i‘
.1111: ED UCA TIONAL HORIZON
PRESENTING NEWS AND VIEWS 0F INTEREST TOLTEACHEHS ‘AND ALL OTHERS SEEKING
IMPROVEMENT IN EDUCATION
‘Ii-IE GUARDIAN.
TllEtlT-EINEEVIEW
byI.A.8.Wllliams
[mil STATUS 0F Tl-IE TEACHING PROFESSION (Continued) ' , By M. E. InZcrte
gust sorrow AND I“ nnssaun
l. not-sass at 1"- ghgytgecpaelftments of Educa- iwr" J,,,,,....y, 194a, was 7.21s. tion 1pm number are added those n ‘lticstes after comPlflllil 111°" "t: l" programs and those o0- 11."“d 1°,- srainlng upon gradua- Iihprlefrom Grade X, the real short- lse W“ 10360’ th t a
g Canada m!!! "11"" a
{eniiai shortage 0! 27-909 1' 1° f,’ orrected. She should in the
c gen years, train a sufficient Mnber of teachers to 01111111111" nument shortage and provide teach- fizlfnr epproximateiy 16.000 119W ‘lgmzlqhinlenroiment in 16801" u ining institutions should be In-
‘m4 by nearly 100 per cent un-
f3. the services of those trained
u“ be maintained.
s, There is a shortage of highly quested and well-trained teachers; j |urpllil of teachers with low ti . “Il-"Cfraiadirllh teacher shortaifl 1| u, ‘saute that in two provinces 21.- 053 pupils were enrolled in corre- msndence courses on M1111 1- 1945-
6, Groups questioned agreed that file teacher shorUICO 1! 511° 11mm‘? gs (s) low salaries, (h) few\0PP°1" sunities for advancement. (c) P001157 ‘qulpped schools, (d) unattractive rural living conditions, (e) 10W pre‘flze o1 the profession, (f) in-
- -,, pensions, (g) little secur- “y, (h) large classes and heavy teaching loads. d
7. Schools are so ("K111111911 :11 administered that the" l1" "V opportunities for advancement 111 the profession.
I, Approximately 33 per cent o! Canada's teachers have less than flvs years‘ experience; 51 per cant. less than ten years: 6Q P" ""1- isss than fifteen 3'91"; 35 V" cent, more than 15 3'95"’? '23 P" cent, more thanbfl) YB!"-
9. Eight remedies for the teach- sr shortage may be inferred from section 6 above. Others are (a) amel- training and selection. (b) scholarship aid, (c) better educa- tional publicity.
ECONOMIC STATUS OF TEACHERS
I.
1. City, town-village, and rural salaries are in about the prop"- tion 100 to 60 to 50-
I. In tsrnssof i089 dollars the sv- arsge of teachers’ salaries in Can- ads was $20 per week in 1945.
I. in 1946-47 when the ave a
A] Canadian wage level was abo t 70
psr cent above the 1939 level, teach- era‘ salaries had increased since 1939 as follows (median provincial increase used):
(a) All teachers, 38%;
(b) In one-room schools. 6653
(c) In graded rural schools, 43%;
(d) In incorporated towns. 35%?
(e) In cities. 3%;
(fl Grade Xi graduates with one year of professional traininl’. 51%?
(g) Grade XII graduates with one yeir of professional traininl. 41%;
(h) Holders of bachelor's dbl!" including teacher - ' ' . 33%;
(i) Holders of degree plus one year oi.’ training, 12%;
(i) Post-graduate degree plus one year of professional u . -
4. The highest percentolfl 111' crease in salary since 1939 has been given to the Grade XI gradu- ates with one year of trainllll. Th! medians of the provincial salaries to this group of teachers is $10311-
Smaliest increases in salary have gone to teachers with superior training. Holders of university de- grees have increased on the average 6% and the median of the provin- cial salaries to this group is S1668.
