“W "WWW! article written by Illisl Katherine M. MacLennan of Charlottetown, assistant to the Superintendent of Nurses and In. ltructor, Alexandra Hospital 10i- Omununicable Diseases, Montreal, Th6 Canadian Nurse for

I "Unoieenl Uncleanl" the wailing arr d wI-mins. forced from the lepc-s in the Roman empire, repre- lents the older attitude of the com- munity st large towards patients mflerins from an infectious dis- IQ. "Bo far as the modem atti. tilde is one of scientific and sym. eic interest, the gulf between e two is bridged by the developJ mpnt of the edical knowledge and nursing care. Fear is largely based‘ on ignorance: it is only through thetio interest and adequate edge of conditions that scien-

ufiil P7081? can be made. and that, he mind an become calm and ' lmfraid.

ti’ In the Middle Ages 1 In the fourteenth century Chau-' her speaks of the fear that was felt‘ in "the death", that is, “the 9108M"; what plague, what epi-| demic. he refers to, we do not know, because, in general. even those who were forced to stay by the sick and, to bury them, were too terrified to, take hole of the onset and progress of the disease. Hardly until the seventeenth century do we find medical men calm enough to ob- serve these details and set them down: when they did so, they laid I. finn foundation for scientific dis- ' covery and treatment. Late in that century, Leeuwenhoek, making ex- animations under lens and really inventing the microscope, discover-i ed minute organisms, although he never thought of them as carriers of disease. It was Pasteur and Lis- ter, building on this knowledge and fearless in their wish to help the sick, who discovered the causes ofi Infection and sought to prevent it.

Within s Century

Fifty years ago nursing in Can- sda was neither scientific nor pro-' lessional; today we shudder at the‘

ditions of the so-called treat- no in hospitals at that time. Tirirty years ago sufferers from scarlet fever or diphtheria were herded together into "pest houses". more in an attempt to safeguard

Progress In. Nrsing Communicable Diseases

“m” "id ‘he i! expected to know h°w gm Protect herself and others from contracting it. Various forms 0f illness are nursed under the dmwr‘ “"3" b! members of the hDUBShOIG who may not have spec- m “mini 0r tiverience. but are careful and interested. In nursing communicable diseases, si- fllije and interest are not enough; the nurse must have o thorough kiwwiedse of the required tech-, niqua. As in the operating room "l6 Bilrsical nurse does not touch “WW5!” Obiecta. so the nurse treat- iiiif 8 patient with a communicable disease, does not touch anything clean or uncontaminated until her hands are thoroughly mrubbgd, n; the first case the aim is to keep in. faction from the patient; in the latter the aim is to leave the infec. tion with the patient,

If the scientific principle of med. iwl maria is t‘ _:i~i1y under. 5t°°d and rigidly observed by the nursed. u"? 19". still common amen: the laity. ‘ of contracting communicable diseases from visit. ing the hospital where they are ‘NB-bed. 01‘ from meeting the nurses °fl diitya will be discovered to be imfounded.

As a student nurse wrote in this magazine some 10 years ago:

The first impression on entering this hospital for a few months’ training in the care of infectious diseases. are those of dread and horror of being met at every cornep by a different germ. This feeling of awe is, however, very short-lived when one sees the bright airy wards where everything is so spot. 19581? clean. and the cheerful way the nurses, in perfect confidence, go from a case of scarlet fever to one of measles, then perhaps to one 0g chickenpox or whooping cough, knowing that cross-infection is im- Possible if gowns are properly chimfid. if her hands before leav- ing the cubicle or room are surgic- ally clean, and if individual equip- ment is used throughout for each patient.

Today. in the most modern hos- pitals, all- nurses sleep and have their meals in the same building, and disinfectants are not relied up- on. It never occurs to the modern scientific mind that nurses should b9 léBregated with the patients suffering from one particular dis- ease. And. gradually, the lay mind is coming to recognize that infec- tion is not carried through the air, except possibly for a few feet in

(C. P. By Guardian's Special Wire)

Council of Women today called upon the Canadian Government to take the initiative in proposing that a tion be now opened into the oper; ations of British and trafficers in arms. The inves- tigation, it was expressly stated. should include any Canadian sub- sidiaries of these firms.

