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91‘ MANURES, 'IHEIR NATURE AND APPLICATION.

. The importance of to tbb'former is such, that

his success in the of ti! crops Wcum'wr «Lit ' . be best hhnféfitmeadow o'ipaaluifi'mid; an

, ,he] dgggogya bum, gfiggdthe year muiuruzg. eurousalyan‘d‘ awargoflt , . . . "would’sé stimulated by pon

:iiiife the brother bit offa part ofthe chie'ftaitri’s nose.

-—Thé3Itoan "was sobered

looked‘intentl‘y- illla‘lhlt: pie,”

"unhis an e 0v, .

hid liimselfin his own lodge. On the ' mornin ’he s ' _ ’ .

lifilziThienfiad'disfiggured him for life: ‘ TO night, said he, _

‘ f which my lodge

willmainly depend oiulie nautitg, and the applica on of it, tollie cropsA he, Vises“,as fwd for snoopy otheii stock; as thosefcro' whit“ ’ "demand Wire {day are much more productive of an additional qu'imity of manure than the crops of grain, a great part of which is carried oh' the land.

Vegetable and animal ma int-a ate f decay or manure, is composed of carho ,xyge , art hidroin, as we have before stated, the elements of which are the donuts Wig vegetableg.,44-By1be lawofolremiv callatgractipn, vegetable and animal manure are changed by the action of air and water, and made fluid or ari- fumkaDaay.) —. .Vegetablo and animal We, Will“ well mixed in the soil| gives yogit, the (power of absorbing and transmittjpgf’moist rezt‘ordthe‘use of plants that grow in itjth'et‘elb'rb, improvement in 'som 'soils, and " ncrcased energy in others, will be given by the applica- ‘300 '0f1"nlanure. The effects producedawlill continue lith longer in some soils than Others; in some it will be oblong duration; in others. it will be transitory. The dungtil' animals kept on the farm with litter is the prin- cipal’maiiurs on which the farmer should' depend, as he it in his power either to increase or diminish it. Other manure he can have recourse to when an addi- tional quantity is wanted. As straw and green crOps are the foundation of manure, the increase of these raw materials is therefore of great importance with a view to future crops. When straw is left in the field as stubble 'we are deprived of one-fourth at least of the means of

oducingvmanures, we therefore see the propriety of collecting all the straw which our crops produce, for the the purpose'of convening it into manure.

In the experiments we have roads to ascertain the weight ofa era of straw, we find that the quantity of wheat straw will) average double the weight of the wheat produced, so that if all the straw, be converted into ma- nure by part of it being cousutned by some animal as foo'dhand the remainder as litter, it would with proper care produce manure sufficient to keep up, and with goodvculture increase the productiveness of the soil.

The production Of turnips, vetches and clover is a large proportion of the farm, and the consumption of these by sheep and oxen will, under almost every cir- cttmstance, produce a sufficient uantity of manure to 'keep theland in a highly productive state; and ifsuffi- "Gian! attention is paid to this part of agricultural busi-

ness, a much greater quantity of corn will result from it, even when a less breadth Ofland is sown to corn, and a greater proportion to turnips, vetches, and clover. ' “As manure is of such vital importance to a farmer, every. attention should be paid to the collection of the materials necessary to form it; every vegetable sub- stance, together with the waste earth of ditches, road aides, aides of the fields, yards, doc. will add to the compost heap, not only in quantity but also in quality, ifpropor care in the mixture be attended to.

Weeds of every kind will be available before they come torseed, or rather before they blossom, as the seeds ofmany of them are perfected before the blossom drops of; and it should be kept in mind that no fermentation in the dunghill will destroy the vegetative power of a sin lo seed.

hen vegetable matter is fermenting in a dungliill, it should be mixed and covered with earth which will imbibe the volatile or gaseous matter that is thrown off duriu its fermentation ; and ifthere be a large portion of animal manure in the compost, it should have a bed of earth to imbibe all the carbonaceous matter that runs from it; and on every turning Over which we think it right to give the mass, we should add an additional ' , quantity of earth to cover it with.