5, Nearly 15% of Canada's teach- ers receive less than $1000 salary per annum. About 5% are ‘Iilld $3000 or more.
6. Salaries in the United States are generally higher than those in Canada. When in 1945-46 the av- erage Canadian salary was $1023
(1039 Canadian dollars). the aver-
age United States salary was $1536 (1939 United States dollars).
7. In I941—-average: teachers‘ salaries, $881; in 1941-—average: all male wage earners, 10 years of age or over in all occupations, $993; in ISM-average: teachers‘ salaries. $1057; in 1943-average: earnings in all Canadian industries: male, $1726; female. $993; in INS-aver- age: all clerical workers in Canada male and female, 81218.
8. Many 1947 and 1948 salary schedules give much higher sai- aries to teachers.
9. A study of factors such as life insui‘ carried, amount spent on books, travel, entertainment, etc., indicates that teachers do not spend heavily on these items.
10. Salaries paid to senior offi- cials in provincial departments of education and in Canadian univers- ities vary greatly, but fall mostly between $3,000 and 85,000.
11. There are Canadian provinces in which teachers have little secur- ity of tenure. Yearly contracts are still used in New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island; continuous contracts and Boards of Reference are found in British Columbia, Al- berta, and Saskatchewan. In gen- eral, teachers have greater security l?! Western than in Eastern Can- s a.
12. Teachers’ pensions vary great- ly from province to province; from $420 per year in Alberta to s maxi-
mum of 70% of average annual sai- ary in Quebec.
talns in the company of others and with on
perienced guides . .‘ . linked together so that each individual is protected by the skill, strength and
experience of the group
To protect tho financial future of his loved ones, the family man needs safeguards not unlike those
of the mountaineer.
First — he must join the thrifty, self-reliant people
who own Life Insurance.
Second - as s policyholder he will l... linked ‘with thousands whose combined unity and strength Sllarsntce security for the dependents of one and all.
Third — the experienced guidance of a Life Insur- lnco representative will direct him along the host
route to his objective.
Where Man may not o»
Venture Alone
Queuiile.
South Africa is Dr Senanayake.
quat All Khan. Nehru.
Explain: 1. The noblest sea that Turner aver painted." In the paint- ing the sea is the most important object. The ship is only a second-
referred to as "the,noblest sea." 2. Question two in "Study and Enjoyment." In revealing the ef- fect that the scene p-oduced in Turner's mind truthfully, and giv- ing s perfect reproduction as far s_s colour and accuracy of drawing is concerned. Read the last para- graph very carefuliy. Note that al- though Ruskin praises the accur- acy of the drawing and color as a IIGCCSIHI‘; adjunct to an immortal drawing he stresses the fact it is "a daring conception--ideal in the highest sense of the word," "it is wrought out with the concentrat- erl knowledge of a llfe," the whole
The purpose of this scientific essay is to show that much infor- mation ahout the age of the earth and the earlier forms of life upon it can be found out from a study of such ordinary things as a piece of chalk or a piece of coal.
1. What is the opinion of the writer about those who are ignor- ant of nature's records? A man ignorant of nature's records cannot have a true conception of the workings of the universe.
2. What experiments does he use to find out the composition of chalk? (a) Burning the chalk; (b) Putting powdered chalk in vinegar.
3. What does chalk look like when viewed under the microscope? We see small bodies not more than la hundredth of an inch in dia- meter, embedded in minute gran- ules known as "matrix."
Note the motion expressed in the rhythm and meter of stanza one, the rider is on the move. In stanza two the rider has halted and is sitting on his horse below the lady's window. The rhythm and sounds of this stanza are such that they express this.
his works or fighting? He works at night.
2. Why would "the fiend whose lantern lights the mead" be a bet- ter mate than the hero of this
A famous Tennessee school teach- er, was invited to speak at a con- ference at Pomona College on "The Place of Humanities in Edu- cation." Tha man who proceeded him didn't think much of the hu- manisies and emphasized the im- portance of practical education.