Council approved the sponsored by the local council of women of New Westminster.

which cannot be boiled or washed.

are exposed to the fresh air and sunshine for at least one hour.

unit has rendered unnecessary and obsolete the older principle of a

a” wmmumty m” t” give the p” the case of diseases accompanied‘ “m” Pm?" medic“! treaimem by coughing or sneezing. but is "id numm w"- The m” w“ conveyed from one patient to an-

prevulent that the germs of these, 1nd other diseases were air-borne! rather than spread by contact as we believe today. Very seldom was n building intended for these pat fonts an integral part of a general hospital. It is only within the last sew years that any hospital for the teatment of these f-‘scases has been built in the centre of the city in- Head of its outskirts.

As recently as twenty years ago It was difficult to secure nurses for the care of these infectious diseas- bs because some were afraid 0f con- tacting the diseases, and all their friends, afraid that the diseases lflght be transmitted, were reluct-

t to see the nurses even when ofl Huty. In the hospitals themselves Hie principle was one of physical Isolation. Separate pavilions were often built for separate diseases for ‘aamiple. scarlet fever, diphtheria hid nveasles, although it was rea- lined that patients during their stay In the hospital ran the risk of con- lrscting other disease than the one phich they already had. This con- uition frequently came about when h patient. within a few days oi’ being admitted, developed a second iiiseasa to which he. unknawinsii’. 'had been exposed before his arrival.

The practice at this time was to have the nurses live in the llavilifln mitten-ting the cases of one Dill"- ticular disease. _ ‘Ihrv iifld the" Ideals there and did not mingle with the other nurses except out- side the hospital. When a nurse ‘was transferred from the meflsifls pavilion to the scarlet fever pavil- ion. she was given ii day 0i‘ mil"? off: she took a disinfectant ‘bath,

and washed hcr hair with disinfec-

tent. Medical Asepsis

other by direct or indirect contact. Consequently, the nurse in an "in- fectious hospital" is no longer a social outcast; her friends realize that she, by using modern aseptic measures, is no more likely to carry disease organisms into their homes than any other visitor. .

Aseptic Measures

What are these modern aseptic mess ca which have to such a great extent retrieved this fear of infection? When a patient is admitted to the hospital there is the possibility of his or her incubating a. second disease and the practice is to have the patient‘ isolated from the others. The ideal unit has one patient with individual furniture, thermometer. bedside utensils. and a basin with running water for the use of the nurse. In each unit. a short-sleev- ed gown is hanging which the nurse puts on before she touches the pat- ient. The purpose of this garment is to keep her own hospital uniform with the sleeves rolled well up above the elbows, free of infection at all times. After she has given

scrubs her hands, and washes her arms for one minute. timing the process by a sand-glass-for she

ever wears her watch in such s unit—ta.king temperature, pulse, and respiration with the help of a hospital watch which has been placed on a clean piece of pager on the bedside table. After she has hung up the gown with the con- taminated side inside, she scrubs and washes for the remainder of the three-minute period indicated by the sand-glass.

Concurrent Disinfection

During the progress of any case

3y the introduction of medical hsepsis. which is surgical cleanli- ness rigidly enforced in the nurs- ing of communicable diseases. striking changes have been brought about. A nurse today is expected to know the prevention, cause, onset, course, complications. and last. but

g least. the nursing care of the

i DOMINION - Household

, Coke,

Sold By

’ l. Plckard8i c».

