‘PAGPTEN

.

tagfoas

5LIQ'

carrier

‘ - culture. ‘ The disease is

iting, hence if relnfe automatically follows.

Coccldiosis may be ~ vented by suitable , hygiene.

and economically er

‘l flock replacement

Losses Resultin

the disease. and frequently

cial losses occasioned adv.

viewed at this time. Generally, in the c

ing considerable time

the gut appears to ently damaged with quences in later life. of this apparently change to tion is impaired and sorption of gut

ure properly. This often

obscured or ill defin

dltions. ish at market time serious matter, with lowering of the grad

reversal sets in and

are withdrawn

may be quickly lo These. which may

(a)

fact of an individual ing normal is no re

ease potentialities in

fectiori and should sonal gain and the industry.

(b) The past coupl

have witnessed in poultry culture. Th

in the season than

valence which with

ate winter

side the time of

unlikely of

separated from

general procedure ‘ lengthens tho period 1.,’ from this parasitism.

the stock reaching

today there is

let 1y

site (or in reality gro

disease cannot be p

any other cause. ivords. is a specific disease.

. .- .-. “meson-ax.

these are intensive,

_f. strfcfed areas, and é trafficking in fowls.

selection. kind of food

agemcnt. believed by

fields for the 311ml:- fowls o: a riefirir-n: “mo: a gr ID hhlil

cad“ 4M4; is a serious con- disease of fawn. calmly’: u“ d ths du s an M itta/ok bglf tehae disease. subsequent loss oi flesh and lowering of the quality of dressed fowls. tion oi egg production and in- arguing pullet year mortality. Infection is usually brousht i» in. ‘premises thwuzh the acquis- ftlon,_of parasitized fowls. ‘P135031 frequently are normal 119F99- "B- j-g infected individuals. i g; Among young stock, the disease c). is usually the result of infection ' carried to them from the adult fowls on the premium, ‘Iihs lt- . ‘ tendant is the usual mes-M 101' 11; _ a . this transmission of the infection, ‘ ' j under current methods of 11mm?!’

bee‘. it bl laboratory examina- .,,.'°§“s§m§ of the ailing stock. There is no curative treatment for the disease. but 1i 15 5°" 11m‘

ailing birds is prevented. recovery

The disease may be effectivegy methods.

' Coccldios s

There is a tendency to think in Qhis respect only in terms of the chicks or young fowls which suc- H climb during an acute attack of While this is serious reaches roportions. it in reality utee a minor part of the finan-

v Some of the other important detrimental effects of the disease should be more generally appreci- ated and might be profitably re-

coccidiosis, there is marked body wasting in the survivors.

of a great amount of food to re- place this body loss. Unfortun- ately, in all too many instancS.

the intestine, diges-

further disarrange the body func- tions. Hence will follow unsatis- factory egg production and a fail- ln such individuals to flesh

flocks of pullets which looked promising when going into winter quarters and later breaking rath- er badly after a period of produc- tion, also showing s. high total pullet year mortality in which the cause of death is all too frequently

with the cockerels under like con- failure to fesh and fin-

fectecl individuals. This. of course, , varies between individuals in themher “w!” which ‘"9 flock and the lubnormality williand EPW551118 the Pare-flit’- simil- be commensurate with the extent my of the infection carried

particular subject and his tion to the infection. dlviduals in a fattening battery p“ may make some progress. when

pronlptly all gains S .

subseaugrlzt ‘lossesidclir usequelae _ to —i grl-Ieafzinag pgevicilgceosaridareirrciilaog- “m,” u“ chicn- m" m9 "We ance for two main reasons; viz., °f the mime“ “d (a) the spread oi certain species. gfflcocciclia, and (bkil cllzianged con-‘mr on o u r us an . ' u ‘Thfipogeographical dyiYstribu-‘the hmds Md w on o e more serious s es' of coccidia is not general thrgscglh- it?“ when t)" "u"? b1 olillt the tclountry but is spreading “ca” m 757d‘ ‘md rough e unwitting movement material m mater or m" of carrier infected fowls. The mereinksly mtg” Eyed“, 0d nee e ease r uci o - anisms are introducgd to Sahara of young stock the multfplie t becomes more or lees rapid, de- pending largely upon the degree chicks, maintained. This does not refer to visible clean- to the system dling of the Certain environmental fac- para- propazation while others ust the opposite. If condi- tions suitable to the parasites ex- tised. Like all filth-bum diseaseshsww’ “e "“““°°“"" ‘hi’ "um- "ed coccidiosls has its season oi pre-'