"What we need is practical; down-
To present a technique for dis- tinguishing one kind of bird from another; to develop the concept that a diagram is designed to show important parts of the ob- Jvct it represents.
Concepts:
(a) Each species of bird has cer- tsin physical characteristics that distinguish it from other species.
(b) Certain areas of a _bird’s body can be distinguished by their
leneral shape and color.
I Information for the Teacher: The birds shown in this lesson repre- sent seed-eaters, insect-eaters, and
'fruit-eaters. Have pictures of
lthcse bird! dating ins gins. or
[foods typical of their diet. Their
_reiatlve actual sizes may be judg-
|011 b? the size of one of the birds in the picture, for example: the biuejay, which is eleven and one-
half inches from its head to the tip of its isli. The general ranges of these birds are as follows:
Bluejsy: temperate eastern North America , the peninsula of Florida, north to about latitude 52 degrees. west to about longitude 100 degrees, and south to the gulf coast.
Song Sparrow: United States ex- cept the South Atlantic and Gulf States, southern Canada, southern Alaska, and Mexico.
Cedar Waxwing: temper ‘ North America. It winters in the entire United States and migrates as far south as Central America. Bluebird: United States and southern Canada east of the Rockies and. southward to the Gulf Coast and southern Florida. Variant forms with differences in size and color occur in the Western States. House Wren: Eastern United States and Canada. It winters in the South Atlantic and Gulf States sad through eastern Texas to east-
ern Mexico. CURRENT
The Premier of Italy is Alcide de Gasperl.
The Foreign Minister of Italy is Carlo Sforza.
The Premier of France is Henri
The Premier of the Union of Daniel Mslan. The Premier of Ceylon is D. S. The Premier of Pakistan is Lia- The Premier of India is Psndit
Eire has broken its tlss with
crimunres "snavn snlr"
sry part so the whole seascape is‘
A PIECE OF CHALK
BRIGNALL BANKS
When does the rider perform -
AGOOD IDEA
HOW TO KNOW ‘ANIMALS
Joseph it. Slnailwood.
Chaim United Nations is Trygve Lie. eriands is William Dress.
Armies is Marshal Alexander M. Vssil
There is no substitutp for Life Insurance.
Manusiiruxsas msuasucs also“...
‘llsrorrics (lssslllailadissfl resume. csluisa
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c. n. riuizss _. s. n. IiilGllIS
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Great Britain. It has assumed also its old name of “Ireland.” This Re- public consists of M counties of Ireland. The six counties in the North remained with the United Kingdom.
The President of the Republic o! Ireland is Sean T. O'Keiley. Ireland became an independent Republic April II, 194i.
Uranium has been found In the Peaks and Danison ranges of loath Australia.
Tha- Financo Minister of South Africa is Nioolsas llavsnss-
The new Premier offlseoq is
in tsrudllafl. “Tim Premier as Iursaa is ‘Ins- Il . The Heatanaiit Governor of New-
foundiand is sn- Albert Walsh.
Fsgerhoiln.
Coronas-General India is lord Mountbatten. Australia is Di‘. Herbert Matt. Erlander. is Sir Basil Brooke. _ Canada's Ambassador to Mexico ' is Charles P. assert. operative Commonwealth Federa- tion Party is Major Janlsa Cold- wsil. Credi Ion.
Newfou disnd. sflated I-sbradornby a elimi- of “it:
picture dedicated to the most su- blinia of subjects and impressions.
3. Qusitlon three in "Study and Enjoyment." The purest truth which in this case is something far more than the ‘average person would see if they looked at the ships at sea. Note what Turner has shown in his picture; "Purple and blue-down to-dncardaines the multitudiaous sea.”
