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_ _ _-OW that the flying machine has come and can _ .~ Ano longer be~consi_dered a mere tangle of im-

practical inventors and cranks, there is, as a part of the wide popular interest in it, a spe-

" cial interest concerning what part it is to play

ln future wars. ' _

It has always been recognized that if the flying mn-

chine should _actually come it would have great possi- bilities. ll a scouting craft whereby one army could spy,.\\pon and observe the operations and manoeuvres of another army, make pictures and drawings of for- tifications and highways and note the disposition of troops, -and that it might have great usefulness in the transportation of small bodies of troops from one point toanothlzr- ~

But by far the greatest use that has been predicted

for the dying machine in war'has been naturally that which has most strongly appealed to the popular imagination, and it is the dropping of high explosive bombs upon war ships, coast fortitications and cities.

There is probably no one subjectlof equal interest

about which there is so wide a misconception as the nature and power and possibilities of high explosives, unless itibe as to what constitutes poetry. In popular novelowp often. read of some depredator blowing up d block ,pf "buildings, destroying a large bridge or blowing ;g_ba)_tle ship into the air with u mere hand- ful of high e'§ploslve. _

Anffgua' chin:-once undertook to blow up London

Brldgwwfthfn pound of dynamite. At anothcr time an ianarchiatmexpiodedl a handful of dynamite in the

ltis»al;§;ance‘-ilall of the British House of Parliament, ‘jpeg-' gtojpee that huge structure hurled to earth infutter -rulnff-but he merely snceeded in breaking rl QW laggtoii _, shattering some glass and getting

hlmselfxgolg bad mess. In newspapers and mug- Qzlgmjd _ if uncommon to see pictures of airshlps gropppw huge steel bombs and the artist often goes to the exteai, of mounting big cannon on his iiylng machines. .t '

I am in constant receipt of letters from inventors

an m:¢p,gp¢'¢ount1'y, and from well educated, prac- ¢|;~|\] men, too, some of them well k|lo\vn engineers,

who submit"-to nie plans oi' various kilgdshof aerial

for “gg on tiying machines, \vlc are ex-

sgggg by their inventors to be capable of working great 'destruction wherever they may be. dropped. _ wide mmnclty ought to be given to the actual truth about this matter of aerial bmuhurtlluent of battle ships, coast fortifications, cities and towns, for it would prevent many an inventor losing nluch valu- able time nnd spending considerable sums of money ill an enterprise where there is 110 DOSSIUUUY 0f‘ marked success.

. Fiction in Ex losivcs.' '

Natnl~l\fT3v Ts! an inexorable thisg and cannot be

bonded. Human fancy nnd imualllnliun mill/ 1H“l\_e Jules Verne lilgllts. and in fiction Martian warriors may come to earth and do combat. with us, but n

actual fact `thls world can never require defensxs nlcnsures against the inhabitants of other stars. the .H-ev llmltgd in our accomplishments not only byl 9 nmugtggng-.of»o\ir intelligence but by the iilnitat ons

of.-earthly materials and natural forces. Yvencamlrt accomplish ievitatlon and nlnk; lisllly ililllxe 'xlllcg ‘m"`\lmd we cannot make ‘llxlnemlloyedin shilling so powerful and destlutt \e w Tl l nd re- acriul bombs as tofullil the frxllffilll Ollshilt P

diction! _pf the oversuuilllllle “@"|“l “'“‘ Pml’ "' s_' ,__h_wm "m1guvor to explain wily dynamite dropped h_°.__°u.,h\ps,would not aut-. could not be widely de- structive.. ._l) ` _

‘ in e, an ordinary case or box

°fI§;aa“'"'61l':§' rgw r°\““‘S- “““ 1"“°" "og" n tint [urface of`\ground in nn open field and expl e

itl_l\i1ri'f¢Qiote its nt-tion. A round crater will be illowgn ill tha 'ealiili where the <1.V"1\1“|*° U” “tv Vary "3 tn dopthflld width according to thc hardness or 'so |||-gg ol the earth., lf., explotlctl on sallddit muw ||Ar¢\-n;er` perhaps six tect at-loss. nn lposd t Y uvouef deep, dopelltllllgnpoll the yielding c :linac er of tllijnnd, whether it were wet and putked nr in n wi\lch._¢5vont the crater would not be so large. .li- plodcd _in the middle of a hard, trodden eulth ronltlg

t|“,_.3z,§¢¢r wgulti probably not be more than eg th;o¢f;l€?t>§e?~M;v[)c1'c Dll\<‘(“l 0" the WP °f the b°x tllo;eti'cct upon the earth would be somewhat greater tllnn if it were placed ill the hottolll oi' the box, for the reason that the cxDl0dl‘1‘ gill” d|\'@"u°“ t° me "'x° "law, W“‘.,,__“|ld if thc d_ynamlte be exploded nt the top the wave, moving through the dynamite down- ward. strikes the earth somewhat more forcibly than i! the viynaxnite be detonated froultba bvtmm-

