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THE DAILY EXAMIN
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* This is true Liberty, when Free Born Men, having to advise the Public, may speak free.”—EKvxiripzs,
CHARLOTTETOWN, P. E. ISLAND
" MONDAY,
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JANUARY 26, 1891.
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Sineie Corizs Two Gers
VOL. 27.—-NO. 44.
CALENDAR FOR
JANUARY, i881,
rh! Days
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Sun |Moon Hi
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27, S$ 29 30
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Ss #6) 34
35
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f <“ 85 35 to Se 8: ca 1 - i te ers1e3 os
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riday : 31 5 ! 7 40/4 57\11 50
DR. GEO. A. BAYNES, PHYSICIAN AND SURGEON:
Specialist in Chronic Diseases CHARLOTTLTOWN.
OF FICE— Queen Square, over’ Apothecaries : ver! ' P vetal Address, Box 47.
HARRIS @ STEWART
Wili be obliged for an eariy set-
OF why tS to tw oo oo 2 5 th & & pad x ~ ae
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’
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.-
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“IOI be ¢
H
tlement of all Acconnis rendered up to the Ist of January, {591.
——IN EVERY CASE——
WOODILL’S Worm Lozenges.
novl2
‘WING to the scarcity of Coal I have started a Wood Yard, and am prepared Hardwood at a reasonable price,
to supply : cut up to suit stoves, and delivered to all points in the city.
A. DOWN, n13—ti Pownal Wharf.
Cottlament to Dec. dist, 1890,
—_——-—.-_ —- —
accounts
Ys YE request a settlement of all
7 du-, notes, judgments, etc., before the end of January. Al! debtors will please take notice and save us trouble and them- selves expense.
NORTON & FENNELL. |
pat dw 3w hersum jour |
janl4—dw 3w
¥ } ue ee Sh Ga—/XEHOUND Al panls FOR 0? Dro COU €Roup so! Cougs SVHOOPING Yor OLDS. feo? a4 YEARS IN USE. ‘uw PRICE 25° PER BOTTLE ARMSTRONG or: PROHRIETORS St. John., N. B.
WINTER CROSSING |
WPVUIE WINTER ROUTE between Cap
Traverse and Cape Tormentine is now open. Passengers and, Luggage at the regu lar tates. Passengers will find this reute very much the cheapest. Passengers accom- anodated in the very best manner.
CAPT. GEORGE IRVING. dee26 —3meod why
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“1 & w&
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ACURE IS CERTAIN
WOOD! WOOD!
{LI aT Aye STOVE
NOTICE !
On account of the great inerease of our Farniture cimace a sinks aie . ' ofa : Business, we find we require the exclusive use of our ‘Machine plant for the manufacturing of our own stock.
‘Consequently we are compelled to discontinue doing Cus-
jtom Planing, Band Sawing, Turning, e’e., and we desire to (thank our many patrens who have favered us with this class of work ia the past.
on are now splendidly fitted up for manufacturing Fur- niture, Scho 1 Desks, Pew Seats, etc., at remarkably cheap ‘prices and in go
d workmanship manner, and invite com- parison of prices
? . ; e
, &tyles, ete.
MARK WRIGHT & CO., Lrn.
Charlottetown, January 15, 1891.
| PRINTERS,
BOOKBINDERS,
AND
BLANK BOOK MAKERS.
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STATIORERS j _A Complete Stock of PLAIN and FANCY STATION- si «s ERY, at prices that cannot be beaten.
{y)——---——
Headquarters for Books of all kinds.
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SCHOOL BOOKS! SCHOOL BOOKS!
Charlottetown, January 6, 1891—w fs
p LARGE, STOC SVS0LD AND SILVER
Waltham and Elgin
WATCHES!
G. H. TAYLOR,
North Side Queen Square.
Charlottetown, Jan. 12, 189i.
,
| marca
Campbell's Wine of ‘Beech Tree Creosote
4 \ xX)
tHE NEW REMEDY for affections of the Thaoat, Larynx, Bronchial Tubes and Lungs, such as obstinate Sore Throat, Hoarseness, Bronehitis, Chronic Cough, Congestion of the Lungs and Incipient Consumption.
—-——- PREPARED BY———
KENNETH CAMPBELL CO.
WiCOLEsALE ORUGGISTS,
608 Craig Street) - -- - - - FOR SALE BY ALL DRUGGISTS.
Montreal
a ee
For .
inspect our stock and compare val o¢ before Our Stock comprises the Latest and } dest Good
DODD & ROGERS.
Charlottetown, November 12, 1890.
We invite intending buyers to purchasing It will pay to do 30. in the Market.