sums that it is not of serious dis-

lln fact, this is the most common means of transmission of the in-

against alike for reasons of per- welfare of the

enormous changes

a trend in hatching always earlier. r previous prac-

in the early summer. b odl d hatclmng ro n an ear ran e riod of the gvoung fowls?’ exlsancge Oilf§ Yfignfinstwk “"1 "my "trim 1n- coccidiosis preqc “s 5 parunmm’ valence when infection is most’ occurrence. the permanent 4 poultry plant has become quite = which

early hatching and segregation of , the young stock. have resulted in t‘ a more

er and early range age losses and; in turn greater losses in the later range period and during

Cease of the Disease‘ Hgfhtgfgiy “m” Th

This malady is caused by a para-

up f t: :- lsitenmwhich gains entrant: iofltq-rl mined feather" ntest c and produces disease by’. attacking the wall of the gut. Th»: dmp“ "m"

or in

'I‘licre are many factors which. favour the spread of the

causes of thi- trouble. Chief among!‘

bouitry keeping with units of large numbers reared together in

the increased- Lack of vig-' our through faulty breeding

‘ od oi feeding or other causes for fhe disease

v based on facts, though deficientflw“ m “PM” subjects may be more

tor d. rec fro. - "g" ""' ‘Hang’ ..‘%““...'.“éi..

~- Coocidiosis of Chickens

Summary

their needs. The

reduc-

iife histo ‘e factory means

disease, and brie Part of the e

di ed “nos ance of t e

ction of the

readily pre- methods of

0d ml)’ eight hours. It adicated

!<

From

the numbers great. Blaming flammation of consti-

by the mal-

ase o’ acute chicks or fowls. requir- and the use

be perman- dire conse- As a result

irreparable but few of’ them.

accounts for tested

plants. The up

clggearaeeviliulltle Engage: tail’ "i? 5h small parasites which cannot be seen except by the aid of a microscope. A definite life cycle is common to the different var- ieties though all do not attack the same portion of the intestine. Home dam knowledge of the parasite and its

necessary of the of cont

’ amount of infection present. variety of parasite and‘ th tho fowls‘ tissue to the

portion of the ia- be found distended and filled with almost be partia The blood vessels found engorged. and even in the subacute cases v wall is deranged. In the less acute forms of the dts- ease there is set up a catarrlial condition of the effected portion of the gut with thickening and adding of its mucous membrane inner lining. When infection is acquired after the fowls have be- come fairly well grown this con- dition of the gut tends to throughout the reminder of the life ofed the subject "irrepara-bly as _..

m

n

tain liouiishlnent more suitable to

Tussle

an only satis- Dwnd‘ “Na glue: ‘Phil is best accomplished by a m“ o; m; laboratory examination

coccidium is spent in the intestine and part outside the body. both being essential to the Pl pulsation of the or anisrn and the continu-

ite wh" ided with The as an v0 the feels: from an infest“! NW1 is not infective for chicks until certain changes take place within the body structure of the parasite. the time necessary depending upon conditions oi heat and moisture. Under favorable environment this be as brief as forty- then gains entrance to the intestine of a suitable host (a chick or older fowl) by means of contaminated food or when the disease producing stages are commenced. After sufficient change within the gut the para- site penetrates the wall of th intestine continuing multiplication with direct damage to the tissue. are sufficiently severe con estion and in- e part. follows, and with some varieties of coc- cidia there follows an outpouring of blood into the intestine. Com- pleting these stages of its exist- ence the parasite returns to the lumen of the intestine and is pas- sed out of the body to start the phase described in the beginning and becomes ready to infect other

Introduction of Infection

Chicks when» hatched or therefrom normally raised clean land should not bear this parasite. and the stock on a. new plant usually is free or possesses