Again, lat us- go out into the field with some mol;

d‘_v|`»gll_|\lite. Let us take this time it thonsan pouuds~-half a ton. Now. let US ill`i‘D“l'° W ”‘“"° ”“ ulgtliufiiiu experiment. We _select n it-\'ci plane and |,\|p,g "pple frame houses around a circle whose diam- eter, shall bo about equal to the width of the usual modern city street. Let solnc`of tllcso houses be one utorylliygh, some ot them two stories high and smut of theln ten`_.|torics high. Ylnce ln the middle of the ww. °|,°ul|g}3||pa¢o.,g:ur half ton of dynamite made |,'m,‘¢~.,\ laying It on top of the ground. Tilfcc tiaogr. _ _.exactly in the centre of the ball ||1|¢"@9\°;,|¢|y "`.‘. t will be tho effect upon the ad- 1“&nt.._§°um ,__-5| me ‘found be perfectly level

|na€||_yt`_ owe on the 1¢round»;loorst¢;i tel;e bgttdin¢|=y|iil}'~ ‘blown ont.. ao away 'Um ' ”liag&n,_ hut in tilt direction of the explosion; and

op' the _second iioors probably some\ of the windows »-:.;:.'>° :.':;.:°“‘; '"““‘;::;.;";':°.‘.;: tlnrlt ' con and t e er oors. Fvnldowi .Lil Be blown in and away from the ex- DTUIGIN ` "-V * » l -

' When Clay or Rock.

of the earth be sand and gravel the buildings will not be nluch

l 'nnd and the framework of the build- Mbo much' injured. If, on the other hand,

bonolid ally ot rock the buildings .more shaken. The also of the

will, as I_ have said before, ofthe earth; whether hard

"of damnation the bail ot high 'ex~

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Amerz'can-ln°ventor --ini 'Telling-ofithe-Remarkable. Action of High .Explosives _Shows -- That the ~~Destrac!1'on-of a__~City»

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bundred thousand pounds to the glualje inch, which will expand ylvith great rapidity and violence ill all directions. The expansion ill a downward direction, being strongly resisted by the hllrd eurtll, is soon brought to a halt alld \ve have a crater tilled with in- candescent gas under n high pressure, but will-~h can n0\v expand only ill un upward dll-et-tion. In thc meantime the expansion which has nlrel'ld_v tukcn place in an upward direction, being unimpcded, has proceeded rapidly.

The _Qxpansion on a horizontal plane, while it has

at Brat proceeded freely for n few feet, that is to Elly. it distance equal to the depth of the crater formcd in the earth, is at that polnt‘deiicctcd by the ro- boulldlng body 0! gas fronl the crtltcr, wlllcll is nluvcd upward with great violence ulld tie-tict-is the gases moving in a horizontal direction and cllusoll them to move upward, as well ns rapidly outward, with the result that tlic total voillnle oi' gases in oxpllmllng from the point of detonntion is thrown upwum lp the fornl of all invert(-d cone, with the result that/ ll partial vacuum is formed and the air rllshcs in from all directions around the ascending column of tire. This causes the windows to be blown out in the direction of the explosion, as indicated, while Og the higher floors the windows are bioyvn lu the opposite direction, where struck by thc ascending and rapidly widening base of the inverted cone. »

If a rubber bail be thrown straight down upon

the earth with great force, it rebounds high ill a V€l'ilL‘al» line, coinciding with the lille ot' (ll-sl-4-p¢_ N°W then. suppose that at the lustuut of the some mencement of the return 'bound this rubber bali were to he converted into a bali of gust-g_ 1; lg evident that the rebound upward would tukl- pince~ just the same, but while the bail were rebounding it would simultaneously expand while it rose from the earth. In other words, it would rebound froln the earth in the form of nn inverted cone. This 13 exactly like the cone of dynamite-_ _