Agetoultgral Meeting
—<——
AT VERNON RIVER BRIDGB. Targe Gathering and Great Interest,
Professor Shuttleworth and His Pupil.
+
‘Soil Water in Its Relation to the Plant.
‘Plant Food and Constituents of the Soil Sold Of the Farm and Fed on the Farm.
‘THE DIFFERENCE
Some Questions and Answers
ANOTHER PROOF of renewed interest in operations on the farm,another evidence of a desire for improved methods of farming.
shown in the very large audience pre- sént in the hall at Vernon River Bridge on the evening of Friday last. The leading farmers of the district were present, ac- companied by their sisters, cousins, aunts and sweethearts, and headed by their re- presentative in the Provincial Legislature, George Forbes, Esq. Edward Grant, Esq., occupied the chair.
Proressor SHUTTLEWoRTH, at the be- ginning, referred to the instruction in agri- culture which is being imparted at Prince of Wales College and Normal Sehvol, point- ing out that the pupil-teachers, even the girla, will in future, as a result of the policy of the Government, be enabled to learn enough about the priaciples of agri- eulture to impart to their scholars of the ‘future an interest in the noble work of the farm. Every man, he said, should know
t about bis-own business ; and the farmer
the constituents, of the soi] upon which he joperates, and from which his livel.hood and hs wealh are drawn. ‘Tu this eal, some ‘knowledge of chemistry is necessary in order that the farmer may understand agricultural chemistry, and agricultural chemistry is needed in order that he may know what to apply to the land in order to obtain the best results. Those branzhes are consequently taught at the College. He was not without hope that a portion of the Live Stock Farm may ere long be used for the purposes of experiment, so that there may be illustrated practically that which is taught theoretically. Professor Shuttle- worth then introduced his pupil, Mr. Mal- colm McLean, who, after a few preliminary remarks, read the following paper upon, “SOIL WATER AND ITS RELATION
TO THE SOIL”
‘* We are all familiar with the fact, that in going down into a svil it is found to be moist, becoming more so the farther we proceed downwards, until at length we come to a bed of standing water. This water is called the ‘ ground water.’ The chief source from which it (this water) comes is rain ; go that grour.d water may be considered as an accumulation of rain. Besides the ground water, there is water mechanically held in the soil which is called soil water. In this paper we will consider chiefly the soil water in its relation to the plant. Those of you who had any experience in digging wells will perfectly understand the above remarks.
The ground water tends to seek the level of the sea; in wet weather it rises and in dry weather it lowers ; so that when a well has run dry the ground water has sunk below the depth to which the well has been dug. There are two distinct movements of the soil water. One isa downward movement called percolation, and the other is a move- ment in all directions above the ground water called ‘ capillary movement,’ This capillary movement is due to the mechani- cal attraction between the particles of the soil and the particles of water. The down- ward movement is chiefly caused by gravi- tation. In times of dry weather the capil- lary movement is upwards to moisten the dry surface soil. We see, therefore, that the particles and pores of a soil absorb and hold moisture, and also that these pores and particles suck up the ground water just a8 a lamp wick sucks up the oil and moistens the top of the wick.
And this movement is kept up byevapor- ation from the surface, either directly by the action of the s@n or wind, or indirectly through the plants by transpiration. As long as evaporation and transpiration tend to dry the surface soil this capillary move- ment is incessant ; and,this motion may be greatly assisted by thorongh cultivation of the soil, thus rendering it porous and mellow.
Having thus considered the different move- ments of the water in the soil, we may now proceed to notice what great purpose this water serves to the growing plant. Plant food is composed of two classes of sub- stances, viz : those belonging to the class called colloids and those belonging to the class callod crystall i's. The former class of these substances i contained principally within the plant, and the latter is contained in the soil. :
It has been found by different expet!- ments that water is the best solvent known. This can be shown by the following experi- ment : “*There were taken 100 pounds of pulverized rock; this was moistened with
Renee a . Eee Ce eT ae jshould have # good idea of the materials,
pure water, and allowed to stand for one week with the followingresult : that ¢ of 1 per cent. dissolved.gThis is equal to 10,000 pounds dissolved from the soil of one acre in surface and the depth of one fuct.
The above shows the great dissolving action of pure water. Again, netural or impure water has a much greater d_ssolving action on soils than pure water has, owing chiefly to the presence of carbonic acid.
There is always more or lesscarbonic acid inthe atmosphere. It results from the decay of animal and vegetable matter, from com- bustion, the breathing of animals, &e ; from this it can readily de inferred that rain always contains a considerable amount of this gas.
We are now in 4 position to see what an important function the soil water performs.