Ashes from burnt peat are. used extensively in Berk— shire. as a top-dressing for young clover: and have so great an effect on the crop as to increase it perhaps fully one-fifth; 50 bushels is generally the quantity used, per acre, although more will have a greater effect. Ashes are bad at Newbury in Berkshire, at 3d per bush- el; this costs only 12s 6d per acre, and a day Ofa wag- gon, beside the spreading.

, In the application Of manure, the nature of the soil should be considered. If the soil be a strong clay, and very tenacious, the manure should be ofa light, or loose porous nature, such as stable nnfermented dung; and it’s compost, it should be made of a light, sandy, or We nature; but if the soil is light and porous, the dung should be ofa cold nature, well rotten cow or cat- tle dung.

Compost made of cattle dung and clayey loam, or any heavy tenacious substance, is the best manure for lig‘ln land; long straw or unfermented dung, as stable dung or any substances which are loose and friable, should never be used on sandy soils.

Peat mixed with green dung, and fermented, is formed into an excellent vegetable manure; the mode of doing this in the most perfect way is that recommended by .Lord Meadowbank.

The, principal artificial manures are bone-«lust, soot, rape, and Oil cake; these produce wonderful results on the turnip er

Much earth should be used in all dunghills. as the earth that is thus impregnated is nearly if not altogether as valuable as the dung itself, in altering and improvina the soil to which it i. applied. ° * Road dirt, being the produce of stone reduced by fric- tion, is ofa gritty, sandy nature, whatever be the nature and properties of the materials of which it is composed ; all from its gritty quality, it forms an excellent alteratire for clayey soils, and when mixed with a large portion or horse dang, it forms an excellent compost far all clay or strong soils, as it tends to keep the soil open and porous.

In Flanders, great attention is paid to manure, particu- larly to the urine of animals, and water that runs from the dunghill. These are collected and Oil cake dissol- ved in them, and they are drawn out in water carts and spread over the pasture land; or, raised with earth, and formed into a compost, they become an excellent man- ure for turnips as well as pasture. An ox is said to make twelve cart loads of dung per annum, if fed on grass in the stall, and 1,400 gallons of urine. " The urine of 44 head of cattle, with the aid of 2,400 lb. of rape cake, is sufficient to manure in the best manner twenty-one acres." '

Manure should be always applied to follows so early pa to be well mixed with the soil before the crop is sown ; it then combines with it not only mechanically, but che- mrcally, and thus increases the powers of the soil to combine With the water and air, and decompose the substances from which plants receive their nourishment. The whole of' the manure. however, ought yearly to be applied to the production of those crops which furnish food for animals kept on the farm, such as turnips, cab. bages, potatoes, aetches, carrots, and clover for sloop

oval-um, .v...' -v-..

F mikes: ely

and oxen. Meadow land should be manured soon after in g n sen the crop of infirm“. find be ‘he “'d °f “132%,. are abandoned— Glei'g’s Hungary. t

tut. A compas tlx‘it lbast one‘th, d of earth matter

0‘ Tms‘rnba Cailghmns.—A‘tiardenefi “an”;

gow practises a mode of destroying caterpillars whiz: he discovered by accident. A piece of woollen rag 1' . been blown intO a currant bush, and when taken out if c cred :by theleaf-dov ring-insects. He

glacidfipies'és, of wool n tcloth so every bush in his arden, and found next day that the {alert

