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THE

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1 THEIR Orrice, Coxner or Water AND GFRBAT Usgoras STREETS, parlottetown, . P. EK. Island. Rares oF “Suesecxie non Six Months, - . . $2 50 lheee Months, lL 25 ‘iouth, Vv 50 & Advertising at most moderate rates. | Contracts may be made for monthly, | jrarterly, half-yearly or yearly advertise-| ments, on application.

ea.

ALMANAG FOK JULY, 1383. |

MOON 8 CHANGES,

New Moon 4th day, lih, 51m., a. m.

First Quarter, 12th day, 3n. 36m. a. m,

Fail Moon, 19th day, Ilh. 18m., p. m. Last quarter 26th day, Sh. Om., p. m.

hmjh m/morn; aft’n

D DAY OF WEEK me Lk

1 Sunday i4 18/7 49; 1 47) 8 25! | 2\Monday | 1 49! 2 27/ 9 19 | 3! Tuesday i9t 49) 3 23110 7 4| Wednesday 20, 49) 4 25/10 48) 5 Tharsday | 2i! 48) 5 30/11 29) 6 Friday 21; 48 6 37. morn: qjSaturday | 22' 47/7 43/0 7/15 31! g|Sunday | 23| 47! 8 3s) 2| 9| Monday | 24) 46) 9 49] 1 11]

10/ Tuesday 24} 46/10 50) 11! Wednesday | 20, 45,11 50, 12! Thursday | 26) 45) aft 50

[Om oh = © < ~

13 Friday | 27; 44! 1 50! 4 22) isos” | -aopaa| Sarl eae

‘ Ue ~* ~ e ‘ ) i 16' Monday | 30| 42! 4 43| 7 46 I7;Tyesday = 31] Fl 5 36, 8 48) 18 Wednesday ; 32! 40 v 24) 9 25)

riday ‘ 35) 4 to C

21 Saturday 35 37! 8 19|11 27/15 15) 22/ Sunday | 36, 25, $ Slate 4 23} Monday 37) 35; 9 21) 0 43 24'Tuesday | 38] 34) 9 51| 1 30; 25)Wednesday | 39) 33/10 23! 2 10] 26| Thursday 40} 32:10 57| 3 1! 27|Friday | 42! gilit 37| 4 13| 23| Saturday 43| 30) morn| 5 38|15 02 29's 44| 29] 0 23' 7 30| Monday 45} 27) 1 15 S12 31\ Tuesday 46 26/213) 9 6

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Solicitors in Chancery,

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McLEOD & MORSON Barristers & Attorneys-at-Law,

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OFFICES : reform Club Committee Rooms, Opposite Post Office, Charlottetown, P. E. Istand,

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MONEY TO LOAN, on good security, at moderate interest. New McLeop.

Nov. 24, ’82.—pres her

INSURANCE OFFICE.

Queen lusurance Company,

OF ENG-_AND. CAPITAL, TEN MILLION DOLLARS,

Lancashire Insurance Company

CAPITAL, FIFTEEN MILLION DOLLARS

Insurance effected on all kinds of property at current rates. Losses settled promptly

d equitably. ~ : DESBRISAY & ANGUS, General Agents. Ottice—South Side Queen Square. Ch’town, Sept. 15, 1882.

W. A. O. Morson.

‘JOHN MACEACHERN,

(Late of Italian Warehouse) AGENT FOR

Royal Fire Insurance Company, of England, London & Lancashire Fire Insurance Company, of Engiand, City of London Fire Insurance Co., of England, HAS REMOVED His Office to his New Buildiag, Cor, Queen and King Sts,—Up Stairs,

Ch’town, Dec, 7, 82,

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FURNITURE, AT COST.

ae eee ‘O —_—_—_—_—_—-

Opposite Post Office, Charlottetown.

a ee eee

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alee

NORTH BRITISH & MERCANTILE

Fire and Life Insurance Company,

OF EDINBURGH AND LONDON, ESTABLISHED IN 1809,

0:———

$ 9,733,332.00

Subscribed Capital - . - - ta - - 1,216,666,00

Paid Up Capital - - °

————— (0

TRANSACTS EVERY DESCRIPTION OF

FIRE, LIFE AND ANNUITY BUSINESS

ON THE MOST FAVORABLE TERMS. Settled With oO

FIRE DEPARTMENT.

Reserved Funds (Irrespective of Paid up Capital) over -

‘Insurances effected at the Lowest Current Raies.

