THE GUARDIAN

habllsbnd Ivory week-day morning It IJI Pnucn strut. Qnriowetou-I. Pl-:.I. by the Tbnmnop Company 1.14., M King St. W.. Toronto. Montreal Office. 225 Univzrally Towu Bldg. 'CovIn Prince Edward I Lilo I-II DII" Editor. Punk Ilka - ,GImrIl Manager. in A. Burlnll Member Canadian DIILV Newspapc Publisher: -Association Member of the Canadian Yreu Member Audit Bureau of Circulannu Initial office: It Summerslde. Moulaxul Ind Albertcn. Aulhartled II Second CIIII MIII by the Pool Olficl Department. Ottawa. h (.Irner: Charlottetown. summeraidc 115.00 plr II- lum. Elan:-here in P. I" I. 39.0I. Other Provlmau IZ l. S. 00 per Innum

--7rii.".'ii'.;'..gagi ;.'..4'..;...-fi'.U....i..T an the weakest ink." -1-VWEDTITESDAI-'.-.AliE-10; Ts?-"'

Hail To The Chief

1-l'herevei' the ('hief sits is the head of the table; and outstanding among many distinguished visitors to the Province at this time is Vice- Admiral Lachlan Donald Mackin- tosh. (TB. D.S.O.. D.S.('.. (Thief of Clan Mackintosh. who will officially open the Highland (iames of the lalciloniaii Club at the ('harlotte- town Driviiig Park this afternoon.

("hief Nlackintosli has had a bril- liant carccr in the Royal Navy. and

has liocn hoiiourcd on many occas- ions for his acliicvciiieiits in war and peace. He succeeded to the Chief-

taiiiship in 19338. and has resided since 10311 in his ancestral home at Moy llall. llc rnnic from the High lands to aticnd tho (iaclic Mod in ("ape Rrcton. and will now have an opportunity of sccing something of

the Scottish eiiihiisiasm of our Prince lidward lslandcrs. Not that thore will be no S; iscnachs at to-

day's big celebration----the Games are universally popular with our people -but the prevailing spirit will be Calcdonian; the tartan will he very much in evidence and the pipes will resoimd to Scottish reels and strath- speys. (lliicf Mackintosh. we are sure. will feel very much at home. All our Flilzleiis will join in the wel- come which is being tendered him. and in the pleasure of entertaining. even briefly. a gcntlcman with so many claims to our respect and ad- miratiun.

A Christian Basis

Tn his book. ”Thc Rent World". alrcarly referred to in these columns, Dr. J. V. Langniearl ('asserley. I British thcologian now lecturing on this side of the Atlantic, goes to some length to define the content oi lilarxisni in relation to its current contest with Democracy. On all points Dr. Casscrley leaves no doubt Is to where he stands in his personal coiivictions; he is for Deniocracy all the way. There is one little passage in his book, however, which could be easily misundcrstoorl and which, if wiilcly rcarl, could cause a good dciil of contiisinn in the minds of those who believe that Democracy, with all its faults. has. in fact. I Christian basis. "I do not believe". he writes. "that any proposition of the form. 'Christianity is the religion of which Democracyaor whatever you will-- is the practicc' can ever be valid".

The passage appears in a chapter devoted to the danger of making Democracy 8 religion in itself; and. ofcourse, in that context no one can find any fault with it. But to the at eragc pct"-Roii, who might very wt-ll read the passage out of context. it might sccm as though Dr. Casscrley is saying that. theologically. Democ- racy is no more (ihristian than is Communism; and that would be most unfortunate. Democracy is. of course. a political system. But in its modern form---as distinct from the form or forms attempted by the ancient prc-Christian world--it has I Christian basis and I Christian doctrinal content; indeed, it was born of belief in the dignity and worth of the imlivirlual person (no cliche. thisl which. in turn. had its beginning in llchraic-Christian doc- trine. No one needs to be reminded that Democracy is not just another name for Chl'lSllfll1ll)'; nor does any one need to be told that some of the practices of democratic institutions are far from the Christian ideal. Yet. in both form and substance, it is more closely identified with Christi- Inity than i! any other political or social system. At least. it honours the Christian faith. if it does not always practice it. something which cannot be said for Marxism. the openly avowed enemy of all religion.

Battling Questions The importance of curtain Ini- IIB--nti. mice. rabbits. Iulnel holitiiyn, tut to mention I few

data themselves in the service: they render to humanity. In every way possible science tries to keep the sufferings of these laboratory ani- mals to a minimum; but it seems that there ate a great many things about their more common diseases which the scientists are unable to under- stand. much less control.

This was brought out in a recent report by Dr. Royal ('hristensen, di- rector of the Berg institute Scien- tific Service. It slums that while at prcscnt at 23': of the total cost of medical research in major laboratories is devoted to the pur- chase and care of animals. a great

least

deal more money will have to be spent in diagnosis of the diseases which afflict them. "Many labor- atory animals' diseases have been diagnosed by accident after they have ruined an experiment." Dr.