‘Democracy works only whon citizens get along together, when neighbours on the street and chil- dren on the playgrounds, and men and women on the job have a friendly respect for ssoh other re- gardless of their colour, their re- ligion. or their birthplace. It takes Canadians ofall religious, all- sn- cestries, all races to keep our democracy ticking.”
s. How does Huxley describe the floor of the North Atlantic Ocean? It is a great plaim-with one sharp incline covered with fine mud. About two hundred miles from Valentin.
5. What are some of the ancient organisms which have left traces of themselves in the chalk? Sim- ple organisms such as tho “globi- gerlnae", the corals, coraliines, the pearly nautilus, sea-urchins, star- fishes.
d. mist particular organism does Huxley use to illustrate the con- tinuity of life on the earth? Snakes- head lamp-shell.
7. What is the scientists attitude towards the forces at work in the universe? Even the most insignifi- cant organism has its place in carrying out the immense activity of the universe,
song?‘ The "fiend" was only an imaginary person, but. fairy Ed- mund was an outlaw. It would be better for her to be married to an imaginary person than an outlaw.
3. Who does the lsdythink the rider is? A ranger (forest police man) or a soldier of the King. 4. Who, by his replies, does he show that he is‘! An outlaw, and by his advice he gives her loaves no doubt in her mind or in ours that he is he "Edmund".
to-earth courses," ha said. "What we want our children to know how to do, for example, is to milk a cow."
"This is s very good idea,” said the teacher when his turn came. "A very good ides. I want my son to be able. to milk a cow, but I'd also like him able to do somethings that a calf can't do better!"
Meadow Lark: "eastern United States and British provinces, north to latitude .54 degrees and west to the Great Plains.
Song Sparrowi United States ex- cept the South Atiantic and Gulf States, southern Canada, southern Alaska, and Mexico.
Downy Woodpecker: Northern and central parts of eastern North America from Alberta to Newfound- land southward to eastern Kansas, Tennessee, and Virginia. Redheaded Woodpecker: Eastern United States and British Prov- inces, south to southern Florida and the Gulf Coast to Texas. Procedure: Have the pupils name birds common to their locality. Plan s field trip to observe birds. then ask such questions as "How do you know that you saw a blue- Jay and not ‘s bluebird? A blue- Jay has a grayish-white breast; a bluebird has s red breast: a blue- jay is larger than a bluebird and has a topknot. To build readiness for the recognition of printed'la- bels on the diagram, list the names of the body parts and color words on the blackboard as they are used orally in describing the birds. Then say, "book at the two pie- tures "at the top of the page. Are they pictures of the same animal? What snlnisll (A bird, a robin). What is the chief difference be- tween the two pictures? (One is in color. One has lust outside lines). Show then a picture of a robin coi- ourad. Then show them a picture of an outline of s robin. Use the tbrm outline to indioatsxths second picture and explain its meaning. "How can you be sure that the out- line picture shows the same bird as the color picture”? (Compari- son will reveal similarities of bill, head, wing, tail, and-foot struc- tures.)
EVENTS 1 The Premier of Newfoundland is
The Premier of Ontario is Inslis Frost.
The President of Israel is Dr. Weizmann. The Secretary-General of the The Prime Minister of the Neth- chief
The new of the Ioviat
n. m‘ hbishop of Canterbury is . Geoffrey Fisher.
The Premier of Finland is Nari The first
Minister of hoards! Afhlrs of The Premier of lwodsn is ‘raga
The Premier of Northern Inland The National leader of the Co-
‘rile National loader of the loeisi Association of Canada is loo I. In.
l’1l>'_,
miles.
Mr. L. D. Wilgress has been chos- en to succeed Norman Robertson as High Commissioner in London. Canada's Minister of Defence is Hon. Brooke Ciaxton.
The President of the United Na- tions General Assembly is H. V. Evatt.
The Minister for External Affairs (Canada) is L. B. Pearson. Canada's first major oil discovery of 1949 is the new Golden Spike field near Edmonton. The field takes its name from the nearby hamlet of Golden Spike which is 22 miles south-west of Edmonton. Halifax, in 1949, will celebrate its Zilqth anniversary. Halifax is cele- brating with a ten-week program of varied e tertainmcnt from June 21 to Septe ber 5.