Losses

‘0:

LIFE DEPARTMENT.

Accumulated Funds (irrespective of Paid up Capital) over = - - $12,000,000.00 0 Qe Nine-tenths of the whole Profits of the Life Branch belong to the Assured 0:0 Profits of previous Quinquennium divided among Policy Holders, $1,158,500.00 yon 3s ;

New and Reduced Premiums for the Dominion of Canada. Copies of the Annual Report, Prospectuses, and every information, may be obtained at the

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND BRANCH, No. 35 Water Street, Charlottetown.

GEORGE W, DeBLOIS,

March 16, 1882—eod Generar AGENT.

—

ES ee ae :

LOBSTER PACKERS’ SUPPLIES

SPRING, 1883. SPRING.

caiiinleennpeicininanl eine

10,000 cases (1 lb.) TALL CANS, 2,500 ‘* ‘© FLAT CANS, 500 boxes TIN PLATES, 200 ingots REFINED TIN, §0 pigs SOPT LEAD, 5 bars COPPER (1j and 14), 600 coils ROPE (6, 9, 12 and 15 thread), 10 bales MARLINE, 20 puns. MOLASSES, 30 bris. SUGAR, 25 bri. HARD BREAD, 200 chests and half-chests TEA, 100 suits OIL CLOTHING, ; 750 bris. FLOUR (Choice Superior), 125 brls. KILN DRIED CORNMEAL, 100 bris. MESS PORK, 200 bris. PRIME MESS PORK, 300 HAMS (Smoked and Green), 50 brils. MESS BEEF, 100 tins LARD 25 tubs BUTTER,

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Ch’town, April 28, 1983.

Promptitude and Liberality.

$5,000,000.00

THH CRUSADES.

BY 8. M. BENT.

Concluded.

THE THIRD CRUSADE, A. D., 1190.

The famons Saladin, the lieutenant of Noureddin,en the death of the latter, 1173, proclaimed his own indeperdence He had conquered the Fatimites of Egypt, and had considerable experience in warfare, The Turks were now in the zenith of their power, and when their large armies were led by such au illustrious general as Saladin, they were almost irresistable. Having ob. tained possession of Syria, he began the conquest of Palestine. Guy de Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, met him in battle on the banks of Lake Tiberias, and despite all his valor and skill as a general, was de- feated and made prisoner. Jericho, Ptol- emais, Jaffa, Cxesarea and Jerusalem, fell in succession into the hands of the victoi- ious Saladin. On Jerusalem being taker, Pope Urban LIT. died of grief, and all Christian Europe assumed the garb cf mourning. Nothing now remained of all the glorious conquests that had ec st Europe so muchblood and treasure, except Antioch, Tyre, amd Tripoli. William, Archbishop of Tyre, following the example of Peter the Hermit and St. Bernard, preached another _Crusade, The call was responded to by all | Western Europe, and Germans, English, Danes, French, Italians, and Genoese, joined the Third Crusade, which was led by |Frederick Barbarossa, Emperor of Ger- many; Philip Augustus, King of France; en Coeur de Lion, King of Eng-

and. | Frederick was first in the field, with ,150,000 men. He had passed through Greece, crossed the Dardanelles, and fought several battles, routing at one time an | infidel army of 300,000, in Asia Minor, be- fore either Richard or [Philip had set out from home. Having taken a bath in the river Cydmus, in Cilicia, he fell a victim to | the fatal coldness of the water. Philip and | Richard followed with an army of 100,000 ‘men, They passed the winter in Sicily. ‘Several other delays occurred, so that it was nearly a year after the organization of the Crusade that Richard reached Acre. Philip had been for some time in camp; 290,000 soldiers had already been slain be- fore the city. Every movement was watched by the cautions Saladin from the ‘surroundiig mountains, and at every pos- sible opportunity he harrassed the besieging army. The vigorous tactics of the lion- hearted King of England terrified the de- fender of Acre, andin a few days he was master of the city, A. D., 1191. Philip, full of hatred for Richard, hatred that had begun in Sicilly, then returned to France, leaving only 10,000 French soldiers in Palestine, under ;command of Hugo III, Duke of Burgundy. Alone, and nobly, did Richard uphold the glory of European arms. Though he may have made mistakes, yet he performed unsurpassed feats of valor. At*Assur, on the plains of Ascalon, he defeated Saladin, who left 40,000 dead on the field of battle. Richard's great mistake was in not immediate- 'tely pressing on to Jerusalem, which he might easily have taken. The time, however, he spent in up building Jaffar, Ascalon, Naplous, and Gaza, and in deeds of valour, that half redeemed his mistakes, while they made him forever the hero of the Crusades. His army being sow much weakened by warfare and disease, he was foreed to turn away from the fair Jerusalem, leaving it in possession of the infidel hosts of Saledin. The only permanent conquest of this Crusade was the city of Acre, which became the refuge of the pilgrims.