'pilltifsfli'i‘d‘ {tenacity Taken “th'th'em 't'o’r' sh‘élter. In

this way he destroyed many't‘hdusands every. morning.-

Write Worms—The most efl'ectuglwmode of 43:585.“? ’lid'ti’i?thftjdbpieny‘hlr. Pearce, Of Fennare Gorou, who, in 1838, having had three acres of wheat 00m- pletely destroyed by the wire-worm, followed villi tar: anS, and‘fiudiug his turnips also beginning. to far], be employed several women and children to dig round th‘.’ affected plants, andcollect the worms. Iii this manner no less than 23,900 were collected, which he paid for at 1d. and léd. per hundred. By this means he saved considerably more than half his turnips, and had an ex~ cellent crop of barley afterwards. In an adjominglield a crop of wheat and another of barley were Similarly destroyéd.’ From this field he collected 30,000 Wer- wornis. He calculates that land may thus be freed from the wire-worms at frotn 55. to 7s. per acre. This mode of wire-worms collecting has long- been practised in the best cultivated Kentisli hop-grounds. ‘

0N SOAKING Scan Comm—1n former years we have noticed a variety of recommendations for theorepara- tion of seed corn, btit this year we scarce find any advrce in our papers, on this subject. Our owu advrce has uniformly been to drop dry seed corn, and trust to pro- vidence to provide moisture for it. Our experienced farmers know that when the seed has been soaked and swollen, and then suffered to shrink before sprouting, its vegetative powers are gone, and we thus lose not only Our trouble, but all our prospects for the season. Let the seed corn be dry when it is dropped,_and ifit is not buried too deeply in the soil, it‘will find its way out in due season—Boston Cultivator.

.—.——0_

Tue FRENCH COLONY or New ZEALAND.—-Tlle firmness of the chief ofthe French colony, and, it must also be added, the conciliatory spirit of the British magistrate, have contributed to maintain the independ- ence demanded for it by Captain Lavaud, without the slightest interruption of harmony between the French and the British colonists. In the colonies Of Australia and New Zenland, it is the opinion of all parties, no matter tO which nation they belong, that France ought to retain the privilege Of this independence at least for the large extent of land which forms Banks’ Peninsula, now in her possession, and which contains .ports at all times accessible to ships of war and whalers. Advices from Akaroa, the southern island, dated the 1st and 26111 Of March last, bring us the following details. The rapid progess of the British colony at Nicholson (the northern island )surpasses all idea. Although founded only on the 22d January, 1840, it had already 3000 in- habitants, and 600 to 700 houses. There were in the port in February last, 23 vessels, Of which five were of three masts—Capitalists, commercial agents ofthe prino cipal houses OfSyduey and London, and persons who in England would occupy a distinguished rank—the son Of Sir John Sinclair, a son ofLord Petre, doc. were-actively engaged in commercial pursuits. One Of the French colonists, who arrived in the Counte de Paris, fixed himself at aleague from Akaroa, and, with his wife, cultivates a hectare (two acres and a half) of ground. In five months he had gained 1500f. by the sale Of ve- getables. The reports which were current as to the probability ofthe rupture Of peace in Europe had not in the slightest degree affected the friendly relations be- tween the French colony at Akaroa and the British co- lony at Nicholson. The question ofthe sovereignty of these islands has not yet been decided. The strain qua has been established by agreement between Captain La- vaud and the English Commandant, until the .two go- vernments shall have come to an understaiiding'on the subject. Negociations are at present proceeding in London, which have been retarded by the embarrass- ments Of the British cabinet.