‘llho foreign mlnisterswho signed the North Atlantic Security Pact on April 4 in Washington are: Britain. Ernest Bevin; Canada, L. B. Pear-
son; U. S. A., Dean Acheson; Bel-
1, well tilled; 2, they are dis- eased due to malnutrition. The leaves become yellow and stunted; 3, a brown or black material for- med by the partial decomposition of vegetable or animal matter; 4, when the reference is to plants producing edible fruits; 5, recent experiments prove they do better in non-porous pots; 6, they are valu- able, as they eat many garden in- sects; 7, trees; 8, one capable of growing and developing; 9, they are flowers that bloom at sunset and close at sunrise; 10, one shaped like a needle; 11, bamboo; 12, from mid-September to mid-October; 13, they should be packed in dry wood ashes from the middle of June to
the middle of September. If wood
ashes are not available, in sand or
soil; 14, to the orchid family; 15,
ivy, oak and sumac; 16, one which
This Department is eon- é dloted the Prince Edward Island eachera’ Federation- Contribrstions are welcomed p and should be addrrssed to ,-
s 7
Mlllar Msclfadyess. l l-i Isl- llns 8t. Charlottetown
gium, P. H. Spank; Denmark, G. Rasmussen; France, R. Schuman; Iceland. B. Benediktsson; Italy, Coun Sforza; Luxembourg, T. Bech; Netherlands, D. W. Stikker; Nor- way, l-I. Lange; Portuguese, P. C. de Matte.
“The North Atlantic Treaty con- tains the solemn reaffirmation of the pledges under the United Na- tions Chariler. The treaty is there- fore designed to strengthen the sys- tem of the United Nations. It con- stitutes a cornerstone in the funda- mental structure of general secur-
..
The nations which signed this pact agreed to abide by the peace- ful principles of the United Na- tions, to maintain friendly rela- tions and economic cooperation with one another, to consult to- gether, whenever tho territory or independence of any one of them is threatened, and to come to the aid of any one of them which may be attacked.
ANSWERS TO LAST WEEK'S QUIZ
sheds its bark during certain times of the year; 17, a detached shoot, or other portion of a plant consist- ing of more than one bud, capable of propagation, or such a part re- moved and prepared for grafting; 18, the kumquat; 19, they are car- nivorous, or flesh-eating plants; 20. the iris. We need not power or splendor; wide hail or iordly dome; the good, the true, the tender, thesis form the wealth of home. S. J. l-i
Island Students Graduate Al Acadia
Among the large list of grad- uates at the recent Convocation
Exercises at Acadia University. Wolfville. were the following twelve Island students. Mr. Noel
MaoNevin. City, was the winner of two prizes besides attaining his degree of Master of Arts. The prizes were the HI‘. Scott Thomas Memorial Prize for Debating and the Acadia Aiheneum Prise for Journalism. Mr. Rupert MacNeil. 0'Leary, received the first Ralph M. Hunt prize in Physics.
Eoiiowixlg are the nsmes of the Island sinidebts.
Bachelor of Arts: .l.W. Carri Cilarlottetovm; W-C- l-evkv. Sum merside; MR. Simmons. Beimon With honors, L.R. MacKay (Eng llsh), Albany.
Bachelor of Science: DL. Down
Charlottetown; G-D- M11039"! Port Borden; JJI. Stuart. Woo Islands.
With Honours: AS. Dennis (Phyo sins). Port Hill. '
Master of Arts: Noel MACNQVIII. Charlottetown.
Certificate of Applied Science WE. Bonneli, Charlottetown; J Stuart, Wood Islands.
Licentiate in Music: 0.1. Robina son. Charlottetown.
Prize in Physics: Rupert Mace Neil, 0'l’..es.ry. ;
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