Clll'lSlQl1S9ll said. This latent disease problem is not. however, peculiar to laboratory animals. It applies to all animals. wild and domestic. and to human beings. A disease may not become evident during the life of an individual unless uncovered by some unusual stimulus. such as some oth- er disease. exposure to radiation, or treatment with certain drugs.

(hie example of this latent dis- ease problem in research animals is bartonella infection in rats. Prac- tically all rat colonies have it to some degree, but it is only when the spleen

Then, in almost all ll1Si1llli'6'S, the animal dies from sevcre anemia. It is this sort of re- port that gives us some idea of what inciliciil scientists are up against in their ncy er cczisiiig fight against dis- ease and of the seemingly illogical qiiesiioiis they must try to answer. Why. for example, should the diagnosing of disease among labor- atory animals he so difficult when. orrlinarily, it is a simple matter to tell what is wrong with agricultural and pet animals'.' Again, why should I mouse in captivity suffer from complaints which do not affect the nieinhers of his species who are free to roam where they will?

EDITORIAL NOTES

The first (icrman passenger liner to enter the St. Lawrence since the outbreak of war in 1.939 docked at .llontreal a few days ago. She is the 12.000 ton Seven Seas, formerly the l'nited States escort carrier Long island. The ship will maintain I reg- ular service between Montreal and Brcmcrliavcn, calling at Southamp-

ton en route. 0 O I

couics appirciit.

A report says that Washington, 17. ll. is the "wettest" city. alcohol- wise. in the I'nitcd States. it is not suggested. however. that the pres- ence of the nation's governing bod- ies is in any way responsible for the iiiicnviiiblc distinction. The wettest statc. per capita. is Nevada; and not far down the line. it is interesting to note. is Oklahoma, one of the few states where prohibition is the law.

. . .

'l'lw Hichhintl flames are being held today on the approximate anni- vci'sary of the famous old battle of ('hcvy Cliasc t(ttterbiu'nI. immortal- i7.i-d in several ballads preserved in llcrcy's ”Rcliqucs" and Scott's "Min-

strclsy of the Scottish Border." It was fought. ISKRR. in Northumher- land near the Scottish border. The

English under the Pcrcys were de- feated by the Scots under the Earl of Doiiglas. who was killed in the

battle. 0 I C Rcscarclicrs employed by the producer of a film on the life of

Moses were surprised to learn that the great lawgivcr is not mentioned at all in Egyptian literature of his period. There is a great deal about him. however. in llcbrew texts. His omission from l-Egyptian records does not seem to support the historian Josenhua' opinion that during his years in Egypt he commanded the armies of that country in their per- iodical fights against Ethiopia. I I 0 Andrew llranspill. a retired car- penter of Milford. t'onn., evidently believes in keeping busy. Since he gave up his regular work I year ago he has compiled and translated the first anthology of -Estonian liter- ature to be published in English. This is not his first literary achieve- ment. Back in 1928 he published an A Inthology of American literature In

lgbtonian and sold 1700 copies of it

'in hiI rintlve land which he left to .eoInIi to the United State: when he

mm

of the animal is removed that it be-i

Atlas Of The Universe

National Geographic Society

The first section of a' giant atlas of the uu'nerse. farlliest-rcacliiug map ever attempted. is being pub- lished from Palomar Observatory. California. after almost seven years' work. Observatories around the world are being sent Lhc first 200 photo sky charts. revealing millions of new stars. galaxies. and systems of galaxies far out in Ipacc.

The total atlas. expected to help solve many mysteries of the uni- verse. will comprise 1.753 photo- maps when finished in ltl.3ti. Ilricc per copy. covering only printing costs. is 52.000. Nearly 100 have been 'ordcred. '

The National Geographic Soc- iety-Palomar Observatory Sky Sur- vey. begun in 1949. has mapped three-quarters of the sky- -all that can be seen from Palomar--out to an unprecedented depth in sp:-i"c of 600 million light years. One light year is about six million muuon miles,

Many of the space regions photo- graphed in detail by Palomnr's 48-inch Big Schmidt telescope have never been seen before by astrono- mers. Now In over-all picture of the universe has been provided to distances beyond range of all but the largest telescopes.

VOYAGE IN Sl'A('E

The atlas offers new clues to the '

size of the universe. how it is made up. how old it is.

New cclcslial hndics--conicls. asteroids. stars. and island galaxies like the Milky Way--liavp bi-cn found. The skies have been carefully photographed for all ob- jects down to I brightness oniy one-millionth that of the faintest star the naked eye can see on a dark niuonlcss night.