THE PLAINS or HUNG.inv.--We had heard much of the dull and monotonous character Of the great plain Of Hungary. We had now a veritable specimen of it before us—for many long and weary miles we drove, ere so much as a cottage made its appearance, and all the while the corn waved on either hand, rank and luxuriant. Yet, singular as to us this state of things appeared, it is but a copy, an imperfect one, Of what prevails elsewhere. There are parts of the country, especially in the great plain ofthe Tlieiss, where you may travel an entire day without encountering either the houses or the faces of men; and all the while your route will be through fields loaded with abundant crops Of wheat and rye. Moreover, the customs of the people who occupy that plain are to the full as striking as the external appearance of the country—and it may be as well ifI describe them. The long and fierce wars which Hungary sustained with Turkey, and the expo- sure of these open districts to perpetual invasion, first induced the inhabitants to congregate in heaps, and the habits then contracted have never smce been laid aside. Accordingly, there are no such things as vil- lages or hamlets, far less detached dwellings, to be seen anywhere; but at remote intervals one_from another, you. come upon towns, towns of the veriest huts, where dwell srx, eight, teri, and sometimes as many as thirty thousand peasants together. How they preserve order among themselves I do not know, for their magistrates seem to possess little influence over them; yet they do live peaceably enough, and, though all are poor and squalid,_ and filthy to a degree, there seems to be a per— fect indifference to the evils which poverty and squalor bring with them. They are to a man agriculturists. It is by the labour of their hands that the boundless plains through which you have travelled are cultivated ' and the process by which the mighty operation is per: formed is this : When the season for ploughing and sow- mg comes round, the males march in a bodygfrom their homes. They erect wigwams, or huts, here and there In the fields; and then setting to Work, they toil froui Monday till Saturday; living. on the provisions, which they may have brought with them, and sleeping at night In their bivouac. On Saturday they all return to the town, and do not leave it again till Monday. In this manner the first processes are carried through' and when all the seed has been scattered, the people inam}; back to their permanent habitations, there to abide in idleness and. filth till some fresh Operation becomes necessary. Finally, whorl-harvest is ready, the bivouhc:

is resumed} the worsen pouring forth this time to assist

d " Innrfl'VBNoi-mwca.- cured dome

operations of time. In her “‘ palm

rights on’tbe occasion Of her fall. zme.

‘pfl 8W £552.. £35.?Sillgfgt‘g; The Qtoe Indians haviugfgill- ‘l‘k egs Of Whiilzel‘ii rfizoi’: ilizvifzzagsfiifga ~ mam. .iitlt‘:;“b:';‘;¥f{i; lgbiyfiazefhlwliiubiladidimmenced, and in the frenzy of

in a moment-‘4 he paused, without uttering a word ;

ought his brother, and told him

and sleep; ifI can forgivie you when the sun rises you-are safe,‘ if not you are. 1e”? kept his word; he slept upon his purpose, . utI st :5 brOticrlit no, mercy. He sent w0rd to his brother [rid I

had 0resolved upoti his M i, that there was. no hurt ier hope for him; at the. fume lie besought nil-[0 make no resistance, ' eet‘ his fate as a \vargozl' should. His brother rec v'ed. the message,l_and e. from the village. An Indian 15 untirtng in his pursurt

of revenge, and though many years may elapse, yet he

will obtain it in the end. From the time it became tllie fixed purpose of the Itoan to slay his bro‘tlhel’, I‘ll: assiduity never slept; he hunted him for modulis. k pursued his" trail over the prairies; he followe its trac‘ from one thicketto another; he 'ti’aced him througii the friendly villages but without success; for althougl he was untiring, his brother was watchful Hlld‘ kept on; of his way. The old warrior then changed his plan 0 action. He lay in. wait for him in the forest, crouching like atiger iri thepaths which he thought he m'gh‘ frequent in hunting, but he was a long time unsuccess- f l. uAt length, one day \flen seated on a ‘dead tree, be heard the crackling noise Ofa twrg breaking beneath a cautious footstep. He instantly crouched behlnd the log, and watched the opposite thicket. Presently an Indian emerged from it, and gazed earnestly around. The Itoan recognizer] his brother instantly. His care worn face and emaciated form evinced the‘anxrety and privations he had suffered. But this was nothing to the Itoan; as yet his revenge was uosated, and the miserable appearance of his brother touched no cord of his heart. He waited until he was within a few feet of him, then sprang from his lurking place and methim face to face. His brother was unarmed; but met his fiery look with calmness, and without flinching. ‘ Ha, ha! brother,’ cried the Itoan, cocking his rifle; ,‘ I have followed you long in vain—now I have you—you must die.’ The other made no reply, but throwing off his blanket, stepped before him, and presented his breast. The Itoan raised his rifle and shot him through the heart l—Taylar’s Natural History of Society.

