliminaries conducted.’ (This was the custom among Mexi- cans until reoentlyg-they did not paternal consent.

be resplendent on that occasion; they are all rich in precious beads qt coral, turquoise, and silver.

Near every Pueblo town there is a "killing place" where the property of the dead is destroyed. The ground is strewn with broken pottery, and weapons? pieces or earthen jars, and stone hand-mills, and, sometimes, furniture.

They are not a demonstrative poo- ple, but surely it is ejection-tender- ness, that would provide for the be- loved dead. They have their conse- crated graveyards where the bodies are laid, and they pray for the souls of the departed as their new religion teaches them to do, but their tradi- tions demand more tangible evidence oi mourning and they cling to their traditions.

There are no headstones in the bare, brown graveyard at Isleta,- Campo Snatch-but no mourner mis- takes his or her own. 0n All Soul's Day the women bring baskets of sweet breads here, and set lighted candles in the sand, as they kneel to make their offerings to the dead; a strange blending of christiunity and paganism. l

fast from that custom and better "1"" vlml"

I Yet there are no better living people [to be found anywhere. They have all ’ the virtues of the white race and very View of their vices. In Indian com- imunities one does not find crooked politics, nor hold-ups, nor swindllrig. Murder and suicide is practically un- known among them. They cultivate ‘such virtues as honesty, filial respect, ‘conjugal faithfulness, chastity and lpaternal love. | There are few bad Indians here, and the few there are picked up their fdeviltry" from their white neigh- bors .'I‘hey are not welcome in the "home town" unless as guests of the Pueblo prison. The Indian police are very eﬂicient in their own territor- ies.

Passing through e Pueblo town it is quite usual to see a small fenced enclosure on the rcoi of some dwel- g ling where an eagle is held captive. Their feathers are of great import- ance in some ceremonies and they are used by the Navolos Is well as the

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“I'm” 2;‘ Lama" ‘s’ Pueblo Indians. There are few In- "m ° ° ' mf‘ n" ' dian tribes anywhere that do not val- rlh‘ A‘, Ywmwéuil ue feathers. an do not ‘value inc"

same eathm but nearly all agree ‘ that eagle feathers are "good medi- cine."

The Bird of Freedom furnishes the

Muir ~11,’

In;

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gorrrgigligv, {GUARDIAN

from the hearth of the Caclque. _

came nearly four centuries ago. It was their missionaries who gradually

to their men-folk and served them There were many strange ceremon- practiced. Besides the "smoke-screen"

ed to sustain the soul in that four

plrtiodisn-manhisgtmknlfsbow

farmer some of his cattle are killed

iutensils are sent along with her the

lout with all her favorite jewelry. Even the poorest Indian women must

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tent factors in the exorcism oi witch- for prayers they are" called, or Pray- es of evil things, it would be hard for _er Sticks. They may be found stuck Indian; to "carry on" without them. ;here and there on mountain side or

Dark feathers are considered ac- ‘b18111. (the Navaios use them W0). 01' cursed, especially those of the raven. around any India-n settlement. 68-"!- owl, or buzzard. No one will handle fully whittled sticks each with s tuft them excepting one who "has the evil o! feathers bound if» ti" WP- Tl" road/K-witches. An Indian found feathers are nearly always white, ex-

with them in his or her possession is ‘crowns purity. and these Prayer l ‘

likely to be punished to the limit of Sticks. however childish they appear ,

the law “Such feathers are used only to us, are sincere expression-s ‘>1 1'11"‘ i

m were‘ by the“ who wish u) kill or .i an 8J1 POWGHUI Divinity.

harm an enemy, in whose path they I are iaidwith wicked wishes that ill

may muowy favor calls for solemn and secret pre-

' "itherr. When all is ready the Indian takes his stick to a carefully

‘The Pueblo Indianshave a unlqllv -~-¢<i Sim’ Pr"! °""°"'1Y '° method of sending their petitions to ‘ihose Above, and plants hi8 PH?" in; Great spirit, and feathers are an to continue that petition after he has important feature oi these prayers,- returned home.

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The nature of the petition deter-i j mines the method of making. A great I -_

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