Phone‘ 240

of communicable disease a continu- ing process of what is known as concurrent disinfection is syste- matically carried on. All contamin- ated articles which pennit of boil- ing, ure boiled for fifteen min- utes and then washed. other ar- ticles. such as bed rubbers are scrubbed and sired, and articles

MORTGAGE ~ SALE

l To be sold by Yubiic Auction in front of tire Law Courts Building in Cberlot- tetown in Queen's County on the 1pm day of November A. D. 1034, at tho hour of twelve o'clock noon, ALL that parcel of lnnd situate. lying sud b’. lug on Lot oi- Township Numbu sixty. one, bounded and described as fol- lows that. is to say;-

COMMENCING at u stake filed on the north side of St, Mary's Iloud and st the southwest angle of farm lot number fifty-eight; thence north fifty-six chains or to the rear liue of farms fronting on the Sturgeon Road; thence west four chains and fifty links; thence south to the 8t. Mary's Road aforesaid and thence east along the lame to the place of Commence- ment. containing twenty-five acres of find l little more or le||—

The lbovs nle is made under a Power of Sale contained in an laden- tur-e of Mortgage dated the thirtieth day of December- A. D. 1M0, msds

between Dawn-d MeCsrvon of St.

Margaret MeCcn-on ‘his wife of r on‘, pert Ind J. A. Garfield Ellis of Montague in King's County. Trustee of the other part; which uid Mortgage became vested in the under- signed by assignment. of Mortgage hearing date the 8th day of January A. D. i011. default having been made in payment of the principal thereby secured.

Dated this iltb day of October A. . i984

ITIIIL H’. PAT-III

TI

six feet, because the greatest danl‘ er of infection is ‘Phere is also the risk that a {child in the next unit may throw an in- fected toy to the next unit, or that droplet infection may be caused by sneezing °l‘ 5 spasm of coushiiis.

seems to be a much-debated topic. To the minds of many the wearing of masks gives to the nurse a. false feeling seems to lessen nursing technique which should be applied rigidly at all times in the prevention of the spread of disease organisms. frequently is touch her mask

more comfortable. Hospital we feel measures and the of the patient have much sreater value than pieces of gauze D1608‘! over the mouths of the nurses.

h di d s the wear- the patient the proper care, she as” m“ scusse a

be found on the hands

tion to occur, these organisms must

bflry‘: Road in King's County and - th

11m Qaawrrproww GUARDiAlN

mas all

aoseso

C9.

Urge Probe Into Arms Traffic

OITAWA, Oct. l8-—The National

full and untrammelied investiga- manufacturers

On motion of Mrs. A. C. Bagley, creek of Vancouver. seconded by Mrs. 3_m,e Campbell, N,“ Mile Walter Lyman, of Montreal. the g

resolution

Individual Units This principle of the individual

separate pavilion for a. number of patients suffering from the same disease. Today a unit with a case of scarlet fever may be 01086 be- side a unit with a case of whoop- {rig cough-separated only by a glass partition, but, because the risk of contact is eliminated. the two, although physically near, are far apart as fer as danger of infec- tion is concerned. When the two units are separated. not. by a. 81955 partition, but merely by a screen. rope, or placard, the space between the two must obviously be greater. In fact. it should be not less than

through contact.

patient in the

Debstuble Practices

The use of masks and their value

constant

of security, and the value of the

The natural tendency for the nurse with contaminated ands in an attempt to make ii’- In the Alexandra that rigid aseptic proper handlins

The question of the use of S10v5

of masks. It is to be remembe - ed that pathogenic organisms may of any indi- vidual, but, in order for an infec-

lnvade the tissues through some open lesion. In our hospital no nurse is allowed to come in cnotaci with the patients when she has any abrasion on her hands or arms. The use of gloves in medical asepsis is considered unnecessary. and from the financial standpoint. is a tremendous saving. 1n the m°dem communicable disease hospital of today, caps entirely covering the head are not worn because, with groper handling of the patient and good technique. this practice is unnecessary. The affiliated student nurses at this hospital wear the or- dinary caps of their respective hos- pitals.