Purchase o

such as visitors from other near- by infected plants; other animals may possibly carry them mech- anically and_equipment from in-

piemises may introduce the parasites to previously clean Si; patently normal fowl though harboring the para- sites in its gut is by all means the greatest means of spreading

00C‘

water.

fowls on

the

tion of

invading sruite Prequen Y a

testine will

which may fled.

intestine will be the intestinal

is not possible,

'iod of chickb life.

disease production. tack older stock.” sent

themselves

yards, buildings

tlons iii sufficient

stocking consisted

parasites to the

quired and the m

the” is 8b,, means of introduction, brings to m brooding and re impurities to 31' ‘an 2316134 tgltigg r “time! deglree of coccidial in- means of introduction do exist “a on n t e young stock

dependent upon

rearing in vogue. vent the disease

quarantine on the

ed. Similarly iii-We"- slm" o’ IMWM" disease. Even a becomes a t The disease is readily spread 1 1w e‘ ,,°,"“;‘§§“§’}§ Bpecially to yo suscppttble py n many’

m, tested reflblh-lifngcted from the 5"“ m‘ rasitlzed fOWl.

unless they a sponsible though

looked is the boots

to to the

trap nests may ough the parasit

the attendant.

legs consequently

fowl appear- ason to ss-

this respect. be guarded of sanitation

liness but rather

st . tors are conducive Isitic ae j

e of decades I

ere has been

greatly this disease

lifts the|

Range |

'l‘hese two.

ad-

' extreme is and serious

the pub high mortality.

. den wit

281161111 a mals is met " ill from the active

reduced byiblood Wm b‘ "c" other-

question. The fact .membered. however,

parasites to non-infested birdsjspeci” of 0Com‘ consequently. arc contributingfgl: ftgzmwpaatnc’

clean stock will become

care of a bin and may cause the

Elmo

ado ted in the hsn

increase from

pings and when present is contagmuslgood evidence of the disease in

iilflt

“I18 chickens through cohabitation witm

generally over- of the attend- lant. Wa/lking directly from the be termed care of the adult parasitised fowls 1.; oder wflldlcarry

If!

Q.

tothe

lylllrfoma

a The severity of the disease and "amt the symptoms manifested o, fgecdpmlin direct relation to the ' ' of infestation in the chi with the variety of which they are inf a slight dearee exists vanced stage of development be-' abnormality e “w” fore acquiring the disease. Hence,

_ f _ Generally occurring in partially sysgdl or the reasons previous lgmwm “m! the" u u“ l md_ ill in a number of the

hout

in the drop- WW

should be re- that but one is responsible of blood in constant

speciauzwisymptom of this disease regard-

less of age of the subject or var-

re_',fety of parasite is muscular stro- ‘phy or body wasting "light." Occasionally outbreaks are en-

or. countered in mature pullets and

“ML metrhihow they should escape the infec-

_-tion up to that age 502F215; h. sufficient infe are diice serious disease

fertili- Yolttl’? . may . n .-

l-hd thfli 0b- _

ctfori to pro- fs often dif-

Changes Produced By The Disease

changes pro- qai the

carrying

iri- by feeding or ranging over or runs which have become earlier use by Still another a means which frequently is re

fountains after the operation of attending be sufficient a carried upon caring apparel of ally is this

rds have the fowls carrying amount,

wh on wire mesh a ion

T9! l’ passed chick to melahick by contaminated food gnd

a . Similarly subsequent lots of

will vary amount

ested. Where the onlly

Ill-IV e the subnormal condition of an seen less late brood-' occasional a“ agmmttee malady with a very

previous e usual symptoms of this class of

with such segregation of the birds. mopiiag, etc. Frequen y

I5

and where the

to be ineffectual.

' of the brooder

Cqilipmflll’.

es and corners

$53

water fountains be ed with feces,

keep them free

or greater precautions to be the transfer of par

away from‘ ad habitat.

this purpose only.

the material

free source.

dangerous practice danger of parasitic Late hatches in

the premises. hatched too early

iod.

infected before moved

B C "UEHCG

the plirtisic to this equipment used zuidoors. Covered drinking .' . not subjected to-contam- .ti.. placed on racks and mash hoppers keep the food off the ground will followed do much to keep down par-sins Branch

of the ailing birds. Where such

points may act as a guide.