Let us now take another half ton of dynamite

and placeit as before in the centre of the open space surrounded by our circle of buildings, but ln. stead of exploding it on u perfectly smooth level su,-_ face~iet us build a~.aton'e wnll tell feet high. fifteen ft-or thick and fifteen feel; long, of heavy bowlders, with earth and clay and snlaiil stones packed lletween them, alld wet the whole lnnss dowll and let it set and harden. Let us place our thousand pounds ot’ ¢i_,.,m_ mite at the base of_this wuli ill the angle of ||,,,. Wu" and the enftli and explode it. The llllll ot' expnndlllg gases will rebound equally# from the ourill and the face of tile wall, so that illstelltl ot' nscelnling \-..|.u_ cally in the form of an»invertcd cone the n.-\-ent \\.||| be at an angle of about" i'orty»|lve ti¢~gl~ecs, \villl the result that the buildings im the tlircciion toltoll by the gases will be badly wreclu-ti, while the |>uildlll;.;.~|`ol| uw opposite side of the wall will not he llll':~vlcd unless the character ol the earth be such as nllgilt i`u\'ol- the transmission of the earth shot-lc. if this explosion

were to take place in thc streets of u large oily “»|,,.,-,. the houses are of 'rnodeeu stt-cl t~oulsll'uctioll, thc build. ings would not be blown down, nt-tiller would their front walls he blown in, but the windows only would be slnasllcd. // ~' I

‘Why Windows Blow Out.

It ls n well nowll pilenomenon that buildings ml.

jacent to a dynamite mplosion lnlvc the-lr \vp|,1,,“.,, blown out_in the direction oi' the efxplosioll. ’i‘hl.~4 uc- tion il demonstrated by experience ulld is not a mera matter of theory. -

Anarchists and biatd: hand operators, by throw-

ing dynamite bombs into windows, and by exploding dynamite under buildings, frequently succeed in damaging the buildings cousltlerubly and in killing some of the occnptlntsi But such bombs L‘@ll€l'1ll|y have a metallic casing -,nnd are charged with frag~ ments of metal as wcil'~_ns with dynamite. 'Pen pounds of-,dynumite, for e.\nnlpic, placed under the front stepsror ~uuder ont- ot’;the front windows of a dwelling wifi frequently blow ill the windows and knock A holein the front wall, but the dunlnge will be by no means as extensive, as \wauid generally be supposed, and nothing at all comparable with the ter- ror produced by the explosion. 1' .

To give n furt` r ide-n of the limitations of the

force of high expigsives let me refer to tha results of the Gathnlann gun tests, which took place nt_'linndy Hook on November io, '1tl0i. Large aerial: bombs, carryingfnvn hnndredl pounds or guliepttpll, were thrown agonist the face or twelve-lush _frrupp armor plate at high velocity fm__ul an eighteen-inch glnl,alnd exploded against the plate, with the result that _the piatdiwdif forced _backward sndshifted about as much as it would have bets: shifted if sand. instead of n htih explosive, had been thrown against mf The exact upon tits pinto§ was merely a large round smudge Upon lll»Ince.l A sncpeision of the shots

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sill-il thrown frolll ll i\vcl\'c-int-ll gun nnd l'lll'l'_\'illg only i\\'l-llt_\‘-llll'ct» pulllltis ol’ tlull Illgll vxplo,-¢i\'4», |l<~llt~tl~ntillg nnll cx||l\uli\ll.: In :l silllillll' plnil-, blow l\ ilolr ti|l'on4.¢ll ll :ls big :ls ll lml~rc| uml I»rolu~ It in nil dl\'c<‘ilnll.~=,

Al. lllloillcl' tlnlc :lt S:llltl_l' i/Iool: nn ox|wl~illlvl|l \v:ls

lllllllu by [hu go\'ol'l||llt~lll to lla-it-l'nl||lo \\'llt\lllc|' llll'-_'1‘ quantities ol' high <~.\plo:4i\'t-.< llclollntt-tl upon lilo llrlnol'vtl \\'n|l oi’ :l lulrllc slllp lr-»l|ll\ kill nlcn ill.<il|l~ thc tul-rcts hull gun |~l»ollls_ _-i l»ll=lrg»\ ul' Iwo llllmircli pounds ul' gllllcoltoll \\'us illlllr lllralillsl our still- oi' ll twelve int-ll plutl-_ und ilnnlclliult-l_v lwllilltl the pinn- wus pllll~1_\d ll coop vnlltullliug ll l'o~\,~4tc|', \\`llll his fnlnlly oi' lll~\l.~4 und vllll-lvl-lls. 'l`h» ulllll-uit-nl was detonated ivltllolli in_lurlnl: lilo plnit- nlnl ulthollt ltill- lng any oi' lilo t-|li¢‘|;l-|l_- or up|ul|'l-nll_\` ill_|\\l'in;:"llll~l\l. except that illv_\' could no I.-ugl-l* in-:lr lilo cull for dinner. '