Before leaving the Holy Land forever, Richard concluded a .treaty with Saladin, 'which christians were allowed to continug iwithout molestation their visits to the Holy Sepulchre. Jn justice to the name of the great Saladin, we must say that while he was master of Jerusalem, no christian was annoyed in his pilgrimage. According to his last will, Jews, Christians, and Mohammedans shared in the alms distributed at his death. By this he taught a noble lesson of the brotherhood of all men, and shamed those of the Crusaders who had indulged in acts of wanton cruelty.

Whatever may have been Richard’s short- comings as King of England, he is certainly, as the

BEAU-IDEAL OF A KNIGHTLY LEADER of crusading bands, one of the grandest figvres of history. He might be called a natural born Crusader, being the son of the warlike Henry IL, King of England. His magnificent phisique, his blue eyes, his curling hair, his skill in the poetry and music of the Troubadours, his strength, dash, and daring, made him the model of a Crusader. So great was the terror of his name that the Arab mother would quiet her crying with ‘‘Hush! here is King Richard !” and the Arab would ask his starled horse, ‘Dost think it is King Rich- ard?’ We can imagine the last sed look the Lion-heart cast towards the beautiful Jerusalem, and the the agony with which he mantled up his face and stretched forth his gauntletted hands towards the ancient and Holy City, exclaiming in bitterness of soul, ‘‘Farewell ! Oh! beloved Daughter of Palestine! How have I yearned to purify thee from infidel pollution! How have I longed to embrace thee, even as the bride- groom to embrace his bride! Mine eyes shall weep thy captivity, my hand shall not forget to lift the sword for thee! Farewell ! but may God grant me the joy of yet driving the unbeliever from thy sacred streets! May merciful heaven shield and protect thee! May the almighty hand of Ged overshadow thee, Oh! dear Jerusalem!” FOURTH CRUSADE, A. D., 1204.

Saladin being dead, his sons were ousted from their inheritance by their ‘incle, Malek-Adel, and the christian pilgrims were subjected to fresh indignities.

ecclesiastic, preached a new Orusade.

was led by Baldwin, Count of Flanders; Simon de Montfort; Boniface, Marquis of Montferrat, and several other French and Italian noblemen. A large army was also raisedg by Henry Dandalo, the blind Doge of Venice, in addition to which he furnished vessels for the transport of the entire army, for the sum 4,000,000 francs, and half the conquests.

As the Crusader were embarking for the Holy Land, Alexis, son of Isaac Comnenus, begged them to restore his father to the throne of Constantinople. In return for this assistance he promised tu reunite the Greeks and Latias, to furnish 100,000 silver marks and one year’s provisions towards the Crusade, and to provide during his life for Knights wounded in this undertaking. Accepting these conditions, they turned aside from their original de- sign, and attacked and conqnered Con- stantinople, placing Isaac on the throne, Isaac not pleasing them, and a fresh usurpa- tion taking place, they seized Constanti- nople for themselves, and gave the crown to Baldwin, while Dandalo was made Prince of the Pelopocesus, and ruler of Crete and several other points which the Venetians had seized, as being favorable to their commerce. Each nobleman also shared in the spoils of the war. Thus began the Latin empire in Constantinople.

saldwin enjoyed his new dignity but a short time, being murdered soon after his accession to the throne. His successors held Constantinople for fifty-seven years only, being in turn conquered by the Greeks under Michael Paleologus, a lineal descendant of the former ralers, putting an end to the Latin Kingdom of Constanti- nople, A. D., 1261. Instead of healing the rupture between the Greek and Latin churches, this conquest completed their separation, and deepened the hatred cof the Greeks against any measures inspired by the sovereign Pontiff.

FIFTH CRUSADE, A. b., 1215-1218.