We have stated that ground water may be considered as an accumulation of rain. But all the rain which comes to the earth does not go to form the ground-water; for we have shown that some of this water is mechanicaliy held by the particles of the svil. This serves the important end of dis- solving the available plant food contained in the soil. This food isin turn carried to the surface of the soil by the capillary movement of which we have been speak- ing, where it comes in contact with the rvots of the plant. In order to describe how this food enters the roots of the plan*, we must refer to a simple illustration which will very clearly show it: lf we take a membranum sac, for instance an inflated bladder, fill this with brine and place it in a vessel containing water; the water will also diffuse through the membrane tv m x with the brine. This is duo to the mechan- ical attraction which the particles of the membrane have for the particles of water.
cells, which may be regarded as a collection ' of these eaca containing the brine. These cells are separated by membrane and contain a solution of plant food different te that which is contained in the soil. There- fore, this soluble plant food which has been brought in contact with the roots enters these cellsin much the same way that the water enters the brine.
other cells; this again enters the next cell
is distributed throughout the entire plant. Such plants have the power of obtaining food from*‘very dilute solutions. For ex- ample : seaweed cullecting iodine from sea- water. In sea-water iodine exists in such a smal! quantity, that a chemical analysis in some cases fails to detect it; but in sea- weed it exists to such an extent as to afford the chief source of iodine for medicinal pur- poses,
In temperate regions it may be laid down as a@ rule that rain water does not fur-
plant,
According to an experiment conducted by Lawes and Gilbert, it was found chat a good crop of hay, wheat or barley required 700 tons of water to the acre during the growing season. This is equal to about seven iaches in depth over the entire sur- tace.
When we consider that of the yearly rain- fall only a comparatively small proportion falls during the growing season; and again, that owing to evaporation, perculation, &c., the plaut can directly utilize scarcely onc- half of what does fall, the importance of the ground-water and gvod capillary oon- ditions becomes very evident.
The total rainfall at P. E. Island in 1889 was 2919 inches. Of this there fell during May, June, July and August, 8 57 inches. Now. allowing that a plant cav directly utilize one-half of the rainfall, we find in this instance that the plant can utilize half of 8.57, or 4.28 inches. But we have stated that a good crop requires 7 inches. We may ask, where do the remaining 2.72 inches come from? The answer is obvious. It comes from the subsoil through capillary movement. As we have stated above, about one-half of the water which comes to the earth as rain, is carried away by evapor- ation from the surface of the land, and is therefore wasted.
It istherefore of the greatest importance that we should know how we can prevent, or at least greatly hinder, this loss of moisture.
Let us consider mulching as a means of preventing evaporation. A mulch is a covering laid upon the surface of the soil. This may consist of anyching, such as straw, leaves, sawdust, chips or stones. The action of these budies may be seen by turn- ing over a logor stone which has been lying during the summer, anywhere; or, again, by examining the ground which has! been covered by « thick costing of leaves | It is found in these cases that the ground! underneath these coverings is moist, whilst land which has not been covered may be very dry. About 22 per cent. less mois- ture evaporates from a mulched soil than, from # simliar soil Which is not mulched, | Again, in a mulched soil, the capillary movement of the svil-water may continue to the very surface, for here evaporation is prevented by the mulch; and the amount of moisture which would otherwise be! wasted, is preserved, and can be directly. utilized by the growing plant. Another, good result from mulching is the prevent-| ing of rain from puddiling on the surface of | the soil, thus converting it into a crust, which is very injurious to plant-growth Having thus considered the advantages to} be gained by mulching a soil, we may now) proceed to notice how this form of cultiva- tion may be applied in practical work. Of course it would not be ticable to cover our fields straw or leaves or any such substance; but this form of mulching may be very well supplied by summer cultivation or surface tillage. This consists in stirring and loosening the surface soil, as in hoving, harrowing, etc.
This loosening of the surface soil mani- festly increases evaporation from the part
which is stirred ; but, on the cther hand, it hinders or lessens evaporation from the
When this svl- | ment to the growth of the roots ot a plant uble food enters the first cell, the solution | lessens the amount of the crop. The roots in this cell becomes of a different char-; may be impeded in their growth by lumps acter to that which is contained in the}ordenseness ina soil; by crowding the |plants, or by having too much wet in 4a fur the same reason that the water and’ soil.