'l‘hls dvlluulsllwllloll lu-uvt-ll lilo fnllury of ilu- |\-»l»u-

inr error that ll lllllalrcll |»ollutb< or two of <|_-.wmmltc exploded upon or llgllillsl n moll~-rn l.:llll~-.-illp \-.olll-I kill e\'e|;_\' lnall on bourtl, cvl-ll li' it llill not til-:.l;'o_\: the battle ship. '

As n lnllill-r of fllvt, our lltlmlrcd po\|llll,- or 4-\-on

five llltntlrctl pollmls ol' dyllulnilt- 1-xl-lolloll :l~..lll\.<t the side of ll lullilr silk: wr-llltl |l:l\'¢- |»r.ll-ill-;l||_\' no ei'i'1-ct \vllnlc\'t~r, und ll lurgl- llllllllnw ol' nu-ll on I ..~l>l would not kllou' that un_vtlling nt ull of t-.»ll.-l-»|l:|-nw lnul iluppcllcd. | I

Such ll qllulltily of llylnllniit-, on-ll \\~<~rt- ll to iw

dropped frolll n dying lun.-lllnc llhfl l-xph.tll-tl an ll battle ship, would do no .-lcl'l.:ll,~' lil_|lll'_l', lllllc-.= il fllolfld llnppcn to [ull liliir mio ol' thu lunnll~1. l\`l\‘»~ hundred pounds ol' dyllunltle til-oppcll from ll ll_.'ill;; machine nnd oxpiotirti on the dw-k in-ft?<lo il :mil iulmi would pi'obnlll_v, dn no sol-ions in_iul~_\~ lo llw :lnlol or

}_to the mea ins r._ »

it Exlsosions Under Wa_t;\.

modefn hltttle shi 1 is un 'onollh uit l . ll tal. null

lg `:`lu¢aly alnul-In zo' wk of ululvlng ltup use up-_

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straying it with telrpound bombs of dynamite dropped frolll ll tiyllll.; ln|lclllllc._ it nlI;.:l|t rain toll-pollnd bombs for ll tiny on ll nlodt-rn battle slllp without lining any st-rlolls tlnlnuge to tho \'c:4.~u.-i, lllld wltllout llrozlltilll; lilo sicsllls and tllu tiny dl't-:llns of tllc lllilrllllns in-low des-its, provided the funncls \verc cov- l-rt-tl for lin- ovt~:lsl~l“.

\\’l\cn, llo\l't»\ cr, cullsltlcrubio qllllllllilos oi'_lll;:ll ox-

plo.~'.l\'u alrcrxplutlcd under wlltol' in-nolllll the nrlnol'l-tl |\l'olct‘llon and llguinst the llllll ol’ n bntilc ship lllore ss-ri~»l|~: rcslllls llrc pl'od'n-ed. ’l`lll» Ilnc ol' least re- sl.~'lnln~v helm, inward and tllrongll the hllll of the wnr ship, n lllrlge renl_-is blown into one of the coin- pnr|nu»n|,-, \\'llll~ll qlll:-kly fills with lvlltf-r, llnd ns thc rcut in the sh|p‘s shit- is llkcl_v to cxll-ml iilio one or lllon- ol; lilo other vomplll°lllu»lll.~' froln two to three t~olll|l:ll'tll|t-ills nrc |ll|v(| with water ns lilo result of ull 1-xplusloll of n \\'ll|trllvl\tl torpedo cnrrylllg two i||l|llll'\\d potllnis oi'1;llllt'ottn|l.

llnl. :ls was provl-ll ill the |lll.~cu»~.Tn`_uullcsc War.