The disease usually makes appearance after the regular per- losses from pullorum dis- ease. from the third week of the It generally appears before the birds are old enough to permit the development of round and tape worms to the stage

infectious fatal diseases such cholera or fowl typhoid are no commonly met with in this latitu

and these diseases generally at-

Preventien and Control Two chief considerations pre-

work in this malady, viz., (a) a new plant and equipment, (b) the young stock on» a plant where the adult birds are parasitiized, and the an lkely to be polluted therefrom. (a) As a rule the best results in poultry culture may be expected from these conditions because of the absence of parasitic infesta-

materially and adversely influence the health of the stock.

eggs or day-old chicks which had not become infested and due care given to prevent the carrying

problem of such diseases not have to be faced. Unfortun- ately, as a rule such precautions are not taken, consequently, para- sitism becomes increasingly pre- valent dependent upon the num-

f . adult birds, which is the greatest her and source of adult stock ac

the parasitism in the adult flock, the consequent pollution of the yards and premises, and the system of In order to pre-

ook, it becomes necessary segregate the young from the old birds and maintain vi

will preclude the carrying of the invading organism to them, at least in sufficient numbers to set uo

in the chicks will quickly multi- under merit suitable to the parasites. With old plants where the fowls are likely to 'be badly premises are prob- ably heavily seeded with the para- sites. the greatest care must given otherwise control is

The first consideration is the; house. has been

used, the floor must be scraped and swept until the cracks, crev-

litter and focal matter that might have accumulated in these parts. The interior is then washing for which is recommend- ed a hot solution of lye. Spraying is practically useless for this pur- and a sufficient quantity of should be swept and mapped on the parts in order to get at and thoroughly clean up the ac- cumulated material. It essential that food hoppers

that the contents are n and are best placed covered racks to of litter that gets into them by the scratching of the Fountains washing. and not merely have the remaining contents emptied before refilling. as commonly practiced. The precautions mentioned mere- ly guard against infection organism existing in the building and make environment unsuitable for the propagation in numbers of such parasites as may be car- into the building. importance

building and here the greatest of- fender is the attendant. poultry raising is the chief cupation the duties are best ar- ranged so one individual cares for the young stock, keeping entirely ult stock It is equally important that others associated with adult stock should not frequent. the brooding and rearing quart- era. Where such an arrangement is impossible. the attendant should have separate covering for shoes when tending stock, which should be worn for

A word of caution is in order against the danger of these parasites on green food when is grown in yards which previously had been used by parasitized stock or had other- wise become infective. Green food should be supplied from a disease

The brooding of more than one batch of chicks on a given yard in a single season constitutes a

longed hatching season are more likely to become infested through general parasitic accumulation on Chicks which are

held in brooders for a long per- cspecially on old badly in- fested premises. are likely to be they cnn be to clean ran e. and the latter may be unjus 1y blamed as

ing which has been said p the sanitary care of the rid watering utensils JidEF house is equally sp-

' ‘ "rnrmpnaizwrrirroww GUARDIAN A New Lieat-Governor Takes Oath Of

J. Bernard, Tignish. was n B8

FOR son: .1... m: FEE!“

‘vAQ

Frequently concrete laced in front of

for chicks. This is v virtue of its easy

however. and the chicks parasitised from outside propagation will then go on aim ilarly to an earth run.

in the way of warning on prevention of this malady, the ad

of the morbidity and produced by the disease. suitable care is not taken,

moi-talk the:

may be expected,

erated.

that the parasite when first voided by the birds are confined to the during the acute attack, many parasites

large numbers at any cleaning the house and at regular intervals.

of litter should be used in house, and this should be

period of a shavings or sawdust.

advisable for which

good practice. Other

able or doubtful

materially from this cause.

ing I m8

condition of the mash feeding is.

use of whole or cracked

may be added

uneaten food if left before

per cent.

largely overcome and with passing of existing

mune against subsequent infection with the same species of coccidium but not against other varieties.