Terminal Disinfection

What is known as terminal dis- infection has gone through varioiil adaptat.’ No longer are disinfec- tant ‘baths and- shampoos elven patients when they are discharged. Instead the patient, prior to his dis- simple soap and

charge is given i! water th and is dressed in. clean clothing. Fresh air, sunshine

and soil) and water are the only disinfectants used. These have proven more effective in the ster- ilization of mattresses and pillows than the autoclave, the use of which has been discontinued in this hospital. No longer is it necessary t0 sterilize linen, blankets, etc. before they ere handled by the laundry staff for, with careful instruction in the technique used in handling contaminated articles, perfect safe- ty can be maintained.

IRUISES

‘ll-Us seeking Q egg]

Aulsuee cf Mortgage. Io-M-If-1l—0—-

l0-

Aiton Hall

A very held in Afton Hall on September the 14th. The schools which were competing were Nine Mile Creek, Rice Point, Inns Creek. Ringwood, Eiairview and New Dominion.

The following is the list of prises:

2—Pea.rle Campbell, Nine Mile

Creek. 4-—Pearle Campbell Nine Mile Creek.

view.

lo

Creek. Creel:

Creek.

Ceek

_ ._b_

waive aLMosr 1 m THE CLOUDS - rms WILL as A

School Fair

--___.

sm-eessful school fair was

CLASS L-GBAINS

Sec. 1—White Oats 1—Donald MaoLaine, Rice Point.

4—f-Ielen MaoDougall. Iinirview. _

Sec. b-Whest

l-Alion Burdett. Falrview. 2—Dona.ld Madlaine, Rico Point. i-l-Elsle Campbell, Nine Mlle

Sec. S-Bltley ' 1—-Donald MacLaine, Rice Point.

Sec. L-Sweet Corn i-wfarguerite MacDougall, llhlr-

z-Eleanbr Mason. New Dominion Il-Pearle Mason. New Dominion. 4~Blanche Mason, New Dominion

Sec. li-Beans 1—Eleanor MasomNew Dominion

CLASS Il-RDOTS

s-Charles MacDougall, Rice _ Pt.

Sec. 2-Irlsh Cobbler Potatoes

1—mrle MacMahon, Ring-wood. fl-Donald melamine, Rice Point. iii-Pearle Campbell. Nine Mile

i-olen MacDougall. Nine Mlle

See 3 (s) Table Turnipe l-Catherine Bette, Nine lviilc 2—Sterling MseKinhon, Fairview 3—I-‘ielen MaoDougall, lveivlew

4—-Earnest Cavanagh, Fairvlew.

Sec. 8 (b) Feed Turnips l—-.A|:lelle Currie, Fnirview. L-Glen MacDougal, Nine Mile r . il-Altred Currie, Fsirview. 4—Reta Currie. Fairview.

Sec. 4—Mnugcls l-Oonstance Currie. Ringwood. il-Inez MiadMahon; Ringwood.

S-Eileen white, Ringwood. 4-Ivan Wilson, New Dominion.

CLASS III—VEGETABLES Sec. l-dGreen Tomatoes

1—Jea.n Currie, Rlngwood. z-liiorence Currie. Ringwood a-cynthla Betta, New Dominion. 4—Lorne MaoPhriil, Long Creek.

Sec. ‘it-Cucumbers i-Barbara. Manson, Rice Point. ii-Mary MaoPhce, Fhlrview. 8—Cynthi.a Betta. New Diimiiliflfl 4--Wlllard Betta, New Dominion‘ i ii-Beets , Mlle

Sec. l—-R.ita Gearveatte, Nine Creek. 2--J0hn Tamer, Long Creek. S-Ivan Wilson, New Dominion. b-Sterling MscKinnon. Fhirvlell

Sec. b-Cubbage l-Ivan Wilson. New Dominion.

Sec. 5—Purnpkin L-Phylis MracKinnon, Fairview. Z-Jwillard Bette. New Dominion. k-Isabelle Shaw. New Dominion 4—Mae Bette. New Dominion.