Regretting the failure of the last Cru- sade, Pope Innocent III. urged another. It was an unfavorable time for the under- taking, as famine and pestilence were rag- ing in the East. 50,000 Germans and French set out for Palestine, and perished for want of proper leaders and experience. Honorions III. continued the designs of Innocent. Andrew II., King of Hungary; John de Brienne, titular King of Jeru- salem; and Lusignan, King of Cyprus, were appointed leaders.

Turning to Egypt, now the chief support of the Turks, they took Damietta, in 1218, and having inflicted several defeats upon the infidel armies, drove them to the moun- tains. They were then offered a treaty which would have left them masters of Palestine. Just on the point of signing this treaty, Pelagius, the Papal Legate, taunted the commanders with timidity, and, supported by the Knights of St. John and the Templars, forced them to pursue their enemies, Finally, they became hemmed in between two branches of the Nile. The Saracens, opening their flood gates, would have drowned the entire body of Crusaders, had they not begged for merey, when they were allowed to return to Europe, covered with shame.

SIXTH CRUSADE, A. D., 1229.

This Crusade was undertaken by Freder- ick Il., Emperor of Germany, who had married Yolanda, daughter of John de Brienne, ta whose title he succeeded. For this marriage he was excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX. Followed even to Jeru- salem by the Papal curse, he could find no bishop who would crown him King of Jerusalem, and he placed the crown on his head with hisown hands. Unable to ac- complish anything of account in Palestine, he abandoned the enterprise, and signed a shameful treaty with Malek- Adel, by which the Holy Land was left to the Turks.

SEVENTH CRUSADE, A. D., 1248,

Jerusalem was sacked, in the year 1244, by the Kharizmians, the most barbarous of all the Turkish tribes, led by Gengis Khan, who murdered Turks, Jews and Christians indiscriminately. Louis IX. of France, being then very iil, vowed that, if restored to health, he would undertake a Crusade. On his recovery, he engaged in a four years preparation for the fulfilment of his vow. He then committed the regency of his kingdom to his mother, Blanche of Castile, and set out from Aigaes Mortes, on the Mediterranean, with his queen, Mar- guarite of Provence, his three brothers, and all the principal knights and nobles of France. Prince Edward of England, and the flower of English knighthood, accom- panied him. The first winter was spent in Cyprus. Egypt being the key to Syria, Louis attacked and captured Damietta. His mistake was in not immediately push- ing on to Cairo. He waited six months for reinforcements. ‘The Infidels had mean- while increased their forces and strength- ened their positions. In the battle of Man- sourah he was defeated by the overwhelm- ing armies opposed to him, his brother Robert of Artois being among the slain. The plague then broke out in the camp,and Louis was attacked by the infidels and taken prisoner, with 12,000 of his followers. He surrendered Damietta and 200,000 Byzants ef gold, as aransom for himself and his soldiers. On securing his freedom, Louis went directly tc Palestine, where he spent three years in fortifying towns, and reconciling the Princes of Palestine. As an example of patience, resignation, self devotion, and anxiety for the welfare of others, St. Louis of France is one of the most pleasing and noble characters of the Crusades. On the death of Queen Blanche, in 1254, he returned to France, and once more Palestine was left tothe Saracens.

THE LAST CRUSADE, A. D. 1270. Moved by the ravages of the Mamelukes,

and the ruin of all the Christian towns, |

with the sole exception of St. Jean d’ Acre, Louis again tock the Cross, in what proved to be the last Crusade. With him were

Acting associated his brother, Charles of Anjou, under the sanction of the celebrated Pope | King of Sicily, who hoped by this expedi- c Innocent II1., Foulques, Paris Priest of | tion to subdue the Mussulman pirates of improvements in the arts. Neuilly, a good, eloquent, and zealous, the Mediterranean; his two sons, Tristan,’ ' This Count of Nevers; and Philip IIL, the Bold,

SINGLE Coviges Two Crna,

VOL 13.---NQ. 47,

afterwards King of France; and the chief ‘nobility of the kingdom. He sailed to |Tunis, in hopes of converting the Moorish ‘King. He jtailed in this, and the plague lattacked the army. Tristan was one of the |earliest victims, and was soon followed by | bis royal father, who, in great humility, lexpired, lying on ashes, and clad in sack- \cloth, The army was saved from the | Moorish furces by Charles of Anjou, who induced the King of Tunis to sign an advantageous treaty. The Holy Land, rich with the blood of Crusaders, the scene of so many bard fought fields, and so many displays of valor, the battle-ground for one huudred and seventy-five years of Chris- tianity against barbarism. was forever abandoned to the Saracens, and the first enterprise in which all Christiana princes, iforgetting their own enmities, had gone hand in hand, and fought side by side, ended in disaster and ruin, and stands first and greatest in the long list of ** Lost Causcs.”