nl:ln_v |nl‘p|-tlo|\.~l Inuy bc cx|llodl\ll'llglllll\t .u nlodcrll llnlllr ship. l1lo\\'lll;: ilolcs into ll In tl‘lli`t-\°~_-llt pl:|rc~x, wllllllllt slllklng li. Uno of tile lins.~1l;l_n battle ships run npllillsl at illullllll; llllllo, t-n|'l'_vlllg lnorc than live lll|lnll'cd |»onnti.~t oi' lllgh oxplosllw-. wlllril, nltbuugll"`it' bit-lv u nrt-ut hole ‘ll ‘cr sluo, dial not sink hor. and sin- \\-as ulllt- to rl-turn to port for rl-pnil's.

ll \\-oultl. oi' 4-l»l|l‘.~‘t~, llc out of lilo lplostion to cll|'r_\'

lt` :l llcrt of ll lllllldrvd :lil-slllps \\-ow l~\ nilzlcil New

Xnrk allllllltxllu-ously. nnd ruvll nun of lhflm til-up ,t hlll»t' lull bomb, the a\-cl-:strc llqwtrlltlloll wrought by each bomb could not be expected to be greater than

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resulted from the explosion near the Murray `_Hli`l Hotel some years ago; yet a hundred _such explosions spread about the city would not.be consldered__s. vary destructive attack. Some persons wouidvbe badly scared; n few would be killed by shock and' dying debris; even ten thousand such explosions_woulriftsll fur short of producing sutiiclent ingiury to compelvtlys surrender oi' the city, and the da.mage.c0\1ld be re- pllireti ill n few days. `

Au at-riul tit-ct of a hundred aeropianes, enchcapag

ble oi' carrying u. hundred pounds of dynamite, could visit New York city and discharge th_elr_~huntired bombs cvcry day for an lndeiinite period, and the do. slrln-lion wrought would not begin to equal the con- tinual gvllwln or the city. much_ie_as_ work the city-'s til-.~'tl°\l<-lion. '-

Al this lime, when there are so many inventors at

work on flying machines, it is important that those who arc fumilllnr \vlth the nature and action of high t-xplo,~;lves should be rightly led, and not‘millld:'1vlt'li ,,._`~p¢-.-t lo what may be expected' from their use in ucriai warfare. _ 'F

Bigger and Better Torpedoés

s lil~l tllrlglhla torpedo, for use in wal-,_ is not .tile Tlv-»hhly, uncertain thing it was awfevn yearn ago.

This is partly the result of an American invention

by which the air pressure that drives the _motor is kcpl unilorln. Motive power in tltelmtorpédoes il fllrnlsht-ti by colnpressed air. stored in tanks; and f course as this is used up the pressure becomes il'-sl nntl tho pow(-r avaliable for the motor also decl-easel. The new tlcrice is un arrangement for heating the_alr in the l'cst~l-voir, and tllc heat is tul'ned"0l'l_ nioreflnd more as thc nir issues, so that the pressure is kept

uniform for ll considerable time. Apothen mod‘e!n ilnprovclm-lit is the use of the gy ops, or swi lily spinning tiylvllcei, to kecp the torrex-ltnady. This tic-\~i|~¢\ has cvcn been so arranged that 'by-lottlnithe gyrust-o|\c lhn pcrlnllllellt direction 0f"!he toi'pldb‘| pnill uluy bc colltrollcd, no mattnl' in ~W\5‘It'|lir_¢o1|b'u it is started. Tlllls a torpedo boat ml!`dl»l|l W three llllsslll-s. ono~ln front and onefrom en' i 'Phe two luitcr wiibdescribe graceful cuff” rut-r n\\':l_v ill purullcl courses with the ltlt ‘ tdilhl their 1-unlulon destination. No small addition tn his l-n'ol-lin-lless of these weapons is the collapsible heist, wlllch t-llllbh-sl real torpedoes to be useilill Ill* Ot `

liao. When the missile strikes, lnlitll\d@'¢~ “ li. slnlpiy slnllsllcs ln Its head and ll ¢|| again. .»\s the lnntlcrn torpedo. with alllilgd-‘ \ '-11'

n pl-t-ity costly weapon, this ll N'Vt1l#\bh lltlil. ' ` » '

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Aluminum Hohéyi -*'l"’.""‘~'

'l' has been proposed in France to adopt U I for the pieces or 10 and 5 eentlnm ima one cent). which are now made ofbfiblol

vnntagcs urged are the alnlienbllity, its mctnlic Gl‘a_-at stress is laid dli‘Ylll‘s

sorted. would cnablo,the tingnished froln silver in

sible nvgah-y them in quantity

by the weight..

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