From the Sky Siirvey. astrono- mers will more clearly determine the shape of the Milky Way. earth's home galaxy. it is now re- garded as I great flat wheel of

stars. slowly spinning in space. with "arnis" of stars. gas. and dust spiraling off its rim like a

Foiirth-of-.luly pinwhecl.

Far beyond in outer space there are galaxies similar to the Milky Way. Sometimes they group into clusters. Whereas only a scant three dozen such clusters were known before the Sky Survey. now more than I thousand have been foimd. They may point to a new general law of nature governing the organization of matter in the universe.

Temperature. color. and bril- llance of distant. stars will be bet- ter known because the Sky Survey has photographed each section of the sky twice. once in blue light Ind again In red light. More may thus be learned about the "noviie" and "siiperrmvae." stars that sud- denly explode lnto millions of times the sun's brightness and burn themselves out quickly.

In contrast. dark clouds of gas and dust in space. first seen clear- ly on Sky Survey plates. may show stars in process of being born.

GUIDE FOR A CENTURY

Years of Iiudy by Istronnmerl will bring many discoveries. Dr. Lee Duhridgc. president of the California Institute of Technology, predicts the new Itlna will be "In utronornicnl bible for lm-years."

Work with other telucopes. Iucli II PIlomIr'I all-inch Hale. will use the Sky survey In I guide. ThiI iii the primary purpose of the Min. to be I treasure chart show- ing Iatrononiers where to dig for dlacoveries. '

By InIlyIln of light fmm the distant clusferii of galaxies dis- covered on the Survey: planin- gnplia. for example. more evid-

erl Io iiicrczisc til tiirccl proporliull in flISlfIll('P. To test llle law. galax- - ics Iarther and farther away must

be measured. Dr. Milton L. Huma- i

Ion. working from Sky Survey plates. has found clusters of galax- ics receding at about .”iti.l)(lt) miles

per sccnnd--a fifth the speed of ,

light itself. MYSTERIES YET VNSOLVEI)

Ages of the stars, and of the universe itself, will someday be bciler understood becaiise of the new atlas. Already differing "pop- ulations" rif stars have been reco- gnized and studied by l)r. Walter Baade at Palomar.

is the universe of iiiiifnrin struc- ture? l)id it have a ll9lllli:6 oc- giuning in space and time? Does it have an end. or does it extend outward endlessly? Could the sun itself ever blaze out as a nova, burning the planets of the solar system to Cinders in a few sec- onds? '

Such are the questions astrono- mers look to the Sky Atlas to help answer.

The 48-inch Sky Survey camera. the Big Schmidt. maps a section of sky as broad as the bowl of the Big Dipper fill each photographic plate. The 200-inch llalc. altliolign llv "secs" about three times as far. only encompasses a field one- quarler the area of the full moon. The 200-inch would have taken in.- fltlfl years in map the entire heav- ens: it would have been .s'(nn0lli.lIl like charting the ocean bottom by lowering weighted lines.

ON TENNIS COURT

1-Each plate of the sky atlas is 14 inches square. Laid out together. the whole map would he the size of a tennis court.

Priceless original planes now are locked three floors underground in Pasadena. A Juplicatc set is safely buried beneath the huge dome of the Hale telescope at Palomar. Copies being mailed out. to in- siitulions that ordcrcil the atlas before a deadline last October. arc iicgalive prints on ilouble-wciglii photographic paper

Stars and other bodies in the heavens show as dark s against ll light background. Astronomers find it easier

measure the brightness of objects on such charts.

The National Geographic Society has borne the costs of material: as well as n.xi.onnmerx' salaries. while observing time for the Sky Survey was provided by Palomar Observatory.

General siipervlsion of the his- toric project has been carried out by In advisory committee consist- ing of Dr. DuBridge and Dr. Bow- en representing the California in- stilutc of Technology. and Dr La Gorcc and Dr. Lyman .l. Briggs. director emeritus of the National Bureau of Standards. representing the National Geographic Society.

Wt! .&fT!.T

PLAYS Alan. how soon the hours are over Counted us out to play the lover! And how much narrower is the huge Allotted us to play the sage! But when we play the fool. how wide The theatre expands! beside How long the audience Ills before ital ' How many promptcrsl cliorun!

what I

The Other Howe

(Ottawa Journal) in I sketch by Mr. NR. ('runip. the CPR'.s brilliant young president. we find this: "He agrees with CD. Howe. former minister of transport. who said:

'Thcrc is nothing I have less re- . than my opinion of -

sport for ycsterday'." Well. CD Howe may have said that. but if he did he said it some 70 years later than another How:

i said it. namely. the great Joe.

ml

which reminds us of snuiethlng once wi'illt.'fi by the veteran inur- I'l.".llSl. Hugh Clark. The Toronto Star. reporting a speech by an Ontario premier in lllasscy Hall said that "his peroration brought down the house." Next day Clark. commenting on this. wrote: "It probably also brought down the house when it was used word for word by Henry Grady in 8 ha" in Philadelphia some 50 years agn."