nish sufficient moisture for the growing ‘low, because by the action of the sun and
prac-! with
soil immediately underlying the loosened surface soil,
We see, therefore, that the action of sur- face cultivation is to preserve the moisture. This is of the greatest importance, when we consider that plants depend upon this moisture in times of dry weather,
Hence one great advantage to be gained by drilling crops, such as potatoes, corn, turnips, rape, etc., is that the surface soil between the drills may at intervals be loosened, and thus the moisture may be preserved,
With neatly ali farmers the last mode of cultivation which is made use of is rolling. This is apparently the very opposite to sur- face tillage. Its action is to break the lumps and t. compress the surface soil. As far as breaking and compressing the lumps is concerned, rolling is beneficial. But hy this means the capillary movement of the water ig restored to the very surface, where mere evaporation takes place,
Therefore the best practice, especially in light soils, is to roll firmly after seeding, and afterwards to harrow the surface. By this means moisture is brought in contact with the seed or with the roots of the plant, but evaporation is prevented by this stir- ring of the surface soil. A psoil must be wel! cultivated for any root crops, such as turnips, carrots, mangels, etc. The roots oi such plants tend to develope very rapid- ly while the plant is young ; therefure it is of the utmost importance that the soil be sufficiently mellow to admit of the irez growth of the roots in all directions, and also that it coutain sufficient pore space to admit an abundance of air.
Under proper conditions of soil. roots naturally tend to grow downwards, As we have stated, their growth is very rapii.
Now, the roots of plants are composed of} For example :—A barley plant, in the
single leaf, may bave roots about 10 inches in length. When the second leaf com- mences to unfold, the roots will have grown 20 inches long. When the plant is one month old, roots will have grown tu the length of three feet.
This also applies to many other plants, as clover, buckwheat, peas, etc. Any impedi-
in order to procure the most favor-
brine mix with each other; and sothe food fable conditions for the growth of root
| plants, soils should be ploughed deeply in the fall; by the action of frost the lumps are broken, and in spring the particles of soil settle into a good mejlow seed bed, yet sufliciently firm to support the growing plant. | Fall ploughing should be deep, in order that thereshouid be a sufficient depth of , soil loose enough for the roots tu penetrate easily, and also a sufticient depth to hold enough moisture for the direct use of the plant,
Spring cultivation should always bo shal-
wind the newly-turned soil may be rendered dry and dusty to the depth to which it has been cultivated, and thus plant growth may be impeded by an insufti- cient supply of moisture,
I will now close my paper by making 4 brief summary of the most important points which we have noticed,
Ist, The soil water disolves the available plant food contained in the soil, and brings it into a cundition ia which it can be directly used by the growing plant,
2aod. The roots of plants sre composed of cells by which this soluble food enters and is distributed throughout the entire plant,
3rd. The amount of water which comes to the earth as rain is not s»flicient for the growth of plants; and it is of the greatest im- portance that we should have the soil in euch a condition that it can use this water to the very best advantage.
4th. Surface cultivation is necessary to the preservation of this moisture; and hence, wheie possible, crops should be planted in rows, in order that this mode of cultivation
may be cirried on between the rows, Sth. ia the growth of root crops, a deep, m-.i » ssed bed is required, in order that the
rou.s vi the plant may grow freely in all directions, and that there may be sufficient moisture, mechanically held in the neighbor- hood of the plant.
Gth. Soils should be ploughed deeply in the fall, and exposed to_the frost of winter in order to procure the most favorable conditions for the successful growth of plants.
7th. Spring cultivation should be shallow, because the soil is rendered dry to the depth to which it is cultivated.
(TO BE CONTINUED )
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y took Cold, Suche E took Sick, I TOOK
SCOTT'S EMULSION
RESULT: ITtake My Meals,
I take My Rest, ANDIAM VIGOROUS ENOUGH TO TAKE ANYTHING I CAN LAY MY HANDS ON; getting fet tee, FoR Scott's Emuision of Pure Coc !
2 eee Fe ee eS 8 Rew eS
Liver Oi and iypophosphitesofLimeand Soda XeT ONLY CuneD MY Imetp- ient Consumption ror beni ME UP, AND IS NOW PUTTING FLESH ON MY BONES AT THE RATE OF A POUND A DAY. TAKE ITJUST AS EASILY AS IDO MILK. Scott’s Emuision is put up only in Farmon color wrappers, Bold by all Druggisis et 59e. and $1.00, SCOTT &
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BOWNE, Bellevilie.
SO EEE EOS EF SF OS SLE SOR LESSEE OEE AREER
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7a
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8000 TIME COMING,
GRAND SUPPER and ENTERTLAIN- A MENT, to be held at New Glasgow Hall, on TUFSDAY, the 27th dy of Jaun- ary, in sid of the new Presbyterien Church. Admission, 24 cents, Doors open at 6 o'clock.
A OA AOA et eC ene