GLASS IV-FLOWERS

See. 1—Swect ‘Peas b-Vincent Doiron, Ringwood. a-stuiloy Doiron, Ringwwd- k-Charlot/te Strong. New Domin- ion. Sec. l-Mixed Flowers l-Ivan Wilson, New Dominion. 2-Wilma MacPhail, Long Creek. S-Pesrle Campbell. Nine Creek. b-Mary MacDonald, Rica Point.

Sec. b-Gladiolus i-vlneent poiron. mngwwd- 3—Sts.nley Doiron, Ringwood. $—Junior MacEflchern, Ringwood

See. 4—Gcranium

- i-dnes MacMshcn. Ringwocd. 2-NQ]80II Currie, Rlngwoad. s-Elcarmr Mason. New Domin- ion.

4-Albert Maclcwen. Long Creek.

CLASS V-FDUIT Sec. I-Rtd Astnchun Apples l-Ruth Bette. Nine Mile Creek. S-Nelson Currie, Ririgwcod. 3--_Keith ‘Qaylor, Fail-view. M Butts. Nine Mile Creek‘.

Sea. s-Weslthy Apples l-Jiblph Maclean. Nine

eek. 2-0101: MacDougall, Nine Mile Creek

s-seeuo Osvansgh. hirview. 4~Donsld MlcLaino, Rice Point.

Mile

,_. -

1—Mary MacPhee. Fairview. 2—Velma Macbean, Fairvlew. 3—Ella lvllaoiwchem, i-Nelsoxi CFrrie, Itingwoodi

Ringwood. See. 4—Piums 1—Velrna MadLean, Fair-view. CLASS VI-COOKING

Soc. L-Whlta Bread b-Iteta. Cavanagh, Fairview,

z-Annie MacKenzie, long Creek

il-Aletha Alchorn, Fairview. 4—Stella Cavanagb, Fairview.

Sec. Z-Jlfea Biscuits

1—AIll'iie MimKenme, 10118 Creek.

z-Eileen White, Ringwood. Zi-Kila MacEachern, Ringwood. 4—<Btella. Cavanagh, Fairview.

Sec. ii-Sugar Cookies

l-Annie MocKennie. Long Creek 2—Wilma Georveatie, Nine Mile Creek.

ii-Mary MacPhee, Iliisirview.

Sec. 4—-Gingcr Snaps 1—Reta Currie, Fairvlew.

z-Annie Miaclfenzic. Long Creek 3——Sadle MacDougal. Rice Point;

Sec. 5-Whlte Cake l~<Mae CavaIiB-gh. Fairview.

iL-Annie MacKenzle, Long Creek

Sec. 6-—I'fi|dgc

l-Mary MacKenzie. Long Creek 2-.Annie MacKenzie, Long Creek

3—Eileen White, RE a rocl. 4—~Reta Cavanagh. Fun-view.

Sco. ‘i-School Lunch l-Nelson purrle, Rlngwood.

“if

THE$E CLOUDS SEEM VERY

if z/"Qru ' ." i") "i. 54 l ‘u i. '

a O

II

Hi5 PIPE

4-Cccil MacKenzle, Long Creek.

Sec. I. (e) Grade VII-VIII l-Ruth Betta. Nine Mile Creek 2-—'Wilma Georveatte, Nine Mile Creek

3—Isabel Shaw, New Dominion 4—Norma Burnett. flairvlew.

Sec. 1 (f) Grade IX-X i-Eileen White, Ringwood. - 2—Muriel MacKinnon. Ringwood. a-Nelson Currie, Ringwood t-Margaret Darrach, Nine Creek. -

‘Mile

See 2—Map YHIWIIII——GI'BIICS V-VI l-Sadle lvihicDougal, Rice Point‘ 22—Evla oooi-vestie, Nine Mlle‘ Creek.

3—Velma MwoLean, Fair-view. k-Dessie Georveatte. Nine Mile Creek.

Sea 2 (b) Grades VII-VII! l—Arthur Harlow, Rice Point 2—Wilma Georveatte, Nine Mile Creek.