We are not suggesting. though. that Cl). llnwe stole something from Joe Howe: C. D. doesnt liave to steal anything from any- body to put over his ideas and is contemptuous of phrases anyway- The biography of Mr. Crumpjusl got his Howcs mixed.

l

Thc Disappearing iCIam

Medically . Speaking

By Ilermu N. luilesel. H. I).

HOW TO BATHE A BABY wno FEARS THE WATER

First immeulona mean I lot to I baby

A minor Iccideni, being bathed, may make him afraid of I bath. MIybe you'll get I little soap in his eye. He's apt to remembe how much it burned and rebel the next time you try to bathe him

Or perhaps you'll put him into water that is either too cold or -too hot. The temperature of the water should be between 90 Ind 100 degrees. Test it with your elbow. The water should feel warm and comfortable.

If you accidentally hump him. he may remember that. too. Then. the next time you try to bathe him you might have trouble. He'll probably cry. kick and generally make I fuss. You'll only make matters worse if you insist on giving him I regular tub bath. SPONGE BATHS

Instead. give him I sponge bath for I week or 50.

Keep the baby covered with I soft towel orblanket. Uncover only the portion that is to be sponged.

Gently wash his face first. then his hair and scalp. You use I wash cloth for this, of course. not

a sponge. i'l'hen with yuiir hands wash his chest. back. arms and hands.

fflemember little soap is needed.

It's enough to rub your wet hand over the bar of soap.

Rinse him with a wet wash cloth and pat him dry with I soft towel. Wash his legs and feet next and finally his back and buttocks.

A sponge bath such as this will gradually get him used to water agaln. Then. you can try his reg- ular lub bath.

A baby of I year or so, of course, presents a different problem. You'll have to conquer his fear of water. but you'll have to go about it in another way.

The best method 1 know is to give him I few little boats: hucks, or any toys that will floal.. Let. him play with these over the side of the bathtub.

You can bet that he'll soon lose his fear of water and he'll be beg- ging to get into the water with his toys.

it's all pretty much a matter of psyclioiogy. You've got to outwit your baby. And you can do it if you really try.

QUESTION AND ANSWER

B.M.: Could you name some symptoms of heart disease?

Answer: Symptoms of heart dis- ease vary with the extent and type of heart disturbance.

In some types of mild disorders, there are no symptoms. In some others. when the heart is unable to support the circulation. there may be swelling of the ankles, shortness of breath and I rapid pulse.

When heart disease in suspected. I thorough examination by I phy-

sician should be taught as quickly '

as possible.

PATROL FOR WOLVES

sTt9urrviLLE. Ont. (CPL- Farmers in this Iron 10 miles north of Toronto have started night patrols of their sheep flocks to ward off marauder wolves and dogs which already have killed off 56 sheep. Killed in the last two weeks, the sheep are valued It 31.250. So far no one has seen the attackers.

Canadian Pi-eiui. Ottawa

'l'hc soft-sliellcci clam is doing a l a large scale roinmcrcial enter- rli.sappc.aring act in the lllaritimes '

that has fislicries scientists mysti- fled.

It has been costly for clam dig- gers. Their income dropped to S3-14.441 last year from I peak of S.'Vl2.ll0fl in I950.

The fisltcrics dcparlmciit publi- cation. "Trade News." says I typ- ical example of the phenomenon is the Sissiboo river area of Nova Scotia. south of Dlgby.

Soft-shelled clams of all sizes disappeared tbcrc in the 1951-52 season. in 1954. sccd clams re- appeared as mysteriously as they had vanished. but by the end of the year all were gone again. Scl- entists could find no evidence of parasites or disease in the. clam beds, and said water pollution was not a serious factor.

OTHER AREAS HIT

The same thing happened in the SI. Mpry's bay area in Digby county and on the eastern shore of Halifax county. Other varieties of clams. such as the Quahuag and bar clam. have not been affected.

Fisheries department sclentiatl are worrying about how to con- serve the remaining clam stocks. which have-been hard hit by In- efficient digging methods and now are threatened by the northward migration of the clam-eating green crab. This parasite has appeared in thousands in the Bay of Fundy during the last three years, and apparently nothing much can be done to stop it.

The Fisheries Research Board's Atlantic biological station at St. Andrew's. N.B.. is experimenting with I hydraulic clam-digging mI- chine to replace the present hand tools.

Diggers nnw collect their cItclI from beds on the shore with shnvclI and forks. digging up both legIl Ilue clamii Ind Imall ones. Al many as 40 per cent of the iimnller clams may be trampled or other- wise damaged. Since it takes Ilx years for I clam to reach the leul length of two inches. these digging rnetliodu cut heavily into the stocks.