EFFECTS OF TOBACCO 0N MAM—In small doses, to. bacco causes a sensation theat in the throat, and some- times a feeling of warmth in the stomach ; these effects, however, are less obvious when the remedy is taken in a liquid form, and diluted. By repetition it usually operates as a diuretic, and less frequently as a laxative. In larger doses it provokes nausea, vomiting and pur- ging. Though it seldom gives rise to abdominal pain, it introduces a most distressing sensation of sinking at the pit ofthe stomach. It occasionally acts as an anodyne, or more rarely promotes sleep. Bu: its most remarkable effects are langour, feebleness, relaxation ofthe muscles, trembling Of the limbs, great anxiety, and tendency to faint. Vision ’is frequently enfeebled—the ideas con- fused —-the pulse small and weak—the respiration some- what laborious—tlie surface cold and clammy, or bathed in a cold sweat--and in extreme cases convul- sive movements are observed. In excessive doses the effects are ofthe same kind, but more violent in degree.

Snuff. Lanzoui states that an indivdual fell into a state Of somnolency and died lethargic on the twelfth day, in consequence of taking too much snuff. The habitual use of this substance blunts the use of smell, and alters the tone of the voice; but 1 am unacquainted with any other well ascertained effects, though Cullen ascribes loss of appetite and dyspepsia to it. I have known several inveterate snuff-takers, who, after many years use of this substance, have discontinued the use of it with impunity; but Dr. Cullen thinks that when the discharge of mucus is considerable, the ceasing or suppression Of it by abstaining from snuff, is ready to occasion the very disorders of the head-ache and opthal- min, which it had formerly relieved. The smoking of tobacco, by those unaccustomed to it, gives rise to all the before described effects of large and excessive doses. A very interesting case which had almost terminated fatally, is related by Dr. Marshall Hall. It was that of a young man who, for his first essay, smoked two pipes. Gmellin mentions two cases‘ofdeath from 'smok~ ing, in one of seventeen, in the other eighteen pipes at a sitting. In habitual smokers, the practice, when em- ployed moderately, provokes thirst, increases the secre- tion of saliva and buccal mucus, and produces a re- murkably soothing and tranquillising effect on the mind, which has made it so much admired and adopted by all classes of society, and by all nations, civilized and barbarian. The practice of chewing tobacco is princi- pally confined to sailors, and is less frequently submitted to our observation, so that we are not so competent to speak of 118 effects, which probably are similar to those cause‘l by Smoking. The application of tobacco to abraded surfaces is a very dangerous practice, and has, in some instances, been attended with violent or even fatal results. Weston has related a case, in which the expressed juice of tobacco was applied to the head of'a boy, aged eight years, for the cure of tinea capili's. Death took place three hours and a half after the appli- cation.—Pcrct'ra’s Material Zlchica. \

VENICE.—'Tl’le Republic of Venice presents to the eye of the curious inquirer one of the most striking phe- nomena in political history. Rising almost impercepti. bly from the waves ofthe ocean, she gradually extended her territory and mcreasedher power in] she obtained a conSIderablc, and occasmually a predominant, influ- ence, not only in the affairs of Italy, but of the civilized world at large. Her form of Government was marked by singularity; and her institutions, though complex and 2:15):alhyzigeasgiupkilfully consolidated that for a Ion ing mihd [he see eydwefgfo every generous and think-

, y me to id defiance to the innovating

I state i "- " she was venerated rather than love In hcbfr 3:33“: was regarded with a kind of mySterious awe whi {It s e vented the observer from seeing the extent of hercwdiil: 2:51?‘ leen aélengtb she rashly provoked the vengeance app eon. onaparte, she fell Without a struggle, and

not a sigh of regret was breathed by the friends of human

—Smallwood’s Maga-

PREVENTION or Dav Ronnqovuemmem gm

t-ceutl y order a V'vvich dockypr for the purpo net’s process for 'scriptions of’ 7 would appear from a the admiralty to super way SUCCESS- sound when i 1 samples of prepare to the same-test, W the former were. as s whilst the unprep