Zl-Charles Betts, Nine Mile Creek 4—Reta Cavanagli, Fairview 5-—Bae Betts, New Dominion

Sec. 2 (c) Grades IX-X 1—Muriel MacKinnon, Ringwcod ‘ti-Eileen White. Ringwood. S-Ivan Wlson. New Dominion 4—-Everett MacFadyen, Long Creek.

Ail Asi uvs AN age/mu: - A REAL HERMIT- AND THE CLOUDS COME FROM

Sec. 3 (a) Art Work l-Oswald Georveatte. Ringwood, 2-—Isabc1 MacEachern. Rice Point‘ 3—M!ary MacDonald. Rice Point. 4—Catherlne White. Rlngwocd.

Sec. 1—Green Mountain Potatoes z-Mae Cavanagh Fairview '

__ _ ' ' Sec. I (b) Grade ll

I11 Blanche Mason, New Domin crage-kElva Georveatte, Nine Mlle 1_Fmnces Macmhon, Rmgwooéy z_mez Mumumm Rmgwout EM“? ante MMDO L m,” 3--Junior MacEachem, Ringwoo a-Nelson Currie, Ringwood. view_ u us“ -i—1ee MaoKinnon, Falrviea.

sec. s (c) Grades III-IV

. . .. . 5y Lou i‘; - ‘ z. t wELCoME STRANGERS. SIT " YE DOWN AND REST ANDJOIN

rrs

ROSEBUD!

ME IN A PIPE OF MY FAVORITE

maogvi ag........,;.

CLASS XIII-SPORTS‘ Sec. 1-100 yd. dash. boys 18-14 l-Eugene liiiheKinnon, liiairview.

' “Lynch Letter” Causes Sensation

2 chm“ mm’ m“ Mu” m“ (c. r. By Guardian's Special Wire)

Sec. z—BOYI 0-10 1—John Mahler, Ringwood 2—Ewen Bette. Nine Mile Creek 3-—.Franoes MaoMahon, Ringwood -l.0rne MwcPhail, long Creek

Sec. il-Girls 8 and under 1—d{at.l1erirle Bette, Nine Mlle

reek. 2—-Reta Gorveatte, Nixie Mile

Creek

3—Catherine White. Ringwood 4-Mary strong. New Dominion

Sea. 5-Day! 11-12 l-Darl MiacMahon, Ringwood. 1-Cecll MscKenzie, Long creek 2-—Donald MaoLalne, Rice Point S-Ralph Maclean, Nine Mile

Creek

4—Amos Georveatte, Ringwood

Sec. 0—Girls 8-10 1—l3iez MaoMuhon, Ringwood

2-Delta Gcorveatte, Nine Mile

Creek. ii-Vera Alchorn, Fairvlew. 4—Adelle Currie, Fair-view.

Sec. ‘l-Sack Race, boys 1o an! under

1—EW€n Betta. Nine Mile Creek.

z-qlohn Mahler, Ringwood 3—-Keith Taylor. Fairview 4-—E>arnest Cavanagn, Fairview.

Sec. il-Sack Race. boys I1 and over l-Charles Bette. Nine Mile Creek Mile

2—Riilph MacLean. Creek.

Nine

4——JOlln 'I‘umer, LOIig Creek.

Zl-Cecil MacKenzle. Long Creek‘

HALIFAX. Oct. i9-A letter threatening that unless Daniel P, Sampson were hanged before Nov. 21 he would be lynched caused a sense.

liion when Mr. o. u. Regan, Kn, defence counsel, produced it as evid- ence at the huddle-aged negrds sec- ond trial on a. charge of murder here today.

Sampson was convicted last winter on a charge of murdering Bramwell I-Iefiernan, 12, but the Supreme Court granted a new trial on the lground that. the jury had been mis- directed regarding a “oonfessionfl i Mr. Justice John Doull refused to ‘permit reading of the letter in the ipresence of the jury. but after read-