The Knights Hospitallers retired first to Cyprus, and afterwards to Rhodes; the Templars made France their home; and Teutonic Knights took up their abode in Courland, devoting themselves for the vext two centuries to the conversion of the Pruss ans,

AN IMPORTANT QUESTION,

We come aow to the important question has the world been a gainer or loser by the Crusades? It is sad to contemplate that, deepite the loss of two million lives on the blood-dyed plains of Palestine, Jerusalem was still left captive, and that the object for which the chivalry of Europe poured out its best blood for nearly two cen- turies, wes never attained. When we consider all the obstacles the Cru- saders had to contend with, we can hardly condemn their failure. The leaders made any blunders, the Greeks acted in bad faith with them, and when the mighty armies of the Saracens failed to overwhelm then, they were met by the plague. Espe- cially had they to contend with the pro- phecies. ‘*One stone shall not be left upon another,’’ and “‘Jerusalem shall be like a ploughed field.””. The pecuniary cost of the undertaking, from first to last, was almost uncaleulable.

On the other hand, the Crusades contri- buted immensely to the rapid march of civi- lization in Europe, they drew the nations together by one common bond, engender- ing more kindly feelings between them. and thus, through the one religious idea that pervaded ail minds, averting many a national war. England, France, and Ger- many, were drained of those half civilized, warlike men, whose petty broils and quarrels tended to keep society in a state of almost constant turmoil and uproar, even leading to revolutions and civil wars. By the union of so many different orders and ranks of society, the arbitrary power of the old feudal lords was broken, and the absence of these lords and barons gave the common people, or middle class, an oppor- tunity to triumphantly emerge from the semi-slavery that had been their curse for ages, and elective boronghs, a new element in civilization, began to spring up, a fact that did not displease monarchs, being a shield from the insolvent power of the nohles. The half barbarous labouring classes, who, for the mere necessaries of life, had sacrificed their liberties to their feudal masters, now cast off the shackles of bondage and stood forth in the glorious in- dependence of free citigenship, and the power of the lordly robbers died out. Asa result of this decay ot feudalism, the petty arbitrary courts of the barons gave way to reguiarly established circuits of justice, presided over by legally appointed judges. And by these changes were laid the founda- tion ot events that led te establishment of the House of Commons, Certainly all this would in time have taken place, Crusades or no Crusades, but that they hastened the progress of events by some two or three hundred years, is evident.

The gathering of so many thousands of

men of different nationaiities, in one common relivions undertaking, led to a vast increase in the spiritual

power of the Popes. Greater respect and obedience were paid to the dictates of the church, for whose long cherished traditions so much blood was shed, than were the Soldiers of the Cross engaged in petty wars at home. Side by side, on the red plains of Palestine, united by one com- mon cause, their hearts glowing with the same religious fervor, imbued with the save divine love, and under one bauner, Saxon and Norman, Frenchman, German, and Ilvalian, forgetting their old enmities, fonght and bled, in their endeavors to drive the Saracenic hosts from the birth place of our holy faith, and when death came—as sooner or later it must to all— fertified by the love of God, and strength- ened by the sacraments of His church, their spirits were freely yielded up. Of course there were hundreds who joined the Crusade with mere mercenary intentions, or from love of adventure, and with no deep religious feelings sanctifying their hearts, but we must not judge the many by the few.

Modern history, as a step in advance of the old chronicles, and on the same prin- ciple as we have it to-day, may claim to have had birth during these wars, in the lively and pleasant writings of Villehardouin, Joinville, and other histor- ians of the Crusades, The exploits of the Soldiers of the Cross furnished a wide range for poetical pens, and to the minstrel poets of that time we owe the sprightly, romantic, and heroic poetry of the middle ages. Though much of the poetry that then sprang into being still remains to delight us, inany of the best odes have been lost to the modern world. In such a period of ‘adventure, with so much contact with the learned men of Arabia, intellectual actiy- ‘ity was infosed into every branch of natural science. Geography, ceometry, and astron- omy, were more exteasively studied. To the Crusade we owe innmerable discov- eries in medicine and surgery, and many

he greatest gain, apart from the = gress of Christianity, that we derive from